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"Kamaraj"redirectshere.ForthevillageinIran,seeKamaraj,Iran.
InthisIndianname,thenameKumarasamiisapatronymic,notafamilyname,andthepersonshouldbereferredtobythegiven
name,Kamaraj.

Mainpage
Contents

KumarasamiKamaraj,betterknownasK.Kamaraj(15July1903[1]2October1975[2]),wasa

Featuredcontent

leaderoftheIndianNationalCongress,widelyacknowledgedasthe"Kingmaker"inIndian

Currentevents

politicsduringthe1960s.HeservedasCongresspresidentforfouryearsbetween19641967

Randomarticle
DonatetoWikipedia
Wikipediastore

K.Kamaraj

andwasresponsiblefortheelevationofLalBahadurShastritothepositionofPrimeMinisterof
IndiaafterIndiraGandhiturneddownthesameatthetimeofJawaharlalNehru'sdeath.Kamaraj
wasthechiefministerofTamilNaduduring19541963andaMemberofParliamentduring

Interaction

19521954and19671975.Hewasknownforhissimplicityandintegrity.[1][3]

Help
AboutWikipedia

HewasinvolvedintheIndianindependencemovement.[4]AsthepresidentofIndianNational

Communityportal

Congress,hewasinstrumentalinnavigatingthepartyafterthedeathofJawaharlalNehru.

Recentchanges

InTamilNadu,hishomestate,heisstillrememberedforbringingschooleducationtomillionsof

Contactpage
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theruralpoorbyintroducingfreeeducationandthefreeMiddayMealSchemeduringhistenure
aschiefminister.HewasawardedwithIndia'shighestcivilianhonour,theBharat

Whatlinkshere
Relatedchanges
Uploadfile

Ratna,posthumouslyin1976.[5]
Contents[hide]

Specialpages
Permanentlink

1 Earlylife

Pageinformation

2 Politics

Wikidataitem

3 ChiefMinister

Citethispage

3.1 FirstCabinet

ChiefMinisteroftheMadrasState(Tamil
Nadu)
Inoffice
19541963

3.2 SecondCabinet

Print/export
Createabook

3.3 ThirdCabinet

DownloadasPDF

3.4 KamarajPlan

Printableversion
Inotherprojects
WikimediaCommons

4 Nationalpolitics
5 Electoralhistory

Precededby

MemberofParliament(LokSabha)for
Nagercoil

6 Death

Inoffice
19671975

7 Legacy

Languages

C.Rajagopalachari

Succeededby M.Bhakthavatsalam

8 Popularculture

Precededby

9 References

Succeededby KumariAnanthan

Deutsch

10 Externallinks

Constituency Nagercoil

MemberofTamilNaduLegislative
AssemblyforSattur

BahasaIndonesia

Earlylife

Kamarajwasbornon15July1903toKumarasamyandSivakamiatVirudhunagarinTamilNadu.

[ edit ]

Inoffice
19571967

HisnamewasoriginallyKamatchi,butlaterchangedtoKamarajarasthenamesounded

Precededby

feminine.HisfatherKumarasamywasamerchant.In1907,fouryearsafterthebirthofKamaraj,

Succeededby S.RamaswamyNaidu

hissisterNagammalwasborn.[citationneeded]Atage5(1907),Kamarajwasadmittedtoa

Constituency Sattur

SimpleEnglish

traditionalschoolandin1908hewasadmittedtoYenadhiNarayanaVidhyaSalai.In1909

Svenska

KamarajwasadmittedinVirudupattiHighSchool.Kamaraj'sfatherdiedwhenhewassixyears

oldandhismotherwasforcedtosupportherfamily.In1914Kamarajdroppedoutofschoolto

supporthisfamily.[6]

Editlinks

A.Nesamony

Politics

[ edit ]

Heworkedinhisuncle'sprovisionshopandduringthistimehestartedjoiningprocessionsand
attendingpublicmeetingsabouttheIndianHomeRuleMovement.Kamarajdevelopedan
interestinprevailingpoliticalconditionsbyreadingnewspapersdaily.[7]TheJallianwalaBagh
massacrewasthedecisiveturningpointinhislife,andatthispointhedecidedhisaimwasto

MemberofTamilNaduLegislative
AssemblyforGudiyatham
Inoffice
19541957
Precededby

wasorganisingpublicmeetingsatVirudhunagarforCongressleaders.Hewaseagertomeet
Gandhi,andwhenGandhivisitedMaduraion21September1921KamarajattendedGandhi's
publicmeetingandmethimforthefirsttimeinperson.HevisitedvillagescarryingCongress
propaganda.[10]

RathnaswamyandA.J.
ArunachalaMudaliar

Succeededby V.K.KothandaramanandT.
Manavalan
Constituency Gudiyatham
MemberofParliament(LokSabha)for
Srivilliputhur
Inoffice
19521954

fightfornationalfreedomandtobringanendtoforeignrule.[8][9]In1920,attheageof18,he
becameactiveasapoliticalworkerandjoinedCongressasafulltimeworker.[9]In1921Kamaraj

S.RamaswamyNaidu

Precededby

None

Succeededby S.S.Natarajan
Constituency Srivilliputhur
PresidentoftheIndianNationalCongress
(Organisation)

In1922CongresswasboycottingthevisitofthePrinceofWalesaspartoftheNonCooperation

Inoffice
19671971

Movement.HecametoMadrasandtookpartinthisevent.[11]Heparticipatedinthe
famousVaikomSatyagrahaledbyNarayanaGuruagainsttheatrocitiesofthehighercaste

Precededby

HindusagainsttheHarijans.[12]In192325KamarajparticipatedintheNagpurFlag

Succeededby MorarjiDesai

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None

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Satyagraha.[13]In1927,KamarajstartedtheSwordSatyagrahainMadrasandwaschosento

PresidentoftheIndianNationalCongress
Inoffice
19631967

leadtheNeilStatueSatyagraha,butthiswasgivenuplaterinviewoftheSimon
Commissionboycott.[14]KamarajledalmostalltheagitationanddemonstrationagainstBritish
Precededby

rule.[15]
KamarajwasfirstjailedinJune1930fortwoyearsinAliporeJail,Calcutta,forparticipationin

PresidentoftheMadrasProvincial
CongressCommittee

the"SaltSatyagraha"ledbyRajagopalachariatVedaranyamhewasreleasedearlyin1931in
consequenceoftheGandhiIrwinPactbeforehecouldservehisfulltermof

Inoffice
19461952

imprisonment.[citationneeded]In1932,Section144wasimposedinMadrasprohibitingtheholdingof
meetingsandorganisationofprocessionsagainstthearrestofGandhiinBombay.In

Succeededby P.Subbarayan

Virdhunagar,underKamaraj'sleadership,processionsanddemonstrationshappenedeveryday.
KamarajwasarrestedagaininJanuary1932andsentencedtooneyear'simprisonment.[16]In
1933KamarajwasfalselyimplicatedintheVirudhunagarbombcase.VaradarajuluNaiduand

Personaldetails
Born

15July1903
Virudhunagar,Madras
Presidency,BritishIndia

Died

2October1975(aged72)
Chennai,TamilNadu,India

Nationality

Indian

GeorgeJosepharguedonKamaraj'sbehalfandprovedthechargestobebaseless.[17]
Kamarajwasconductingavigorouscampaignthroughoutthestateaskingpeoplenotto
contributetowarfundswhenSirArthurHope,theMadrasGovernor,wascollectingcontributions
tofundfortheSecondWorldWar.InDecember1940hewasarrestedagainatGuntur,underthe
DefenceofIndiarulesforspeechesopposingcontributionstothewarfund,andsenttoVellore
CentralPrisonwhilehewasonhiswaytoWardhatogetGandhi'sapprovalforalistof

NeelamSanjivaReddy

Succeededby S.Nijalingappa

Politicalparty IndianNationalCongress
Religion

Satyagrahis.Whileinjail,hewaselectedasMunicipalCouncillorofVirudhunagar.Hewas

Awards

releasedninemonthslaterinNovember1941andresignedfromthispostashethoughthehad

Signature

Hinduism
BharatRatna(1976)

greaterresponsibilityforthenation.[18][19]Hisprinciplewas"Oneshouldnotacceptanypostto
whichonecouldnotdofulljustice".[citationneeded]
In1942,KamarajattendedtheAllIndiaCongressCommitteeinBombayandreturnedtospreadpropagandamaterialfortheQuitIndia
Movement.ThepoliceissuedorderstoalltheleaderswhoattendedthisBombaysession.Kamarajdidnotwanttogetarrestedbeforehetook
themessagetoalldistrictandlocalleaders.HedecidednottogotoMadrasanddecidedtocutshorthistriphesawalargenumberof
policemenwaitingforthearrestofCongressleadersinArakonambutmanagedtoescapefromthepoliceandwenttoRanipet,Tanjore,
TrichyandMaduraitoinformlocalleadersabouttheprogramme.HereachedVirdhunagarafterfinishinghisworkandsentamessagetothe
localpolicethathewasreadytobearrested.HewasarrestedinAugust1942.Hewasunderdetentionforthreeyearsandwasreleasedin
June1945.Thiswashislastprisonterm.[12][18][20]KamarajwasimprisonedsixtimesbytheBritishforhisproIndependenceactivities,
accumulatingmorethan3,000daysinjail.[21]

ChiefMinister

[ edit ]

On13April1954,KamarajbecametheChiefMinisterofMadrasProvince.Toeveryone'ssurprise,KamarajnominatedC.
SubramaniamandM.Bhakthavatsalam,whohadcontestedhisleadership,tothenewlyformedcabinet.
AsChiefMinister,KamarajremovedthefamilyvocationbasedHereditaryEducationPolicyintroducedbyRajaji.TheStatemadeimmense
stridesineducationandtrade.Newschoolswereopened,sothatpoorruralstudentshadtowalknomorethanthreekilometerstotheir
nearestschool.Betterfacilitieswereaddedtoexistingones.Novillageremainedwithoutaprimaryschoolandnopanchayatwithoutahigh
school.Kamarajstrovetoeradicateilliteracybyintroducingfreeandcompulsoryeducationuptotheeleventhstandard.Heintroduced
theMiddayMealSchemetoprovideatleastonemealperdaytothelakhsofpoorschoolchildren((TheMiddayMealScheme,wasfirst
introducedin1920bytheMadrasCorporationwiththeapprovalofthelegislativecouncil,asabreakfastschemeinacorporationschoolat
ThousandLights,Madrasforthefirsttimeintheworld))Lateritwasexpandedtofourmoreschools.Thiswastheprecursortothefreenoon
mealschemesintroducedbyK.Kamarajin1960'sandexpandedbyM.G.Ramachandraninthe1980s.[citationneeded].Heintroducedfree
schooluniformstoweedoutcaste,creedandclassdistinctionsamongyoungminds.
DuringtheBritishregimetheeducationratewasonly7percent.ButafterKamaraj'sreformsit
reached37%.Apartfromincreasingthenumberofschools,stepsweretakentoimprovestandardsof
education.Toimprovestandards,thenumberofworkingdayswasincreasedfrom180to200
unnecessaryholidayswerereducedandsyllabuseswerepreparedtogiveopportunitytovarious
abilities.KamarajandBishnuramMedhi(Governor)tookeffortstoestablishIITMadrasin
1959.[citationneeded]
MajorirrigationschemeswereplannedinKamaraj'speriod.Damsandirrigationcanalswerebuilt
acrosshigherBhavani,ManiMuthar,
Aarani,Vaigai,Amaravathi,Sathanur,Krishnagiri,Pullambadi,ParambikulamandNeyyaruamong
others.TheLowerBhavaniDaminErodedistrictbrought207,000acres(840km2)oflandunder
cultivation.45,000acres(180km2)oflandbenefitedfromcanalsconstructedfromtheMetturDam.
TheVaigaiandSathanursystemsfacilitatedcultivationacrossthousandsofacresoflandsinMadurai
andNorthArcotdistrictsrespectively.Rs30croreswereplannedtobespentforParambikulamRiver
scheme,and150lakhsofacresoflandswerebroughtundercultivationonethirdofthis(i.e.56lakhs
ofacresofland)receivedapermanentirrigationfacility.In1957611,628tanksweredesiltedunder
theSmallIrrigationScheme,and2,000wellsweredugwithoutlets.Longtermloanswith25%subsidy

KamarajStatueinMarina
Beach,Chennaidepictinghis
contributiontoeducationinthestate

weregiventofarmers.Inadditionfarmerswhohaddrylandsweregivenoilenginesandelectricpump
setsonaninstallmentbasis.
IndustrieswithhugeinvestmentsincroresofRupeeswerestartedinhisperiod:NeyveliLigniteCorporation,BHELatTrichy,ManaliOil
Refinery,HindustanrawphotofilmfactoryatOoty,surgicalinstrumentsfactoryatChennai,andarailwaycoachfactoryatChennaiwere

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established.Industriessuchaspaper,sugar,chemicalsandcementtookoffduringtheperiod.

FirstCabinet

[ edit ]

Kamaraj'scouncilofministersduringhisfirsttenureasChiefMinister(13April195431March1957):[22]
Minister
K.Kamaraj
M.Bhaktavatsalam
C.Subramaniam
A.B.Shetty
M.A.Manickavelu
Naicker
Shanmugha
Rajeswara
Sethupathi
B.Parameswaran
S.S.Ramasami
Padayachi

Portfolios
ChiefMinister,PublicandPoliceintheHomeDepartment
Agriculture,Forests,Fisheries,Cinchona,RuralWelfare,CommunityProjects,NationalExtensionScheme,Womens
Welfare,IndustriesandLabour,AnimalHusbandryandVeterinary
Finance,Food,Education,ElectionsandInformation,PublicityandLaw(CourtsandPrisons)
MedicalandPublicHealth,Cooperation,Housing,Exservicemen.
LandRevenue,CommercialTaxes,RuralDevelopment
PublicWorks,AccommodationControl,EngineeringColleges,StationeryandPrintingincludingestablishment
questionsoftheStationeryDepartmentandtheGovernmentPress
Transport,HarijanUplift,HinduReligiousEndowments,Registration,Prohibition
LocalAdministration

Changes
FollowingtheStatesReorganisationActof1956,A.B.ShettyquittheMinistryon1March1956andhisportfoliowassharedbetweenthe
otherministers.

SecondCabinet

[ edit ]

Kamaraj'scouncilofministersduringhissecondtenureasChiefMinister(1April19571March1962):[23]
Minister
K.Kamaraj
M.
Bhaktavatsalam
C.
Subramaniam
R.
Venkataraman
M.A.
Manickavelu
Naicker
P.Kakkan
V.Ramaiah
Lourdhammal
Simon

ThirdCabinet

Portfolios
ChiefMinister,PublicPlanningandDevelopment(includingLocalDevelopmentWorks,
Women'sWelfare,CommunityProjectsandRuralWelfare),NationalExtensionScheme
Home
Finance
Industries
Revenue
Works
Electricity
LocalAdministration

[ edit ]

Kamaraj'scouncilofministersduringhisthirdtenureasChiefMinister(3March19622October
1963):[23][24][25]
Minister
K.Kamaraj
M.
Bhaktavatsalam
Jothi
Venkatachalam
R.Venkataraman
S.M.AbdulMajid
N.Nallasenapathi
Sarkarai
Mandradiar
G.Bhuvaraghan

KamarajPlan

KamarajarStatueinChennai

Portfolios
ChiefMinister,PublicPlanningandDevelopment(includingLocalDevelopment
Works,Women'sWelfare,CommunityProjectsandRuralWelfare),National
ExtensionScheme
FinanceandEducation
PublicHealth
Revenue
LocalAdministration
Cooperation,Forests
PublicityandInformation
[ edit ]

KamarajremainedChiefMinisterforthreeconsecutiveterms,winningelectionsin1957and1962.KamarajnoticedthattheCongressparty
wasslowlylosingitsvigour.
OnGandhiJayantiday,2October1963,heresignedfromtheTamilNaduChiefMinisterPost.HeproposedthatallseniorCongressleaders
shouldresignfromtheirpostsanddevotealltheirenergytotherevitalizationoftheCongress.
In1963hesuggestedtoNehruthatseniorCongressleadersshouldleaveministerialpoststotakeuporganisationalwork.Thissuggestion
cametobeknownastheKamarajPlan,whichwasdesignedprimarilytodispelfromthemindsofCongressmenthelureofpower,creatingin
itsplaceadedicatedattachmenttotheobjectivesandpoliciesoftheorganisation.SixUnionMinistersandsixChiefMinistersincludingLal

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BahadurShastri,JagjivanRam,MorarjiDesai,BijuPatnaikandS.K.Patilfollowedsuitandresignedfrom
theirposts.ImpressedbyKamaraj'sachievementsandacumen,PrimeMinisterJawaharlalNehrufeltthat
hisserviceswereneededmoreatthenationallevel.InaswiftmovehebroughtKamarajtoDelhiasthe
PresidentoftheIndianNationalCongress.Nehrurealizedthatinadditiontowidelearningandvision,
Kamarajpossessedenormouscommonsenseandpragmatism.KamarajwaselectedPresident,Indian
NationalCongress,on9October1963.[26]

Nationalpolitics

[ edit ]

Thissectiondoes
notciteanysources.Please
helpimprovethissection
byaddingcitationstoreliable
sources.Unsourcedmaterial
maybechallenged
andremoved.(October
2013)(Learnhowandwhento
removethistemplatemessage)

AfterNehru'sdeathin1964,Kamarajsuccessfullynavigatedthepartythroughturbulenttimes.As
presidentoftheIndianNationalCongress,herefusedtobecomethenextprimeministerhimselfandwas

KamarajstatueatEast
Tambaram,Chennai

instrumentalinbringingtopowertwoPrimeMinisters,LalBahadurShastriin1964andNehru's
daughterIndiraGandhiin1966.[27]Forthisrole,hewaswidelyacclaimedasthe"KingMaker"duringthe
1960s.
WhentheCongresssplitin1969,KamarajbecametheleaderoftheIndianNationalCongress(Organisation)inTamilNadu.Thepartyfailed
poorlyinthe1971electionsamidallegationsoffraudbytheoppositionparties.HeremainedastheleaderofINC(O)tillhisdeathin
1975.[28][29]

Electoralhistory

[ edit ]

Year Post
Constituency
1937 M.L.A Sattur

Opponent
Unopposed

1937elections

Result
Won

1946 M.L.A SatturAruppukottai INC

1952 M.P
Srivilliputtur
INC

Unopposed
G.D.Naidu

1946elections
IndianGeneralElections,1951

Won
Won

1954 M.L.A Gudiyatham

1957 M.L.A Sattur

INC
INC

V.K.Kothandaraman ByElection
Won
JayaramaReddiar
Madraslegislativeassemblyelection,1957 Won

1962 M.L.A Sattur

1967 M.L.A Virudhunagar

INC
INC

P.Ramamoorthy
P.Seenivasan

1969 M.P
1971 M.P

INC
M.Mathias
INC(O) M.C.Balan

Death

Nagercoil
Nagercoil

Party
INC

Election

Madraslegislativeassemblyelection,1962 Won
TamilNadustateassemblyelection,1967 Lost
ByElection
IndianGeneralElections,1971

Won
Won

[ edit ]

Kamarajdiedathishome,onGandhiJayantiday(2October1975),whichwasalsothe12thanniversary
ofhisresignation.Hewasaged72anddiedinhissleep.

Legacy

[ edit ]

HewasawardedIndia'shighestcivilianhonour,theBharatRatna,posthumouslyin1976.Heiswidely
acknowledgedas"KalviThanthai"(FatherofEducation)inTamilNadu.Thedomesticterminalof
theChennaiairportisnamed"KamarajTerminal".Chennai'sbeachroadisnamed"KamarajarSalai",
Bangalore'sNorthParadeRoadandParliamentroadinNewDelhias"K.KamarajRoad"andtheMadurai

KamarajmemorialinChennai

KamarajUniversityinhishonour.[3][30]
PuducherryChiefMinisterN.RangasamyissaidtobeardentfollowerofKamarajandmanywelfareschemesimplementedinPuducherry
GovernmentarenamedafterKamaraj.N.Rangasamyiscalledliving"JuniorKamaraj"ofPuducherry.[31][32]

Popularculture

[ edit ]

In2004aTamilfilmtitledKamarajwasmadebasedonthelifehistoryofKamaraj.TheEnglishversionofthefilmwasreleasedonDVDin
2007.

References

[ edit ]

1.^ a bRevisededitionofbookonKamarajtobelaunched
2.^CrusadingCongressman,FrontlineMagazine

,TheHindu,8July2009

,hinduonnet.com.1528September2001

3.^ a bHeraisedthebarwithsimplicity,TheHindu16July2008
4.^Thecommonsensepolitician,FrontlineMagazine,1730August2002
5.^"PadmaAwardsDirectory(19542007)"

(PDF) .MinistryofHomeAffairs.Archivedfromtheoriginal

(PDF) on4March2009.

Retrieved7December2010.
6.^Kapur,RaghuPati(1966).Kamaraj,theironman

.DeepakAssociates.p.12.

7.^Kandaswamy,P.(2001).ThePoliticalCareerofK.Kamaraj

.ConceptPublishingCompany.p.23.

8.^Kandaswamy,P.(2001).ThePoliticalCareerofK.Kamaraj

.ConceptPublishingCompany.p.24.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Kamaraj

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K.KamarajWikipedia
9.^ a bFreedomMovementInMadrasPresidencyWithSpecialReferenceToTheRoleOfKamaraj(19201945),Page1
10.^EarlyLifeofK.Kamaraj

[deadlink]

.p.25.

11.^FreedomMovementInMadrasPresidencyWithSpecialReferenceToTheRoleOfKamaraj(19201945),Page2
12.^ a bBhatnagar,R.K."TributesToKamaraj"

[deadlink]

.AsianTribune.Retrieved3February2014.

13.^K.Kamaraj
14.^Kandaswamy,P.(2001).ThePoliticalCareerofK.Kamaraj
15.^RememberingOurLeaders

.ConceptPublishingCompany.p.30.

.p.145.

16.^FreedomMovementInMadrasPresidencyWithSpecialReferenceToTheRoleOfKamaraj(19201945),Page3
17.^GeorgeJoseph,atruechampionofsubaltern
18.^ a bRememberingOurLeaders

.p.146.

19.^EncyclopediaofBharatRatnas

.p.88.

20.^EncyclopediaofBharatRatnas

.p.89.

21.^Stepan,AlfredLinz,JuanJ.Yadav,Yogendra(2011).CraftingStateNations:IndiaandOtherMultinationalDemocracies

.JHUPress.

p.124.ISBN9780801897238.
22.^AReviewoftheMadrasLegislativeAssembly(19521957)
23.^ a bKandaswamy,P.(2001).ThePoliticalCareerofK.Kamaraj

.ConceptPublishingCompany.pp.6264.

24.^TheMadrasLegislativeAssembly,ThirdAssemblyISession
25.^TheMadrasLegislativeAssembly,ThirdAssemblyIISession
26.^[1]

Archived

18May2012attheWaybackMachine.

27.^"WillMamataBanerjee'sHindihandicaphurtherambitiontobeprimeminister?" .
28.^Gopal,Madan(1990).K.S.Gautam,ed.Indiathroughtheages.PublicationDivision,MinistryofInformationandBroadcasting,GovernmentofIndia.
p.164.
29.^juh
30.^Manofthepeople

,TheTribune,4October1975

31.^"NRangasamy:Meetthe'JuniorKamaraj'ofPuducherryTimesofIndia" .TheTimesofIndia.Retrieved20161201.
32.^"RangasamyscleanimagehelpedhimhumbleCongressinPuducherry" .Retrieved20161201.

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