Differential Equations

Unit-7
Exact Differential Equations:
Verify the condition

Then integrate

M
y

M dx

then integrate the terms in

M dx + N dy = 0
=

N
x

with respect to x as if y were constants,

N d y

which do not contain terms in x and equate sum of

these two integrals to a constant.

Example: Solve

( a 2 2 xy y 2 ) dx ( x + y ) 2 dy = 0
M = a 2 2 xy y 2 ; N = ( x + y ) 2 = x 2 y 2 2 xy

M
= 2 x 2 y;
y

N
M
N
= 2x 2 y
=
x
y
x

The given equation is an exact differential equation. Solution is given by

(a

2 xy y 2 )dx +

( y

)dy = 0

3a 2 x 3 x 2 y 3 y 2 x y 3 = 3c
Example:
Solve

(e

+ 1) co s d x + e

s in x d y = 0

M
N
= e y co s x ;
= e y co s x
y
x
Solution is :

(e

+ 1 ) cos x dx = c

(e +1)sinx = c
y

Integrating Factors:
Sometimes a differential equations which is not exact may become exact on multiplication by a
suitable function known as an Integrating Factor.

For example the differential equation

is not exact, but when multiplied by

ydx xdy = 0
1
y2

or

1
1
or by
2
x
xy

it becomes on exact equation. The number of integrating factor is infinite for a given equation.
Rules For Finding The Integrating Factors::
Rule I: when Mx + N y 0 and the equation is homogeneous then

1
is an Integrating
Mx + Ny

factor of Mdx + Ndy = 0

Example: Solve:

x 2 ydx x 3 + y 3 dy = 0

Solution: Mx+Ny=-y4

I.F.=-1/y4

Multiply Given equation By I.F.

On integration we have

x3 1
x2
3 dx + 4 + dy = 0
y
y
y

x3
+ log y = c
3y3

Rule II: When Mx - Ny 0 and the equation has the form f1(xy)ydx+f2(xy)xdy=0
then Integrating factor is

Example: Solve

1
Mx Ny

(1 + xy) ydx + (1 xy)xdy = 0

Mx - Ny = 2x2y2 I.F.=1/2x2y2

Multiply given equation by I.F. we get

log

x
1

= log c
y
xy

dx
dy
ydx + xdy

+
x
y
x2y2

on intergration

M
Rule III: When y

f(x)dx

is a function x alone say f(x) then e

is an Integrating factor

N
x

Problem:
Solve (x2+y2+2x)dx + 2ydy = 0

M
y

N
x

2 y
2 y

= 1

I.F.

1dx
= e

= e

Multiplying given equation by I.F. and it becomes exact

Solution of given equation is given by

x 2e

+ y 2e

e (x
x

+ y 2 + 2 x dx = c

= c

N
M

x
y
Rule IV: When
M

is a function y alone say F(y) then

factor
Example: solve

(y

N
M

x
y
M

I .F . = e

+ 2 y dx + xy 3 + 2 y 4 4 x dy = 0

(
(

)
)

3 y2 + 2
3
=
=
y y2 + 2
y

F ( y ) dy

1
y 3

Multiply given equation by I.F. and it becomes

2
4x
y + 2 dx + x + 2 y 3 dy = 0
y
y

F ( y ) dy

is an Integrating

Solution is given by

2
y + 2 x + y 2 = c
y

Linear Differential Equation:

A differential equation is said to be linear if the dependent variable and its derivatives appear
only in the first degree.

dy
+ Py = Q
dx

The first order linear differential equation is of the form

where P and Q are

functions of x only or constants.

y (I . F . ) =
Solution of Linear differential equation:

1 dy
x dx

+ 4 y = 2

Solution : Rearranging gives

Integrating factor
Solution gives:

ye

2 x

pdx

+ c

Pdx
I.F. = e

where
Example: Solve

Q (I . F . )dx

given the boundary conditions x =0 when y = 4.

dy
+ 4 xy = 2 x
dx

= e2x

(2 x )dx

2 x

1
e
2

Using B.C. Obtain C=7/2.Hence particular solution gives

2 x

y =

+ c.

1
1 + 7e
2

2 x

).

Example: Solve the differential equation

dy
= sec + y tan
d

given the boundary conditions y = 1 when = 0.

Solution: Rearranging gives

Integrating factor
Solution gives:

When

pdx

dy
(tan ) y = sec
d

= e ln (cos ) = cos

y cos =

cos

(sec )d = + c .
y =

= 0, y = 1, thus c=1. Hence particular solution is

Example: Solve the differential equation

dy
dx

y
x

Solution:

Integrating factor

pdx

= e ln

y x = x 2 x dx
Solution gives:

x3
y=
+c
4

= x

(
cos

+ 1

).

Equations Reducible to linear form Or (Bernoullis equation):

dy
+ Py
dx
y n

= Qy

Dividing by yn

dy
+ Py n +1 = Q (1)
dx

put v=y-1+n we get

i.e y

dy
dx

n + 1

)y

n + 11

+ 1

dy
dx

dv
dx

1
dv
+ Pv = Q
( n + 1 ) dx
dv
+ ( n + 1)Pv = ( n + 1)Q
dx
Which is linear in v
Example: Solve

Solution:

-1

dy
dx
2

Put y =v ,

dy
dx

y
x

+ y

1 y

( 1 )

(2 )

(2 )

1
= 1 (1 )
x

dy
dx

dv
dx

dv
dx

dv
1
+ v
= 1
dx
x
From (1)
dv
1
i .e
v
= 1
dx
x

which is linear in v

pdx
1
dx
e
= e x =
x

Integrating factor

Solution is

1
xy

Example: solve

Solution: y

1
=
x

= log

1
dx + c
x
x + c

dy
2 y tan x = y 2 tan 2 x
dx

2 dy

2y

tan x = tan

()

dx

Put y-1=v

Fron (1)

dy
dv
=
dx
dx

dv
+ 2 v tan x = tan
dx

Integrating factor e

pdx

=e

2 tan xdx

x which is linear in v

=e

2 log sec x

= sec

2
Solution is

x = tan

v sec
2

sec

x =

tan
3

2
x sec

xdx + c

+ c

Orthogonal trajectory
Introduction:
The word Orthogonal comes from the Greek right angle and the word trajectory
comes from Latin cut-across. Hence the curve that curve that cut across the other at
right angle is called orthogonal trajectory.

Rules to find the equation of orthogonal trajectories of a family of cartesian

curves:

Diff f(x ,y , c)=0 and eliminate c.

Resulting equation gives the DE of the family f(x ,y , c)=0

i.e. F x, y. dy = 0
dx

dy

dy
dx

Replace dx by - dv in F x, y, = 0

dx

The differential equation of orthogonal trajectory is

Integrate F x , y , dx
dy

trajectory

= 0

F x, y,- dx
dy

=0

to get the equation of the required orthogonal

Rules to find the equation of orthogonal trajectories of a family of polar curves:

Let the equation of given family of curves be f(r , , c)= 0

Diff f(r , , c)= 0 and eliminate c.

Resulting equation gives the DE of the family f(r , , c)= 0

i.e. F r, . ddr = 0

Replace

dr by - r 2 d in F r, , dr = 0
d
dr

2
The DE of OT is F r, ,-r
= 0

dr

d
Integrate F r , , r 2 dr

orthogonal trajectory

= 0

to get the equation of the required

Example :Find the orthogonal trajectories of parabolas y=c x2

dy = 2 Cx = 2 y x = 2 y
Solution: Differentiate given equation we get dx

2
x
x
dy
x
dy
dx
Replace dx = dy
we get dx = 2 y is the DE of OT.

2 y dy = x dx

V.S

On integration we get

2
y2 + x = c
2

Example: Find the orthogonal trajectories of the series of hyperbolas xy= k2

Solution: Differention given equation w.r.t x we get y + x y1=0 Replace y1 by

The differntial equation of the OT is

yx

dx
dx
= 0 or - x = y xdx= ydy xdx ydy= 0
dy
dy

y1
1

x 2 y 2 = c x 2 y 2 = 2c = c
1
2 2

Which the required OT

Example: Find the orthogonal trajectories of circles

x2+(y-c)2=c2

(1)

solution: Differentiation w.r.t x , 2x + 2(y-c)y1=0

or x + (y-c)y1 = 0

(2)

From (1) x2+y2 2cy = 0 or c = (x2+y2) / 2y Substitute this in (2) we get

x+

2
2 2
2

y x + y y = 0 or x + y x y = 0

2y 1
2y 1

y 2 x 2 y = - x
1
2y

x 2 y 2 y = x y =
2xy
1
1
2y
2
x y2

1
Replace y1 by y

(3)

The differential equation of the OT is

2 xy
y2 x2
y1 =

= y or 2 xyy y 2 + x 2 = 0 (4)
1
1
2
2
2
xy
1 x y

2xy

dy 2 2
dy y x
y + x = 0 dividen by 2xyor 2x =
dx
dx 2x 2y

dy y 2 x

=
dx 2 x
2

(5) Put y2/2 = z Diff w. r . t. x

dy
dx

dz
z x
=
dx
x
2
linear in z I.F.=1/x solution is

Equation (5) becomes

x
1
1
y2
x
= dx + c = + c or
= + c or y 2 + x 2 2 cx = 0
x
2
2
2x
2

dz
dx

Or (x c)2 y2 = c2

be the equation of OT

Example: The orthogonal trajectories of cardiod r=a(1+cos()) where a is a parameter.

Solution: Given equation r = a(1+cos()) Diff. w.r.t.

dr = asin a = 1 dr
d
sin d
2 r sin cos
2
2 = r tan
r = 1 dr (1 + cos ) dr = r sin =

2
2
sin d
d 1 + cos
2 cos
2
Which is the DE of family r=a(1+cos())

dr

dr

= cot r = cot d Integrate this we get

Replace
2
2
d

sin

2 + c on simplification r = c(1- cos())
log r = log