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MT-229
One Technology Way P.O. Box 9106 Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A. Tel: 781.329.4700 Fax: 781.461.3113 www.analog.com
3.
by Ching Man,
Analog Devices, Inc.
The steps are shown for how the equation, signal-to-noiseratio (SNR) = 6.02 N + 1.76 dB is derived. The mathematical
derivation steps are highlighted.
INTRODUCTION
This tutorial describes three distinct stages for the derivation
process.
The ideal analog-to-digital converter (ADC) transfer
function equation and manipulation.
The root mean square (rms) derivation from integration.
45
q/2
q
t2
t1
TIME (t)
q/2
(A)
(B)
Figure 1. Ideal ADC Transfer Function (A) and Ideal N-Bit ADC Quantized Noise (B)
Rev. 0 | Page 1 of 4
10902-001
2.
1.
MT-229
Mini Tutorial
The error, e(t), swings between q/2 and +q/2 for t1 < t < t2.
= 1
(1 ) =
2
1 =
2
(2 ) = = 2
2
2 =
2
Equation 2 and Equation 3 can now relabel the graph
for e(t) as shown in Figure 2.
where:
y represents the value on the y-axis.
m is the slope.
x is the value on the x-axis.
c is the intersection point where the line passes through the
y-axis at x = 0.
Therefore, when the equation of a line is applied in Figure 2,
when c is at x = 0, y = 0 (that is, at the origin). The error
equation for e(t) is
(1)
(2)
(3)
ERROR
e(t)
e(t) = st
SLOPE = s
q/2
TIME (t)
q/2
q
t 1 = 2s
10902-002
t 2 = 2s
RMS DERIVATION
The root mean square (rms) derivation can now be evaluated by
integration and substitution. Figure 3(A) shows the period, T,
e(t)
(q/2)2
q/2
e(t)
|e(t)|2
TIME (t)
t1
t2
TIME (t)
PERIOD (T)
(A)
(B)
Figure 3. Defining the Period T (A) and Squaring the Error e(t) Function (B)
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10902-004
PERIOD (T)
q/2
Mini Tutorial
MT-229
+
1 =
,
2 =
,
2
2
Equating and defining the base for the period T in Figure 3 as,
= 2 1
=
+
2 2
12
1
(4)
(5)
()2
1
e 2 () =
e 2 ()
dt =
1
2
= ()2
1
() 2
1
dt
2 2 2
3 2 2
=
1
1
(6)
1
2
84 3 3
q
q
q
e 2 (t) = =
=
=
12 12 (4 3) 23
22
sin(2)
(9)
SNR DERIVATION
2
V
()
2
e ()
22
23
2
23
22
= 20 10
2
QED
12
Evaluating the root mean square error e(t), can be found from
q2
or by 0.707. Hence, () x
= 20 10
e 2 () =
= 20 10
3
3 1
2 3
8
3
1
2
4
3
Therefore, the derived mean square error,
=
by
= 20 10
3
3
3 1
3
3
2 8 =
2 3
=
3
8
3
1
2
sin(2)
(8)
2
For a sinewave to be converted to an rms value, simply multiply
() =
= 20 10
(7)
23
The theoretical signal-to-noise ratio can be calculated,
assuming an average full-scale (FS) sinewave, () , as the input
signal where
22
The rms signal-to-noise ratio, for an ideal N-bit converter
(Equation 10, for example) with respect to the rms value
of quantization noise (for example, Equation 7), hence
(Equation 10)/(Equation 7), can now be computed in dB as
3
3 3 2
=
3
3
e 2 () =
The SNR equations in dB, where the 6.02 N + 1.76 dB, can now
be derived from this point.
3 3 2
=
3
3
3
3 2
2
=
+
=
3
3
= 20 10
22
23
2
3
1
2
3
= 20 10 2
2
= 20 10
[2]
+ 20 10
= 20 10 (2) +
Rev. 0 | Page 3 of 4
32
2
3
1
20 10
2
2
(10)
(11)
MT-229
= 20 0.301 + 10 0.176
= 6.02 + 1.76
Mini Tutorial
REFERENCES
QED
10log10 .
2
SUMMARY
This equation is an approximation, which assumes that the
quantization error is not correlated to the input signal. This
assumption is true in most cases where N > 6 and the input
signal is not an exact submultiple of the sampling frequency.
This case is discussed in more detail in MT-001.
REVISION HISTORY
8/12Revision 0: Initial Version
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