Quantitative Chemistry

1.
What is the sum of all coefficients when the following equation is balanced using the smallest
possible whole numbers?
__ C2H2 + __O2 __CO2 + __H2O
A.
B.
C.
11
D.
13
R.
2.
1.7 g of NaNO3 (Mr = 85) is dissolved in water to prepare 0.20 dm of solution. What is the
concentration of the resulting solution in mol dm ?

A.
0.01
B.
0.1
C.
0.2
D.
1.0
R.
3.
How many molecules are present in a drop of ethanol, C 2H5OH, of mass 2.3 10 g?
23
(L = 6.0 10 mol )
19
A.
3.0 10
B.
3.0 10
20
C.
6.0 10
20
D.
6.0 10
26
R.
4.
Which sample has the greatest mass?

A.
1 mol of SO2
B.
2 mol of N2O
C.
2 mol of Ar
D.
4 mol of NH3
(Total 1 mark)
R.
B
[1]
IB Questionbank Chemistry
5.
The relative molecular mass of a gas is 56 and its empirical formula is CH 2. What is the
molecular formula of the gas?
R.
A.
CH2
B.
C2H4
C.
C3H6
D.
C4H8
6.
Ethanol is used as a component in fuel for some vehicles. One fuel mixture contains 10 % by
mass of ethanol in unleaded petrol (gasoline). This mixture is often referred to as Gasohol E10.
(a)
Assume that the other 90 % by mass of Gasohol E10 is octane. 1.00 kg of this fuel
mixture was burned.
CH3CH2OH(l) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
1
C8H18(l) + 12 2 O2(g) 8CO2(g) + 9H2O(l)
(i)
H = 1367 kJ mol
H = 5470 kJ mol
Calculate the mass, in g, of ethanol and octane in 1.00 kg of the fuel mixture.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Calculate the amount, in mol, of ethanol and octane in 1.00 kg of the fuel mixture.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Calculate the total amount of energy, in kJ, released when 1.00 kg of the fuel
mixture is completely burned.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(b) If the fuel blend was vaporized before combustion, predict whether the amount of energy
released would be greater, less or the same. Explain your answer.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
R.
(a)
(i)
(10 % 1000 g =) 100 g ethanol and (90 % 1000 g =) 900 g octane;
(ii)
n(ethanol) = 2.17 mol and n(octane) = 7.88 mol;
(iii)
Ereleased from ethanol = (2.17 1367) = 2966 (kJ);

Ereleased from octane = (7.88 5470) = 43104 (kJ);
4
total energy released = (2966 + 43104) = 4.61 10 (kJ);Award [3] for correct
final answer.
Accept answers using whole numbers for molar masses and rounding.
(b)
greater;
fewer intermolecular bonds/forces to break / vaporization is
endothermic / gaseous fuel has greater enthalpy than liquid fuel / OWTTE;M2 cannot be
scored if M1 is incorrect.
7.
What mass, in g, of hydrogen is formed when 3 mol of aluminium react with excess
hydrochloric acid according to the following equation?
2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(g)
A.
3.0
B.
4.5
C.
6.0
D.
9.0
R.
8.
What is the total number of hydrogen atoms in 1.0 mol of benzamide, C 6H5CONH2?
A.
B.
6.0 10
23
C.
3.0 10
24
D.
4.2 10
24
R.D
9.
What is the sum of the coefficients for the equation when balanced using the smallest possible
whole numbers?
__N2H4(g) + __O2(g) __NO2(g) + __H2O(g)
A.
B.
C.
D.
10.
Chloroethene, C2H3Cl, reacts with oxygen according to the equation below.
R.D
2C2H3Cl(g) + 5O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) + 2HCl(g)

What is the amount, in mol, of H2O produced when 10.0 mol of C2H3Cl and 10.0 mol of O2 are
mixed together, and the above reaction goes to completion?
A.
4.00
B.
8.00
C.
10.0
D.
20.0
R.A
11. A fixed mass of gas has a certain volume at a temperature of 50 C. What temperature is
required to double its volume while keeping the pressure constant?
A.
100 K
B.
323 K
C.
373 K
D.
646 K
R.D
3
12. What is the concentration of NaCl, in mol dm , when 10.0 cm of 0.200 mol dm NaCl
3
3
solution is added to 30.0 cm of 0.600 mol dm NaCl solution?
13.
14.
A.
0.450
B.
0.300
C.
0.500
D.
0.800
R.C
Which amount of the following compounds contains the least number of ions?
A.
2 mol of NaOH
B.
1 mol of NH4Cl
C.
2 mol of CaCl2
D.
1 mol of Al2O3
R.B
1
What is the approximate molar mass, in g mol , of MgSO47H2O?

A.
120
B.
130
15.
C.
138
D.
246
R.D
Which is both an empirical and a molecular formula?

A.
C5H12
B.
C5H10
C.
C4H8
D.
C4H10
R.A
16. 12 molecules of hydrogen gas, H2(g), and 5 molecules of oxygen gas, O2(g), were mixed
together under conditions which allowed the reaction to go to completion, according to the following
equation.
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g)
The following diagram represents the mixture of reactants.
Which diagram represents the reaction mixture when the reaction was complete?
A.
B.
C.
D.
R.A
17.
Brass is a copper containing alloy with many uses. An analysis is carried out to determine the
percentage of copper present in three identical samples of brass. The reactions involved in this
analysis are shown below.
+
2+
Step 1: Cu(s) + 2HNO3(aq) + 2H (aq) Cu (aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
2+
Step 2: 4I (aq) + 2Cu (aq) 2CuI(s) + I2(aq)

2
Step 3: I2(aq) + 2S2O3 (aq) 2I (aq) + S4O6 (aq)

(a)
(i)
Deduce the change in the oxidation numbers of copper and nitrogen in step 1.
Copper:
...........................................................................................................................
Nitrogen:
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Identify the oxidizing agent in step 1.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
A student carried out this experiment three times, with three identical small brass nails,
and obtained the following results.
Mass of brass = 0.456 g 0.001 g

Titre
3
Initial volume of 0.100 mol dm S2O3 ( 0.05 cm )

3
Final volume of 0.100 mol dm S2O3 ( 0.05 cm )

3
Volume added of 0.100 mol dm S2O3 ( 0.10 cm )

3
0.00
0.00
0.00
28.50
28.60
28.40
28.50
28.60
28.40
28.50
Average volume added of 0.100 mol dm S2O3 ( 0.10 cm )
(i)
Calculate the average amount, in mol, of S2O3 added in step 3.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(ii)
Calculate the amount, in mol, of copper present in the brass.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(iii) Calculate the mass of copper in the brass.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(iv) Calculate the percentage by mass of copper in the brass.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(v)
The manufacturers claim that the sample of brass contains 44.2 % copper by mass.
Determine the percentage error in the result.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(c)
With reference to its metallic structure, describe how brass conducts electricity.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
R.
(a)
(i)
Copper:
0 to +2 / increases by 2 / +2 / 2+;
Allow zero/nought for 0.
Nitrogen:
+5 to +4 / decreases by 1 / 1 / 1;
+
Penalize missing + sign or incorrect notation such as 2+, 2
or II, once only.
(ii)
(b)
(i)
nitric acid/HNO3 / NO3 /nitrate;

Allow nitrogen from nitric acid/nitrate but not just nitrogen.
0.100 0.0285;
3
2.85 10 (mol);
Award [2] for correct final answer.
(ii)
2.85 10 (mol);
(iii)
(63.55 2.85 10 ) = 0.181 g;

Allow 63.5.
0.181
100
0
.
456
39.7 %
44.2 39.7
100
44
.
2
10/10.2 %;
Allow 11.3 % i.e. percentage obtained in (iv) is used to
divide instead of 44.2 %.
(iv)
(v)
(c)
1
3
Brass has:
delocalized electrons / sea of mobile electrons / sea of electrons
free to move;
No mark for just mobile electrons.
1
[10]
18. What is the coefficient of Fe3O4 when the following equation is balanced using the lowest
whole numbers?
__ Al(s) + __ Fe3O4(s) __ Al2O3(s) + __ Fe(s)
A.
B.
C.
D.
R.B
(Total 1 mark)
19.
What is the mass, in g, of one molecule of ethane, C2H6?

A.
3.0 10
23
B.
5.0 10
23
C.
30
D.
1.8 10
25
R.B
(Total 1 mark)
20.
Which molecular formula is also an empirical formula?

A.
PCl3
B.
C2H4
C.
H2O2
D.
C6H12O6
R.A
(Total 1 mark)
21.
Which of the following is consistent with Avogadros law?
A.
P
T = constant (V, n constant)
B.
V
T = constant (P, n constant)
C.
Vn = constant (P, T constant)
D.
V
n = constant (P, T constant)
R.D
(Total 1 mark)
22. The percentage by mass of calcium carbonate in eggshell was determined by adding excess
hydrochloric acid to ensure that all the calcium carbonate had reacted. The excess acid left was then
titrated with aqueous sodium hydroxide.
(a)
A student added 27.20 cm of 0.200 mol dm HCl to 0.188 g of eggshell. Calculate the
amount, in mol, of HCl added.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
3
(b) The excess acid requires 23.80 cm of 0.100 mol dm NaOH for neutralization.
Calculate the amount, in mol, of acid that is in excess.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(c)
Determine the amount, in mol, of HCl that reacted with the calcium carbonate in the
eggshell.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(d)
State the equation for the reaction of HCl with the calcium carbonate in the eggshell.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(e)
Determine the amount, in mol, of calcium carbonate in the sample of the eggshell.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(f)
Calculate the mass and the percentage by mass of calcium carbonate in the eggshell
sample.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(g)
Deduce one assumption made in arriving at the percentage of calcium carbonate in the
eggshell sample.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
R.
(a)
n(HCl)(= 0.200 mol dm 0.02720 dm ) = 0.00544 / 5.44 10 (mol);
(b)
n(HCl) excess (= 0.100 mol dm 0.02380 dm ) = 0.00238 /

3
2.38 10 (mol);
Penalize not dividing by 1000 once only in (a) and (b).
1
3
(c)
n(HCl) reacted (= 0.00544 0.00238) = 0.00306 / 3.06 10 (mol);
(d)
2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) /

+
2+
2H (aq) + CaCO3(s) Ca (aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g);

Award [1] for correct reactants and products.
Award [1] if this equation correctly balanced.
Award [1 max] for the following equations:
10
2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) CaCl2(aq) + H2CO3(aq)

+
2+
2H (aq) + CaCO3(s) Ca (aq) + H2CO3(aq)

Ignore state symbols.
(e)
n(CaCO3) = ( 2 n(HCl)) =
1
2
0.00306;
3
= 0.00153 / 1.53 10 (mol);

(f)
Mr(CaCO3) (= 40.08 + 12.01 + 3 16.00) = 100.09 /100.1 /

1
M = 100.09 /100.1 (g mol );

Accept 100.
1
m(CaCO3)(= nM) = 0.00153 (mol) 100.09 (g mol ) = 0.153 (g);

0.153
100

= 81.4 % / 81.5 %
%CaCO 0.188
3
Accept answers in the range 79.8 to 81.5 %.

(g) only CaCO3 reacts with acid / impurities are inert/non-basic / impurities
do not react with the acid / nothing else in the eggshell reacts with acid /
no other carbonates;
Do not accept all calcium carbonate reacts with acid.
1
[11]
23. 6.0 mol of aluminium reacts with oxygen to form aluminium oxide. What is the amount of
oxygen, in mol, needed for complete reaction?
4Al(s) + 3O2(g) 2Al2O3(s)
A.
24.
1.5
B.
3.0
C.
4.5
D.
6.0 R.C
What is the total number of nitrogen atoms in two mol of NH4NO3?

A.
B.
6.02 10
23
C.
1.20 10
24
D.
2.41 10
24
R.D
11
12
25.
On analysis, a compound with molar mass 60 g mol1 was found to contain 12 g of
carbon, 2 g of hydrogen and 16 g of oxygen. What is the molecular formula of the compound?
A.
CH2O
B.
CH4O
C.
C2H4O
D.
C2H4O2
R.D
(Total 1 mark)
26. Equal masses of the metals Na, Mg, Ca and Ag are added to separate samples of excess
HCl(aq).
Which metal produces the greatest total volume of H2(g)?
27.
A.
Na
B.
Mg
C.
Ca
D.
Ag
R.B
The graph below represents the relationship between two variables in a fixed amount of gas.
Which variables could be represented by each axis?
R.
x-axis
y-axis
A.
pressure
temperature
B.
volume
temperature
C.
pressure
volume
D.
temperature
volume
13
14
28.
correct?
29.
8.5 g of NH3 are dissolved in H2O to prepare a 500 cm3 solution. Which statements are
I.
NH3 is the solute and H2O is the solution
II.
The concentration of the solution is 17 g dm
III.
[NH3] = 1.0 mol dm
A.
I and II only
B.
I and III only
C.
II and III only
D.
I, II and III
R.C
Consider the following sequence of reactions.

reaction 1
reaction 2
reaction 3
RCH3 RCH2Br RCH2OH RCOOH
RCH3 is an unknown alkane in which R represents an alkyl group.
(a)
The alkane contains 81.7 % by mass of carbon. Determine its empirical formula, showing
your working.
(3)
(b)
Equal volumes of carbon dioxide and the unknown alkane are found to have the same
mass, measured to an accuracy of two significant figures, at the same temperature and
pressure. Deduce the molecular formula of the alkane.
(1)
(c)
(i)
State the reagent and conditions needed for reaction 1.

(2)
(ii)
State the reagent(s) and conditions needed for reaction 3.

(2)
(d) Reaction 1 involves a free-radical mechanism. Describe the stepwise mechanism, by

giving equations to represent the initiation, propagation and termination steps.
(4)
(e)
The mechanism in reaction 2 is described as SN2.

(i)
State the meaning of each of the symbols in S N2.

(1)
(ii)
Explain the mechanism of this reaction using curly arrows to show the movement
of electron pairs, and draw the structure of the transition state.
(3)
(Total 16 marks)
15
R.
81.7
18.3
nC = 12.01 = 6.80 and nH = 1.01 = 18.1;
ratio of 1: 2.67 /1: 2.7;
C3H8;
No penalty for using 12 and 1.
(b)
C3H8;
(c)
(i)
(a)
(ii)
Br2 /bromine;
UV/ultraviolet light;
Accept hf/hv/sunlight.
2
2
+
Cr2O7 /MnO4 and acidified/ H /H3O ;

Accept names.
heat / reflux;
(d) Initiation:
Br2 2Br;
Propagation:
Br + RCH3 HBr + RCH2;
RCH2 + Br2 RCH2Br + Br;
Termination: [1 max]
Br + Br Br2;
RCH2 + Br RCH2Br;
RCH2 + RCH2 RCH2CH2R;
Award [1] for any termination step.
Accept radical with or without throughout.
Do not penalize the use of an incorrect alkane in the mechanism.
(e)
(i)
4 max
substitution and nucleophilic and bimolecular/two species in

rate-determining step;
Allow second order in place of bimolecular.
(ii)
curly arrow going from lone pair/negative charge on O in OH to C;
Do not allow curly arrow originating on H in OH

curly arrow showing Br leaving;
Accept curly arrow either going from bond between C and Br to Br in
16
bromoethane or in the transition state.

representation of transition state showing negative charge, square
brackets and partial bonds;
Do not penalize if HO and Br are not at 180 to each other.
Do not award M3 if OH ---- C bond is represented unless already
penalized in M1.
Do not penalize the use of an incorrect alkyl chain in the mechanism.
3
[16]
30. 300 cm of water is added to a solution of 200 cm of 0.5 mol dm sodium chloride. What is
the concentration of sodium chloride in the new solution?
3
A.
0.05 mol dm
B.
0.1 mol dm
C.
0.2 mol dm
D.
0.3 mol dm
3
3
3
R.C
1
31. The molar mass of a compound is approximately 56 g mol . Which formula is possible for this
compound?
A.
NaNO3
B.
AgOH
C.
MgO
D.
KOH
R.D
(Total 1 mark)
17
32.
Which compound has the empirical formula with the largest mass?
A.
C2H6
B.
C2H4
C.
C2H2
D.
C3H6
R.A
33. What is the coefficient for O2(g) when the equation for the combustion of 1 mole of pentane is
balanced?
C5H12(g) + _O2(g) _CO2(g) + _H2O(g)
A.
B.
C.
D.
16
R.C
34. What is the maximum mass, in g, of magnesium oxide that can be obtained from the reaction of
oxygen with 2.4 g of magnesium?
A.
2.4
B.
3.0
C.
4.0
D.
5.6 R.C
3
35. 5 dm of carbon monoxide, CO(g), and 2 dm of oxygen, O2(g), at the same temperature and
pressure are mixed together. Assuming complete reaction according to the equation given, what is the
3
maximum volume of carbon dioxide, CO2(g), in dm , that can be formed?
2CO(g) + O2(g) 2CO2
R.
A.
B.
C.
D.
B
[1]
18
36.
R.
Which statement about solutions is correct?

A.
When vitamin D dissolves in fat, vitamin D is the solvent and fat is the solute.
B.
In a solution of NaCl in water, NaCl is the solute and water is the solvent.
C.
An aqueous solution consists of water dissolved in a solute.
D.
The concentration of a solution is the amount of solvent dissolved in 1 dm of solution.
37. Biodiesel makes use of plants ability to fix atmospheric carbon by photosynthesis.
Many companies and individuals are now using biodiesel as a fuel in order to reduce their carbon
footprint. Biodiesel can be synthesized from vegetable oil according to the following reaction.
(a)
Identify the organic functional group present in both vegetable oil and biodiesel.
......................................................................................................................................
(b)
For part of her extended essay investigation into the efficiency of the process, a student
reacted a pure sample of a vegetable oil (where R = C 17H33) with methanol.
The raw data recorded for the reaction is below.
Mass of oil
Mass of methanol
Mass of sodium hydroxide
Mass of biodiesel produced
= 1013.0 g
= 200.0 g
=
3.5 g
= 811.0 g
The relative molecular mass of the oil used by the student is 885.6. Calculate the amount
(in moles) of the oil and the methanol used, and hence the amount (in moles) of excess
methanol.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(c) The reversible arrows in the equation indicate that the production of biodiesel is an
equilibrium process.
(i)
State what is meant by the term dynamic equilibrium.
19
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Using the abbreviations [vegetable oil], [methanol], [glycerol] and [biodiesel]

deduce the equilibrium constant expression (Kc) for this reaction.
(iii) Suggest a reason why excess methanol is used in this process.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(iv) State and explain the effect that the addition of the sodium hydroxide catalyst will
have on the position of equilibrium.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(d) The reactants had to be stirred vigorously because they formed two distinct layers in the
reaction vessel. Explain why they form two distinct layers and why stirring increases the rate of
reaction.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(e)
Calculate the percentage yield of biodiesel obtained in this process.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(f)
When biodiesel is combusted it produces carbon dioxide. Explain why the use of
biodiesel as a fuel does not significantly contribute to global warming.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
R.
(a)
(b)
ester;
1013.0
amount of oil = 885.6 = 1.144 mol;
200.0
amount of methanol = 32.05 = 6.240 mol;
since three mol of methanol react with one mol of vegetable oil the
amount of excess methanol = 6.204 (3 1.144) = 2.808 mol;
20
(c)
(i)
rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction /
forward and reverse reactions occur and the concentrations of the
reactants and products do not change / OWTTE;
[glycerol] [biodiesel] 3
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(d)
(e)
(f)
3
Kc = [ vegetable oil] [methanol] ;
to move the position of equilibrium to the right/product side /

increase the yield of biodiesel;
no effect (on position of equilibrium);

increases the rate of the forward and the reverse reactions equally
(so equilibrium reached quicker) / it lowers Ea for both the
forward and reverse reactions by the same amount / OWTTE;
No ECF for explanation.
vegetable oil is mainly non-polar and methanol is polar / OWTTE;

stirring brings them into more contact with each other / increase the
frequency of collisions / OWTTE;
Do not allow simply mixing.
(relative molecular mass of biodiesel, C9H36O2 = 296.55)

maximum yield of biodiesel = 3.432 mol / 1018 g;
811.0
percentage yield = 1018 100 = 79.67 %;
Allow 80 % for percentage yield.
the carbon dioxide was absorbed by plants initially so there is no net

increase / vegetable oil is not a fossil fuel / vegetable oil is formed
from (atmospheric) carbon dioxide / OWTTE;
1
[14]
2+
38. The percentage of iron(II) ions, Fe , in a vitamin tablet can be estimated by dissolving the
tablet in dilute sulfuric acid and titrating with standard potassium manganate(VII) solution,
KMnO4(aq). During the process iron(II) is oxidized to iron(III) and the manganate(VII) ion is reduced
2+
to the manganese(II) ion, Mn (aq). It was found that one tablet with a mass of 1.43 g required 11.6
3
2
3
cm of 2.00 10 mol dm KMnO4(aq) to reach the end-point.
(a)
(i)
State the half-equation for the oxidation of the iron(II) ions.

...........................................................................................................................
(ii)
State the half-equation for the reduction of the MnO 4 ions in acidic solution.
...........................................................................................................................
(iii) Deduce the overall redox equation for the reaction.

21
..........................................................................................................................
(b)
(i)
Calculate the amount, in moles, of MnO4 ions present in 11.6 cm of

2
2.00 10 mol dm KMnO4(aq).

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(ii)
Calculate the amount, in moles, of Fe
2+
ions present in the vitamin tablet.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(iii)
Determine the percentage by mass of Fe
2+
ions present in the vitamin tablet.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
R.
(a)
2+
Fe
3+
(i)
Fe
(ii)
MnO4 + 8H + 5e Mn
(iii)
MnO4 + 5Fe
+e ;
+
2+
2+
+ 8H Mn
+ 4H2O;
2+
+ 5Fe
3+
4H2O;
(b)
Accept e instead of e .
(i)
11.6
4
amount of MnO4 = 1000 0.0200 = 2.32 10 mol;
(ii)
amount of Fe
(iii)
mass of Fe
2+
= 5 2.32 10 = 1.16 10 mol;
2+
= 55.85 1.16 10 = 6.48 10 g;

6.48 10 2
2+
1.43
percentage of Fe in tablet =
100 = 4.53 %;
2
[7]
39.
What is the number of oxygen atoms in one mole of CuSO 45H2O?

A.
B.
C.
6.0 10
23
D.
5.4 10
24
R.D
(Total 1 mark)
22
40.
Which sample has the greatest mass?

25
A.
6.0 10 molecules of hydrogen
B.
5.0 mol of neon atoms
C.
1.2 10 atoms of silver
D.
1.7 10 g of iron
24
2
R.C
(Total 1 mark)
3
41. What volume of sulfur trioxide, in cm , can be prepared using 40 cm sulfur dioxide and 20 cm
oxygen gas by the following reaction? Assume all volumes are measured at the same temperature and
pressure.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
A.
20
B.
40
C.
60
D.
80
R.B
(Total 1 mark)
42.
43.
Which sample of nitrogen gas, N2, contains the greatest number of nitrogen molecules?
A.
1.4 g N2
B.
1.4 dm of N2 at 1.01 10 Pa and 273 K
C.
1.4 10 N2 molecules
D.
1.4 mol N2
23
R.D
Aspirin, one of the most widely used drugs in the world, can be prepared according to the
equation given below.
(a)
State the names of the three organic functional groups in aspirin.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
23
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
A student reacted some salicylic acid with excess ethanoic anhydride. Impure solid
aspirin was obtained by filtering the reaction mixture. Pure aspirin was obtained by
recrystallization. The following table shows the data recorded by the student.
(i)
Mass of salicylic acid used
3.15 0.02 g
Mass of pure aspirin obtained
2.50 0.02 g
Determine the amount, in mol, of salicylic acid, C 6H4(OH)COOH, used.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Calculate the theoretical yield, in g, of aspirin, C 6H4(OCOCH3)COOH.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) Determine the percentage yield of pure aspirin.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iv) State the number of significant figures associated with the mass of pure aspirin
obtained, and calculate the percentage uncertainty associated with this mass.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(v) Another student repeated the experiment and obtained an experimental yield of
150 %. The teacher checked the calculations and found no errors. Comment on the result.
...........................................................................................................................
24
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 11 marks)
R.
(a)
carboxylic acid / carboxyl;

ester;
Do not allow carbonyl / acid / ethanoate / formula(COOH).
aryl group / benzene ring / phenyl;
(b)
(i)
Mr(C7H6O3) = 138.13;
3.15
2
n = 138.13 2.28 10 (mol);
Award [2] for the correct final answer.
(ii)
Mr(C9H8O4) = 180.17;
2
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
m = (180.17 2.28 10 =) 4.11(g);

Accept range 4.104.14
Award [2] for the correct final answer.
2.50
(percentage yield = 4.11 100 =) 60.8 %;
Accept 6061 %.
3;
0.02
(percentage uncertainty = 2.50 100 =) 0.80 %;
Allow 0.8 %
sample contaminated with ethanoic acid / aspirin not dry /

impure sample;
Accept specific example of a systematic error.
Do not accept error in reading balance/weighing scale.
Do not accept yield greater than 100 %.
1
[11]
44. Smog is common in cities throughout the world. One component of smog is PAN
(peroxyacylnitrate) which consists of 20.2 % C, 11.4 % N, 65.9 % O and 2.50 % H by mass.
Determine the empirical formula of PAN, showing your working.
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
25
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
R.
C
20.211.4
12.0114.01
= 1.68= 0.814
1.68
0.814 = 2
N
65.9
16.00
= 4.12
0.814
0.814 = 1
O
2.50
1.01
= 2.48
4.12
0.814 = 5
H
;
2.48
0.814 = 3 ;
C2NO5H3;
No penalty for use of 12, 1 and/or 14.
Award [1 max] if the empirical formula is correct, but no working shown.
3
[3]
45.
Which non-metal forms an oxide XO2 with a relative molecular mass of 60?
A.
B.
C.
Si
D.
S R.C
(Total 1 mark)
46.
How many oxygen atoms are there in 0.20 mol of ethanoic acid, CH 3COOH?
A.
1.2 10
23
B.
2.4 10
23
C.
3.0 10
24
D.
6.0 10
24
R.B
93. 4.00 mol of a hydrocarbon with an empirical formula of CH 2 has a mass of 280 g. What is the
molecular formula of this compound?
48.
A.
C2H4
B.
C3H6
C.
C4H8
D.
C5H10
R.D
What will be the concentration of sulfate ions in mol dm when 0.20 mol of KAl(SO4)2 is
3
dissolved in water to give 100 cm of aqueous solution?

A.
0.2
26
B.
1.0
C.
2.0
D.
4.0 R.D
3
48. The volume of an ideal gas at 27.0 C is increased from 3.00 dm to 6.00 dm . At what
temperature, in C, will the gas have the original pressure?
A.
13.5
B.
54.0
C.
327
D.
600 R.C
(Total 1 mark)
50. The data below is from an experiment used to determine the percentage of iron present in a
2+
sample of iron ore. This sample was dissolved in acid and all of the iron was converted to Fe . The
resulting solution was titrated with a standard solution of potassium manganate(VII), KMnO 4. This
procedure was carried out three times. In acidic solution, MnO 4 reacts with Fe
and Fe
3+
2+
ions to form Mn
2+
and the end point is indicated by a slight pink colour.

titre
initial burette reading / cm
Final burette reading / cm
1.00
23.60
10.00
24.60
46.10
32.50
Mass of iron ore / g

3
concentration of KMnO4 solution / mol dm

(a)
3.682 10
2.152 10
Deduce the balanced redox equation for this reaction in acidic solution.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(b)
Identify the reducing agent in the reaction.

......................................................................................................................................
(c)
Calculate the amount, in moles, of MnO4 used in the titration.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(d)
Calculate the amount, in moles, of Fe present in the 3.682 10
g sample of iron ore.
......................................................................................................................................
27
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(e)
Determine the percentage by mass of Fe present in the 3.682 10
g sample of iron ore.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(Total 9 marks)
2+
2+
3+
R.
(a) MnO4 (aq) + 5Fe (aq) + 8H (aq) Mn (aq) + 5Fe (aq) + 4H2O(l)
Award [2] if correctly balanced.
+
Award [1] for correctly placing H and H2O.
Award [1 max] for correct balanced equation but with electrons shown.
Ignore state symbols.
(b)
(c)
(d)
2+
Fe / iron(II);
Do not accept iron.
n = 2.152 10 2.250 10 ;
4
4.842 10 (mol);
Award [1] for correct volume
Award [1] for correct calculation.
2
2+
1 mol of MnO4 reacts with 5 mol of Fe ;

4
5 4.842 10 = 2.421 10 (mol);

(same number of moles of Fe in the iron ore)
Allow ECF from part (a) and (c) provided some mention of mole ratio
is stated.
(e) 2.421 10 55.85 = 0.1352(g);

0.1352
0.3682 100 = 36.72 %;
Allow ECF from part (d).
2
[9]
21.
Which coefficients would balance this equation?

__ MnO2 + __ HCl __ MnCl2 + __ Cl2 + __ H2O
MnO2
HCl
MnCl2
Cl2
H2O
A.
B.
28
C.
D.
2
(Total 1 mark)
R.C
3
52. What volume of carbon dioxide, in dm under standard conditions, is formed when 7.00 g of
ethene (C2H4, Mr = 28.1) undergoes complete combustion?
A.
22.4 28.1
7.00
B.
22.4 7.00
28.1
C.
2 22.4 28.1
7.00
D.
2 22.4 7.00
28.1
R.D
(Total 1 mark)
53.
How many hydrogen atoms are in one mole of ethanol, C 2H5OH?

A.
1.0010
23
B.
3.6110
24
C.
5.00
D.
6.00
R.B
(Total 1 mark)
54. What is the coefficient for H2SO4(aq) when the following equation is balanced, using the
smallest possible integers?
__Mg3N2(s) + __H2SO4(aq) __MgSO4(aq) + __(NH4)2SO4(aq)
A.
B.
C.
D.
7 R.C
(Total 1 mark)
55.
Air bags in cars inflate when sodium azide decomposes to form sodium and nitrogen:
2NaN3(s) 2Na(s) + 3N2(g)
Calculate the amount, in moles, of nitrogen gas produced by the decomposition of 2.52 mol of
NaN3(s).
A.
1.68
29
B.
2.52
C.
3.78
D.
7.56 R.C
(Total 1 mark)
[1]
3
56. What volume, in cm , of 0.200 mol dm HCl(aq) is required to neutralize 25.0 cm of 0.200
3
mol dm Ba(OH)2(aq)?
A.
12.5
B.
25.0
C.
50.0
D.
75.0
R.C
(Total 1 mark)
57. 0.600 mol of aluminium hydroxide is mixed with 0.600 mol of sulfuric acid, and the following
reaction occurs:
2Al(OH)3(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 6H2O(l)
(a)
Determine the limiting reactant.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(b)
Calculate the mass of Al2(SO4)3 produced.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(c)
Determine the amount (in mol) of excess reactant that remains.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(d)
Define a Brnsted-Lowry acid and a Lewis base.

Brnsted-Lowry acid
.....................................................................................................................................
Lewis base
30
.....................................................................................................................................
31
(e)
H2SO4(aq) is a strong acid. State the name and the formula of any weak acid.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
R.
(a) 0.600 mol Al(OH)3 (1.5)(0.600) mol H2SO4/0.900 mol H2SO4
needed, but only 0.600 mol used;
H2SO4 limiting reactant;
Some working must be shown in order to score the second

point.
(b)
0.200 mol Al2(SO4)3;

68.4(g);
Penalize incorrect units.

(c)
0.200 mol;
1
Use ECF from (a).
(d)
(e)
A Brnsted-Lowry acid is a proton/H donor;

A Lewis base is an electron-pair donor;
H2CO3 and carbonic acid / CH3COOH and ethanoic acid;
Accept any other weak acid and correct formula.

[8]
58. A toxic gas, A, consists of 53.8 % nitrogen and 46.2 % carbon by mass. At 273 K and
5
3
1.0110 Pa, 1.048 g of A occupies 462 cm . Determine the empirical formula of A.
Calculate the molar mass of the compound and determine its molecular structure.
(Total 3 marks)
R.
empirical formula = CN;

Working must be shown to get point.
1
Mr = 51.9 (g mol );
:N
C C
N:;
3
[3]
32

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1.

concentration of the resulting solution in mol dm ?

Which sample has the greatest mass?

(10 % 1000 g =) 100 g ethanol and (90 % 1000 g =) 900 g octane;

n(ethanol) = 2.17 mol and n(octane) = 7.88 mol;

Ereleased from ethanol = (2.17 1367) = 2966 (kJ);

Chloroethene, C2H3Cl, reacts with oxygen according to the equation below.

2C2H3Cl(g) + 5O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) + 2HCl(g)

What is the approximate molar mass, in g mol , of MgSO47H2O?

Which is both an empirical and a molecular formula?

Step 1: Cu(s) + 2HNO3(aq) + 2H (aq) Cu (aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

Step 2: 4I (aq) + 2Cu (aq) 2CuI(s) + I2(aq)

Step 3: I2(aq) + 2S2O3 (aq) 2I (aq) + S4O6 (aq)

Identify the oxidizing agent in step 1.

Mass of brass = 0.456 g 0.001 g

Initial volume of 0.100 mol dm S2O3 ( 0.05 cm )

Final volume of 0.100 mol dm S2O3 ( 0.05 cm )

Volume added of 0.100 mol dm S2O3 ( 0.10 cm )

Average volume added of 0.100 mol dm S2O3 ( 0.10 cm )

Calculate the average amount, in mol, of S2O3 added in step 3.

Calculate the amount, in mol, of copper present in the brass.

nitric acid/HNO3 / NO3 /nitrate;

(63.55 2.85 10 ) = 0.181 g;

What is the mass, in g, of one molecule of ethane, C2H6?

Which molecular formula is also an empirical formula?

Which of the following is consistent with Avogadros law?

Vn = constant (P, T constant)

n(HCl)(= 0.200 mol dm 0.02720 dm ) = 0.00544 / 5.44 10 (mol);

n(HCl) excess (= 0.100 mol dm 0.02380 dm ) = 0.00238 /

Penalize not dividing by 1000 once only in (a) and (b).

n(HCl) reacted (= 0.00544 0.00238) = 0.00306 / 3.06 10 (mol);

2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) /

2H (aq) + CaCO3(s) Ca (aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g);

2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) CaCl2(aq) + H2CO3(aq)

2H (aq) + CaCO3(s) Ca (aq) + H2CO3(aq)

= 0.00153 / 1.53 10 (mol);

Mr(CaCO3) (= 40.08 + 12.01 + 3 16.00) = 100.09 /100.1 /

M = 100.09 /100.1 (g mol );

m(CaCO3)(= nM) = 0.00153 (mol) 100.09 (g mol ) = 0.153 (g);

Accept answers in the range 79.8 to 81.5 %.

What is the total number of nitrogen atoms in two mol of NH4NO3?

Which variables could be represented by each axis?

NH3 is the solute and H2O is the solution

The concentration of the solution is 17 g dm

[NH3] = 1.0 mol dm

I and III only

II and III only

Consider the following sequence of reactions.

RCH3 is an unknown alkane in which R represents an alkyl group.

State the reagent and conditions needed for reaction 1.

State the reagent(s) and conditions needed for reaction 3.

(d) Reaction 1 involves a free-radical mechanism. Describe the stepwise mechanism, by

The mechanism in reaction 2 is described as SN2.

State the meaning of each of the symbols in S N2.

Cr2O7 /MnO4 and acidified/ H /H3O ;

substitution and nucleophilic and bimolecular/two species in

curly arrow going from lone pair/negative charge on O in OH to C;

Do not allow curly arrow originating on H in OH

bromoethane or in the transition state.

Which statement about solutions is correct?

An aqueous solution consists of water dissolved in a solute.

The concentration of a solution is the amount of solvent dissolved in 1 dm of solution.

State what is meant by the term dynamic equilibrium.

Using the abbreviations [vegetable oil], [methanol], [glycerol] and [biodiesel]