Understanding the

Speed in Sports

Adriano Vretaros
Strength and Conditioning Coach
2016
So Paulo BRAZIL
avretaros@gmail.com

Speed in Sports - I

DEFINITION:
Complex action of conditioning capacity
neuromechanical of the locomotor system
in solving a task that requires quick
response on the part of the athlete.
(Adapted from Bompa & Haff, 2012 ; Platonov, 2008)

Speed in Sports - II

Law of PHYSICS (Kinematics):

Velocity: distance \ time
m=V/t *
V2=v02+2s **

average speed

instantaneous velocity

Terminology
SPEED

IS DIFFERENT

Acceleration

Speed Characteristics

Cyclic

Acyclic

Differentiating Speeds

Cyclic: motor actions with periodicals

cycles of repetitions

Acyclic: there is no repeating cycles of

movements

Factors that Affect the Speed in Sports

1) Biochemical Processes

2) Muscular

3) Brain

4) Kinematics

5) Interaction Between the Neural and

Muscular Systems
6) Genetics

Biochemical Processes in Speed

ATP-PC ***

Anaerobic Lactic **

Oxidative *

Muscular Factors in Speed

1) Fiber Type

11) Pennation Angle

2) Viscosity Fiber

12) Connective Tissue

3) Muscle Elasticity

13) Fascicle Length

4) Intramuscular Coordination

14) Co-contraction

5) Intermuscular Coordination

6) Basic Strength

7) Maximum Force

8) Power

9) Explosive Force

10) Muscle Relaxing

Brain Factors in Speed

Marrow

Nerve Impulse

Perception

Decision-making

Volitional Function

Kinematics Factors on the Speed

Movement Technique

Coordination Members

Frequency Movements

Range of Motion

Relationship Levers Torso-extremities

(Barbanti, 1996)

Interaction Between the Neural and Muscular

Systems to Generate Speed

Muscle Coordination (time relative to

movements on the body segments)
Muscle Activation (relative time of muscle
recruitment)
(Almeida, 2009)

Genetics in Speed
SEX

Age

Composition of
Muscle
Fibers

BIOLOGICAL
LIMITS

1) ???
2) ???
3) ???

GENETICS

Breed
and\or
Ethnicity

Anthropometric
Variables

Speed Macro-manifestations

Reaction Speed

Movement Speed

Displacement Speed

Speed of
Endurance

Reaction Speed - I

Simple:

1) Anticipation

2) Forecast: a) temporal
b) spatial
(Platonov, 2008)

Reaction Speed - II
Complex:

1) Disjunctive Reactions

2) Differential Reactions

(Platonov, 2008)

Reaction Speed - III

Audio

Visual

Tactile

Proprioceptive

Mixed

(Vagheti, 2003 ; Platonov, 2008)

Reaction Speed - IV

Perception

Decision

Realization

(Nunes et al, 2006)

Reaction Speed V
(Soares et al, 1987)
MODALITY

SEX

AGE

Reaction Time
(seg . 10 -3)

Track and Field

16

17,53+\-3,95

.192+\-.032*

14

16,20+\-1,93

.190+\-.030**

16

15,31+\-0,70

.201+\-.016

14

14,57+\-0,76

.203+\-.026

10

15,40+\-2,01

.200+\-.017

07

15,00+\-1,63

.206+\-.014

17

12,53+\-2,35

.221+\-.034

16

12,13+\-1,93

.228+\-.021

06

22,33+\-2,94

.225+\-.022

--

--

--

Basketball
Gymnastics
Swimming
Boxing
*F2.52=3.44. P<.05

**F2.84=6.15.p<.05

Reaction Speed - VI
RS or RT?
Cybex Reactor

Reaction Speed VII

Volleyball: Cybex Reactor

Best Result
POSITION

REACTION TIME

Opposite

0,005 ms *

Cutting edge

0,0998 ms *

Levator

0,1351 ms

Libero

0,4084 ms

(Adapted from Andrade et al, 2004)

Reaction Speed VIII

Analytical Events
1) Start Signal
2) Excitement the
Receiver
3) Driving Excitement
Central Nervous
System
4) Interpretation and
Processing
5) Arrival at the Nerve
Terminal

6) Electrical Stimulus
to Chemical
7) Stimulus to the
Effector Member
8) Excitation of the
Muscle Fiber
9) Motor Response
10) Mechanical Activity

(Adapted from Rodrigues da Silva et al, 2007)

Movement Speed - I

Frequency of Movement per Unit Time

(Weineck apud Santos et al, 2010)

Movement Speed II
Tests

Brady Test

Russell-Lange Test

French-Cooper Test

AAHPER Test

McDonald Test

Cornish Test
(Loss et al, 1999)

Movement Speed III

Analysis of Cinemetry

Volleyball - Cut
Ball
Average
MEAN

Ball
Average
SD

Fast Ball

Fast Ball

MEAN

SD

Ball

20,8

2,6

19,7

2,8

Fist

12,4

1,5

12,3

1,9

The Middle
Finger

16,0

2,9

15,7

3,2

(Loss et al, 1999)

Movement Speed IV
Analysis of Cinemetry

Handball - Throw
Throw
Projection

Throw
Throw in
Projection Suspension

Throw in
Suspension

7m shot

7m shot

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Ball

20,8

2,3

19,9

3,2

19,5

2,4

Fist

13,4

1,3

12,4

1,4

11,1

2,2

The
Middle
Finger

17,7

2,0

16,6

2,8

16,3

2,6

(Loss et al, 1999)

Movement Speed V
Analysis of Cinemetry

Futsal Kick
Ball
Ball
Ball
Stopped Stopped Stopped
(beak)
(beak)
(chest)

Ball
Stopped
(chest)

Scrolled
Ball
(in favor)

Scrolled
S
Ball
Ball
(in favor) (against)

S
Ball
(a)

MEAN

SD

MEAN

SD

MEAN

SD

MEAN

SD

Ball

23,1

2,9

22,9

2,7

23,6

1,7

22,7

2,0

Ankle

16,4

0,8

15,6

1,6

15,8

3,1

15,5

2,8

(Loss et al, 1999)

Movement Speed VI
Kung Fu Yau-Man: Cinemetry Palm Blow
Individuals

Mc
(Kg)

Va
(m\s)

Vbf
(m\s)

t
(ms)

V5
(m\s)

54,80

6,9

9,2

87

6,3

54,80

8,3

10,7

80

7,3

69,05

8,0

10,5

90

7,1

69,05

8,7

12,1

127

7,9

80,80

8,7

11,4

127

8,1

80,80

8,0

11,3

127

7,2

MEAN

68,22

8,1

10,9

106

7,3

(Pinto Neto et al, 2010)

Movement Speed VII

Basketball: relationship speed precision shot

(Okazaki et al, 2006)

Movement Speed VIII

Basketball: relationship speed precision shot
Shoulder

Elbow

Fist

Short
2,8
m

Medium
4,6
m

Long
6,4
m

Short
2,8
m

Medium
4,6
m

Long
6,4
m

Short
2,8
m

Medium
4,6
m

Long
6,4
m

Max
angular
velocity
time (s)

0,65
+\0,26

0,64
+\0,22

0,59
+\0,18

0,85
+\0,15*

0,84
+\0,10*

0,74
+\0,13*

0,82
+\0,15*

0,80
+\0,14*

0,72
+\0,13*

Max
angular
velocity
time (%)

73,7
+\24,6

74,4
+\24,7

79,0
+\24,4

96,3
+\3,2

96,8
+\2,8

97,2
+\2,3

98,6
+\14,0

98,4
+\12,3

98,4
+\9,8

(Adapted from Okazaki et al, 2006)

Movement Speed IX
Tennis: Technique effects on upper limb
loading in the serve - I

Kinetic Measurements:

1) Shoulder Force

2) Shoulder Torque

3) Elbow Torque

(Elliot et al, 2003)

Movement Speed X
Tennis: Technique effects on upper limb
loading in the serve - II
Variable

Male Players

Female Players

Service Speeds

183 Km\h

149 Km\h

Shoulder Torque
(MER)
Peak Horizontal
Adduction Torque
Shoulder
Compressive Force
Absolute
Compressive Force
Peak Absolute Elbow
Varus Torque

4,6%, 64,9 Nm*

608,3 N

3,5%, 37,5 Nm*

P<0,01
6,5%*
P<0,01
59,1%*
P<0,01
363,7 N

78,3 Nm

58,2 Nm

7,6%*
79,6%*

( Adapted from Elliot et al, 2003)

Movement Speed XI
Baseball Pitching
Arm Cocking Phase

Professional Players

Elbow Varus Torque (Nm)

64+\-15

Shoulder Internal Rotation Torque ((Nm)

68+\-15

Shoulder Anterior Force ((N)

390+\-90

Arm Acceleration Phase

Elbow Flexion Torque (Nm)

58+\-13

Arm Deceleration Phase

Elbow Proximal Force (N)

910+\-140

Shoulder Proximal Force (N)

1070+\-190

Shoulder Posterior Force (N)

390+\-240

Shoulder Horizontal Abduction Torque

(Nm)

109+\-85

(Adapted from Fleisig et al, 1999)

Displacement Speed

A Correlation Between the Velocity of a

Given Distance

(Weineck apud Santos et al, 2010)

Displacement Speed
Classic Version in Cyclical Activities

1) Reaction Time at the Start

2) Acceleration

3) Transition

4) Maximum Speed

5) Speed of Maintenance

6) Decelerating
(Parolis, 2008 ; Claro et al, 2012)

Displacement Speed
Classic Version of Acyclic Activities

1) Initial Body Position when Accelerating

2) Reaction Velocity

3) Reactive Force

4) Maximum Athlete's Strength Levels

5) Specific Ability to Accelerate of the Sport

6) Environmental Situation at the Time of

Accelerating

Displacement Speed
Cyclic vs. Acyclic

Cyclical Sport: Linear Speed= (Maximum Speed)

Acyclic Sport: Linear Velocity + Multidirectional=
(Functional Speed)

Displacement Speed
Ground Reaction Force (GRF)

Propulsive Phase

Horizontal Force

Vertical Force

Total Force

Ground per Unit Body Weight

(Morin et al, 2011 ; Morin et al, 2015)

Displacement Speed
Moving Body + Center of Mass

Produces High Rates of Force Development

(RFD)
Tolerate the Resultant Ground Reaction
Force (GRF)
(Deweese et al, 2016)

Displacement Speed
GRF - Examples
SPORTS

WEIGHT OF
ATHLETES

SOCCER

~70-85 Kg

AMERICAN
FOOTBALL

~85-145 Kg

9,1, 18,3, 27,4 and

36,6 m

RUGBY

~80-120 Kg

10, 15, 20, 30 and

40 m

ACCELERATION
DISTANCES
5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and
30 m

(Duthie et al, 2006 ; Harrinson Bourke, 2009 ; Mathisen &

Pettersen, 2015 ; Robbins & Young, 2012)

Displacement Speed
Coefficient of Friction with the Surface
SPORTS
Soccer

Interaction between
Footwear and Surface
Rubber over Grass

American Football

Rubber over Grass

Rugby

Rubber over Grass

Handball

Rubber over Hard Floor

Volleyball

Rubber over Hard Floor

Basketball

Rubber over Hard Floor

Track and Field

Ice Hockey

Rubber over Synthetic Floor

or Grass
Steel over Ice

Artistic Skating

Steel over Ice

Displacement Speed
The Coefficients of Friction - I

Static Friction (Us)

Kinetic Friction (Uk)

(Okuno & Fratin, 2003)

Displacement Speed
The Coefficients of Friction - II

Low Friction Resistance

High Friction Resistance

a) Translation

b) Rotation
(Nigg & Segesser, 1988)

Displacement Speed
American Football: Surfaces Tested
Surface

Artificial
Natural

Indoor \
Outdoor

Approx.
Test
age (years) translation

Test
rotation

Test trans.
drop

S1

N (KGB)

Outdoor

<1

S3

Outdoor

<1

S7

Indoor

<1

S5

Outdoor

S4

Indoor

S2

N (B.Grass)

Outdoor

13

S6

Indoor

<1

S8

Indoor

(Adapted from Kent et al, 2015)

Displacement Speed
Coefficient of Friction with the Surface

Force Breaking Inertia and Rubbing the Surface

The Formulas:

Displacement Speed
Field Turf (FT) vs. Natural Grass (NG)

n= 24 - NCAA Division II College Football Players

TESTS

FIELD TURF
(FT)

NATURAL GRASS
(NT)

40-yd dash times

using ET

5,34 (0,30) s

5,33 (0,33) s

40-yd dash times

using HT

5,06 (0,31) s

5,11 (0,29) s

Proagility

4,49 (0,28) s

4,64 (0,33) s

(Adapted from Gains et al, 2010)

Displacement Speed
Analysis of the Time and Age in the Ranking
100 meters

100 Metres n= 2000 sprinters men

Value

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Mean

0,42

0,46

0,44

0,42

0,48

0,42

0,425

0,36

0,54

0,43

Maxim

0,59

0,59

0,56

0,65

0,61

0,60

0,61

0,65

0,69

0,56

Minimum

0,19

0,20

0,13

0,17

0,22

0,14

0,19

0,11

0,21

0,18

SD

0,12

0,13

0,14

0,15

0,12

0,14

0,13

0,16

0,13

0,10

Value

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Mean

24,5

23,5

25

25,5

23

25

25

23

20

22,5

Maxim

36

37

36

35

34

35

36

32

33

34

Minimum

30

17

18

18

19

20

18

18

16

18

SD

5,1

5,7

4,9

4,8

4,9

4,5

5,0

4,1

5,4

4,7

(Claro & Santos, 2012)

Displacement Speed
Track and Field

N= 01 Female Sprinter

Repetitions Launched in Distance of 20 meters

Previous Acceleration of 30 meters:

11a. (2,32s)

12a. (2,29s)

13a. (2,26s) ***

14a. (2,30s)

Personal Best (2,35s) *

(Adapted from Parolis & Oliveira, 2008)

Displacement Speed
Swimming - Water Displacement

Force Hydrodynamic Drag

Propulsive Force

Floatability

Displacement Speed
Swimming - Water Displacement
SWIMMER CHARACTERISTICS:

Absolute Body Size (Weight, Height, Wingspan)

Body Size Relative (Somatotype)

Wingspan-height Index

Diameter Index Biacromial- biiliocristal

Length of Limbs

Diameters and Circumferences

Size of the Feet and Hands

Swimming Technique

Frequency of Arm Stroke

Length of Arm Stroke

Displacement Speed
Swimming - Water Displacement
CRITICAL SPEED - Calculation:

De (distance end)

Id (initial distance)

Ft (final time)

St (start time)

CS (critical speed)

d= de id

t= ft st

CS= d \ t (m\s)
(Massetto et al, 2011)

Displacement Speed
Swimming: Correlations between Energy Cost (EC), Speed
Fluctuation (dv) and Swimming Velocity (v)

n= 17 elite swimmers
EC and dv
controlling v

EC and v
controlling dv

Freestyle

r= 0.62 (p<0.01)

r=0.43 (p=0.05)

Backstroke

r= 0.55 (p<0.01)

r=0.56 (p<0.01)

Breaststroke

r= 0.60 (p=0.01)

r=0.86 (p<0.01)

Butterfly stroke

r= 0.55 (p=0.01)

r=0.51 (p=0.02)

Pooled sample

r= 0.39 (p<0.01)

r=0.16 (p=0.14)

(Adapted from Barbosa et al, 2006)

Displacement Speed
Linear Speed in Soccer

n = 154 men players - First Division

Variables

10m

20m

30m

40m

Part-time
(s)

1,76+\-0,10

1,25+\-0,05

1,16+\-0,04

1,15+\-0,05

Cumulative
Time (s)

1,76+\-0,10

3,01+\-0,13

4,17+\-0,15

5,32+\-0,18

Speed
(m\s)

5,70+\-0,30

8,04+\-0,29

8,62+\-0,33

8,73+\-0,40

(Pasquarelli et al, 2009)

Displacement Speed
Speed for Functions in Soccer
Distance

Defenders

Sides

Flywheels Midfielders Attackers

0 - 10

1,78+\-0,11

1,73+\-0,09

1,78+\-0,09

1,76+\-0,10

1,74+\-0,09

10 - 20

1,26+\-0,04

1,22+\-0,04

1,25+\-0,04

1,25+\-0,05

1,23+\-0,04

20 - 30

1,16+\-0,04

1,15+\-0,04

1,15+\-0,05

1,17+\-0,04

1,16+\-0,05

30 - 40

1,15+\-0,05

1,15+\-0,06

1,14+\-0,06

1,16+\-0,05

1,15+\-0,05

0 - 40

5,35+\-0,19

5,26+\-0,20

5,34+\-0,17

5,32+\-0,16

5,31+\-0,16

(Pasquarelli et al, 2009)

Displacement Speed
Performance of the Speed in Young Soccer
Players
Performance

10-12 years
(n=46)

13-14 years
(n=49)

15-16 years
(n=37)

10m sprint

2,18 (0,13)**

1,98 (0,13)**

1,77 (0,07)**

20m sprint

3,88 (0,23)**

3,49 (0,22)**

3,12 (0,24)**

10-20m sprint

1,68 (0,12)**

1,50 (0,10)**

1,35 (0,06)**

**Significant
difference 0,01

(Adapted from Mathisen & Pettersen, 2015)

Displacement Speed
Soccer: Correlation between Explosive Power
and Sprints of the Lower Limbs

10 m sprint (r= -0,74)

20 m sprint (r= -0,73)

30 m sprint (r= -0,81)

40 m sprint (r= -0,88)

(Pasquarelli et al, 2010)

Displacement Speed
Soccer: Relationship of Vertical Jump to
Sprint and Change of Direction Speed

n= 36 players - NCAA Division II

Speed (10 and 30m), CODS (T-test, pro agility), Power
(CMJ, SJ)
Players

Correlations of Tests

Female

30m, pro agility and T-test with the CMJ

(r=-0,502 0,751)
SJ (r=-0,502 to -0,681)

Male

10, 30m with CMJ (r=-0,476 and -0,570)

and SJ (r=-0,443 and -0,553)

(McFarland et al, 2016)

Displacement Speed
RUGBY: Initial and Maximal Velocity (V max) achieved
during a maximal 60-m sprint

n= 17 rugby players (10 forwards and 7 backs)

Forwards: Age: 23,5+\-2,0

Height (cm): 186,9+\-6,9
Mass (kg): 107,3+\-8,3

Backs: Age: 24,1+\-3,9

Height (cm): 179,8+\-5,4
Mass (kg): 84,5+\-7,9* (p<0,05)
(Duthie et al, 2006)

Displacement Speed
RUGBY: Initial and Maximal Velocity (V max) achieved
during a maximal 60-m sprint
Initial
Velocity
(m\s)

Initial
Velocity
(m\s)

Vmax (m\s)

Vmax (m\s)

START

FORWARDS

BACKS

FORWARDS

BACKS

STANDING

8,50+\-0,47

9,43+\-0,40**

WALKING

1,97+\-0,55*

1,93+\-0,17*

8,49+\-0,43

9,43+\-0,45**

JOGGING

4,97+\-1,09*

5,61+\-0,51*

8,55+\-0,42

9,39+\-0,40**

STRIDING

7,14+\-0,37*

7,18+\-0,27*

8,51+\-0,39

9,42+\-0,36**

*(p<0,01) from
standing

**(p<0,01) from
forwards

(Adapted from Duthie et al, 2006)

Displacement Speed
RUGBY: NRL vs. SRL
1RM
SQ
(Kg)

JumpSquat
Sprint
10m
Pmax
Momentum (s)
(W)
(kg.s-1)

40m
(s)

AG
(s)

NRL

175,0
(27,3)*

1,897
(306)*

610
(51)*

1,61 5,15 8,89

(006) (024) (037)

SRL

149,6
(14,3)

1,701
(187)

570
(46)

1,60 5,13 8,94

(005) (0,17) (024)

, %

17,0

11,5

7,0

0,6

0,4

-0,6

(Adapted from Baker & Newton, 2008)

Displacement Speed
American Football: Sprints and Jump Abilities

NFL Draft - 2005-2009 (n=1176)

GROUP

BODY MASS
Kg (SD)

Wide receivers \ Defensive backs

92,2 (6,01)

Quarterbacks

101,4 (5,13)

Running backs

103,7 (7,85)

Linebackers

108,8 (3,80)

Tigh ends

115,2 (3,85)

Linemen

136,8 (10,44)
(Robbins & Young, 2012)

Displacement Speed
American Football: Correlation between
Sprints and Jump Abilities
GROUP

Vertical Jump \
Max Speed

Horizontal Jump\
Max Speed

Vertical Jump \
Acceleration

Horizontal Jump \
Acceleration

Lineman

-0,599 \ -0,429

-0,570 \ -0,327

-0,522 \ -0,292

-0,575 \ -0,324

Tight end

-0,529 \ -0,527

-0,246 \ -0,237

-0,061 \ -0,047

-0,357 \ -0,323

Linebacker

-0,499 \0,512

-0,438 \ -0,415

-0,066 \ -0,065

-0,368 \ -0,394

Running back

-0,414 \ -0,371

-0,295 \ -0,200

-0,304 \ -0,246

-0,522 \ -0,469

Quarterback

-0,618 \ -0,591

-0,334 \ -0,284

-0,291 \ -0,177

-0,230 \ -0,213

Wide receiver \
defensive back

-0,326 \ -0,307

-0,203 \ -0,050

-0,165 \ -0,197

-0,059 \ -0,194

(Robbins & Young, 2012)

Displacement Speed
American Football: Anaerobic Performance, Muscle Strength
and Sprint Ability

1)- Knee Extension and Flexion Strengths (60, 150 and

240/s)
2)- Anaerobic Performance (Wingate test)
3)- Sprint Ability - Single- (20 m) and Repeated-sprint (12
20 m) tests.
Correlation between flexion strength and peak power was
indicated at 240/s
240.s1 knee flexion strength and percentage of
performance decrement from 1020 m (r = 0.381, p < 0.05)

(Kin-Isler et al, 2008)

Displacement Speed
American Football: Sprint Ability
(single and rRSA)
VARIABLES

DISTANCE (m)

MEAN (SD)

Single - Sprint Time (s)

20m
0 - 10
10 - 20
0 - 20
0 - 10
10 - 20
0 - 20
0 - 10
10 - 20
0 - 20

3,12 (0,31)
1,64 (0,13)
1,35 (0,19)
2,99 (0,32)
21,16 (1,82)
17,96 (2,31)
39,12 (4,13)
7,83 (3,94)
11,59 (10,26)
19,42 (14,21)

Best Sprint Time (s)

Total Time (s)

Performance Decrement , %

(Adapted from Kin-Isler et al, 2008)

Displacement Speed
American Football: Changes in the Athletic
Profile of Elite College (Wide Receivers)
Year

Weight
(Kg)

Height
(cm)

9,1 m
Sprint

18,3 m
Sprint

36,6 m
Sprint

18,3 m
Shuttle

Vertical
Jump

1999 2001

89,54

186,54

1,59

2,65

4,56

4,16*

35,80*

(+\-7,11)

(+\-6,40)

(+\-0,05)

(+\-0,06)

(+\-0,11)

(+\-0,14)

(+\-2,85)

n= 143

n= 143

n= 112

n= 112

n= 112

n= 89

n= 114

91,77*

185,32

1,51*

2,58*

4,47*

4,30

34,50

(+\-6,74)

(+\-6,10)

(+\-0,04)

(+\-0,06)

(+\-0,10)

(+\-0,15)

(+\-3,71)

n= 92

n= 92

n= 73

n= 73

n= 73

n= 57

n= 67

2008 2010

(Adapted from Robbins et al, 2013)

Displacement Speed
American Football: Athletic Profile of Elite College
(Summary of significant differences
19992001 and 2008-2010) - I
Position

W
(Kg)

Center

Cornerback

Defensive End

H
(cm)

9,1 m

18,3
m

36,6
m

Defensive tackle

Free safety

Fullback

Inside linebacker

Offensive guard

18,3 m
Shuttle

Vertical
Jump
-

(Adapted from Robbins et al, 2013)

Displacement Speed
American Football: Athletic Profile of Elite College
(Summary of significant differences
19992001 and 2008-2010) - II
Position

W
(Kg)

H
(cm)

9,1 m

18,3
m

36,6
m

18,3 m
Shuttle

Vertical
Jump

Offensive tackle
Outside linebacker
Quarterback

Running back
Strong safety

Tight end

Wide receiver

(Adapted from Robbins et al, 2013)

Displacement Speed
American Football:
Players Ability vs. Line Players

n= 17 male players

Variables

Players
Ability

Players
Ability

Line
Players

Line
Players

MEAN

SD

MEAN

SD

40 yards
without ball

5,38

0,22

5,88

0.32

40 yards with
ball

5,40

0,21

6,05

0,42

(Adapted from Almas et al, 2012)

Speed in Sports
Methodology Training - I

Why SAQ?
(Speed, Agility and Quickness)

Speed in Sports
Methodology Training - II

ABCS is not better?

(Agility, Balance, Coordination and Speed)

Speed in Sports
Possible Protocols
Functional Training
Maximum Strength Training
Plyometric Training
RMT (Resisted Movement Training)
HIIT (High Intensity Interval Training)
Specific Ability to Sprint of the Sport
Reduced Games ***

Speed in Sports
Pedagogical Tasks

Different Processing Phase

Integrated Processing Phase

Exercises General Preparation

Preparation of Specific Exercises

Exercises (Local, Partial, Global)

(Platonov, 2008)

Speed in Sports
American Football: Olympic vs. Power Lifting
VARIABLE

GROUP

PRE-Training

POST-Training

Body Mass (Kg)

OL

90,3+\-13,3

91,0+\-11,9

PL

91,3+\-11,8

91,6+\-12,4

OL

175,0+\-21,0

197,5+\-31,5**

PL

148,0+\-25,9

166,9+\-33,1**

OL

4,95+\-0,17

4,88+\-0,22

PL

4,94+\-0,16

4,90+\-0,19

OL

9,36+\-0,44

9,21+\-0,54

PL

9,42+\-0,38

9,23+\-0,41

OL

44,2+\-2,14

6,8+\-6,1

PL

40,8+\-8,94

0,5+\-6,8

OL

4310+\-402

4665+\-874

PL

4366+\-937

5076+\-905

1RM Squat (Kg)

40-yard sprint (s)
T drill (s)
Vertical Jump (cm)
Vertical J power (w)

(Adapted from Hoffman et al, 2004)

Speed in Sports
American Football: Correlations between performance scores
for OL and PL Adapted from (Hoffman et al, 2004)
BW

Squat

40

T test

VJ

VJP

OL
BW

Squat

.33

40

-.07

-.58

T test

-.56

-.26

.73*

VJ

-.64

.50

-.16

.17

VJP

-.49

.78*

-.70*

-.08

.56

PL
BW

Squat

.57

40

.22

.38

T test

-.23

.17

.42

VJ

.36

.35

.30

-.56

VJP

.22

.61

.43
.55 al, 2004)(Adapted
from-.06
Hoffman et

Speed in Sports
Resisted Movement Training (RMT)

Manipulating the Intensity in combination with the

Maintenance of Specificity:

Sled

Elastic Bands

Parachute

Ballasted Vest

Vertimax

And others
(Gil, 2013)

Speed in Sports
Hockey: The Effects of a Heavy Resisted Sprint

Preload exercise to enhance subsequent 25-m on-ice sprint

performance

GROUP

PRE

POST

Intervention

3,950 + 0,251s

3,859 + 0,288s*

Control

3,940 + 0,258s

3,954 + 0,261s

Significant 2,6%
decrease
(p= 0,02)

(Adapted from Matthews et al, 2010)

Speed in Sports
Baseball: Creatine Supplementation at the
Base Running
Series

GCr- S0

GCr- S3

GCr- S6

GP- S0

GP- S3

GP- S6

1 (s)*

12,2+\-0,3

11,9+\-0,4

11,7+\-0,4

12,3+\-0,8

11,9+\-0,9

12,0+\-0,8

2 (s)*#

12,4+\-0,3

12,1+\-0,4

11,9+\-0,3

12,6+\-0,9

12,2+\-0,9

12,3+\-0,9

3 (s)*#

12,7+\-0,3

12,5+\-0,4

12,1+\-0,3

13,1+\-0,8

12,3+\-0,9

12,4+\-0,8

4 (s)*#@

13,2+\-0,1

12,6+\-0,4

12,4+\-0,4

13,5+\-1,0

12,6+\-1,0

12,6+\-0,7

5 (s)#@

13,4+\-0,4

12,8+\-0,4

12,3+\-0,3

13,9+\-1,1

13,2+\-1,1

12,9+\-0,7

(Batista Junior et al, 2005)

Speed in Sports
High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)

Stimulus Intensity

Stimulus Duration

Volume of Stimuli

Frequency of Stimuli

Rest Interval

Speed in Sports
Phenomenon
Overreaching

Control of
Loads

Psychological
Factors

Biological
Limits

SPEED
BARRIER

Overtraining

1) ???
2) ???
3) ???

Training Methods

(Charrua & Pinheiro, 2011 ; Platonov, 2008 ; Zakharov, 1992)

Speed in Sports
Fatigue Sites on the
Ability to Generate Sprints

Muscle

Neural

Other Aspects

(Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)

Speed in Sports
Fatigue: Muscle Aspects

1) Muscle Excitability

2) Partial Recovery of ATP in Fast Fibers

3) Inhibition of the Glycolytic System in Subsequent Sprints

4) Limiting the Contribution of Oxidative System due Value of

VO2max
5) Metabolic Acidosis Inhibits ATP Derived from Glycolysis
6) Increases in Inorganic Phosphate affect Release of Calcium
and \ or Myofibrillar Sensitivity
(Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)

Speed in Sports
Fatigue: Neural Aspects

1) Reduced Efficiency in the Generation of

Motor Control
2) Muscle Recruitment Strategy

(Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)

Speed in Sports
Fatigue: Other Aspects

1) Regulation of Muscle Stiffness

2) Environmental Disturbances

(Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)

Speed in Sports
Management of Fatigue

1) Metabolic

2) Neuromuscular

3) Technical-coordinative

Speed in Sports
General Guide Training

1) Identify Manifestations of Speed in Modality

2) Create Specific Speed Tests

3) Perform the Tests Periodically

4) Analytically Train Speed (Means and Methods)

5) Gradually Increase the Difficulty of the Exercises

6) Variation of Exercises in Normal, Facilitated and Difficult

7) Re-evaluate the Manifestations of Speed

8) Correct the Weaknesses

9) Adapt the More Specific Training Competition Situation

10) Re-assess the Tests Again and Modify the Exercises