BIOLOGY

Eukaryotic cells: no nucleus, organelles have membranes e.g. animal, plant, fungi

Organelle

Location

Description

Function

Cell-surface
membrane

It is the
outermost layer
in the animal
cell and
is found just
inside the cell
wall in the plant
cell

Present in all living

cells
Provides a selective
barrier between the
cells contents and
the external
environment

Controls the passage

of substances into
and out of the cell
Regulates the
internal environment
of the cell

Nucleus
(containing
chromosome
s, consisting
of proteinbound linear
DNA, and
one or more
nucleoli)

Found in the
centre of all
eukaryotic cells

The Largest organelle

(10-20m in
diameter)
Roughly spherical
It is double
membrane bound
Contains Chromatin

The nucleolus makes

ribosomal RNA
(rRNA) and
assembles ribosomes

Nucleolus

Inside the
nucleus

The nucleolus makes

ribosomal RNA
(rRNA) and
assembles ribosomes

Mitochondria
(single=

Located in the
cytoplasm of

Area of dense
chromatin within the
nucleus
It is a granular
structure and is not
membrane bound
Spherical sausage
shaped organelle

Site of aerobic
respiration

Diagram

Photo
from
Microscop
e

BIOLOGY
Eukaryotic cells: no nucleus, organelles have membranes e.g. animal, plant, fungi
mitochondri
on)

Chloroplasts
(in plants
and algae)

almost all
eukaryotic cells

Only in plant
cells

formed from two

membranes.
The inner membrane
is highly folded to
form cristae.

Two layers of
membranes
The inner layer is
continuous and forms
flattened membrane
sacs called thylakoids
It has a liquid part
called the stroma

Produce important
molecule, adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)energy source for
nearly all cellular
functions and
processes
Inner membrane
forms cristaeprovides a large
surface area for
respiration
It has a liquid filled
compartment called
a matrix- contains
ribosomes own DNA
and enzymes for
respiration
Site of
photosynthesis a
process in which
Glucose is produced.
Contains chlorophylla photosynthetic
pigment

BIOLOGY
Eukaryotic cells: no nucleus, organelles have membranes e.g. animal, plant, fungi
Rough
Endoplasmic
Reticulum

Outside of the
nucleus

Consists of flattened
sacs called cisternae
Continuous with the
outer nuclear
membrane.
Studded with
Ribosomes

Smooth
Endoplasmic
Reticulum

Consists of flattened
sacs called cisternae

Golgi
Vesicles and
Golgi
apparatus

Not studded with

ribosomes

A transport system
for proteins
A stack of membrane
bound flattened sacs
(series of
membranes shaped
like pancakes)cisternae
Because the Golgi
complex absorbs
vesicles from the
rough ER, you will
also find ribosomes
in those pancake
stacks.

The ribosomes make

protein which is then
transported within
the ERs flattened
sac-like sheets called
cisternae.
Some of the proteins
are secreted by the
cell, others are used
within the cell.
Production of lipids
(fats) and steroidsvery important
components of cell
membranes
Lipids combined with
phosphorous to
make phospholipids,
most abundant
component of cell
membranes
Receives proteins
packaged in vesicles
from the ER.
Modifies proteins
(makes it more
complex) e.g. by the
addition of sugars.
Packages modified
proteins into
secretory vesicles for
transportation to the
cell surface
membrane and is
secreted out of the
cell after passing

BIOLOGY
Eukaryotic cells: no nucleus, organelles have membranes e.g. animal, plant, fungi

Lysosomes
(a type of
Golgi vesicle
that releases
lysozymes)

Made by Golgi
apparatus
Inside contains many
powerful digestive
enzymes and is
slightly acidic so
material can be
digested without
harming the rest of
the cell
Spherical sacs
surrounded by a
single layer of
membrane

through the
cytoplasm.
It is also the
organelle that
builds lysosomes (cel
l digestion
machines).
It produces secretory
vesicles to carry
finalised products to
their destination.
Works closely with
the rough ER. When a
protein is made in
the ER, something
called a transition
vesicle is made. This
vesicle or sac floats
through the
cytoplasm to the
Golgi apparatus and
is absorbed.
Responsible for
breaking down
cellular debris and
material taken into
the cell through the
process of
phagocytosis
Isolate the potentially
harmful enzymes
from the rest of the
cell
Break down ingested
material or worn out
organelles or destroy

BIOLOGY
Eukaryotic cells: no nucleus, organelles have membranes e.g. animal, plant, fungi
Specialised vesicle
Ribosomes

Cell wall (in

plants, algae
and fungi)

Cell vacuole
(in plants)

cells when they die

(autolysis)

Free in
cytoplasm or
studded on ER
Found in both
eukaryotic cells
and prokaryotic
cells
Outside of the
plant cells
plasma
membrane

Small organelle
Not membrane
bound
Consists of two
subunits

The site of protein

synthesis.
mRNA from the
nucleus is read and
used to assemble
amino acids.

Plant cell walls are

composed primarily
of a protein called
cellulose while fungal
cell walls are made
of a protein called
chitin

Supports and helps

maintain cell shape
Prevents plant cells
from bursting

Plant cells

A large membrane
bound sac containing
water and solutes
Found in plant cells
Up to 80% of cell

Storage of water and

solutes
Maintenance of cell
turgidity
Helps to maintain
cells pH by storing
hydrogen ions

BIOLOGY
Eukaryotic cells: no nucleus, organelles have membranes e.g. animal, plant, fungi

(c) The endomembrane system works to

modify, package, and transport lipids and
proteins

BIOLOGY
Eukaryotic cells: no nucleus, organelles have membranes e.g. animal, plant, fungi