Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Seismic Configuration
Geometry, Size and Shape
Location and size of Structural Elements
Location and size of Non-Structural Elements
Seismic Configuration
???
Convex
8
Concave
Rai, Murty and Jain
Seismic Configuration
Simple
9
Complex
Rai, Murty and Jain
Seismic Configuration
Overall size
Too long
Too tall
Buildings with one overall size much larger/smaller than other two,
do not perform well during EQs
10
OFFSET BUILDINGS
Alphabetic Shapes
11
OFFSET BUILDINGS
Re-entrant
corners
12
Seismic Configuration
Shape
Simple Plan
::good
13
Seismic Configuration
Slopy Ground
Setbacks
Unusually
Tall Storey
14
RC Wall
Discontinued in
Ground Storey
Seismic Configuration
15
Symmetric Buildings
Swing Analogy
1-storey
building
16
3-storey
building
Rope swings and buildings, both swing back-and-forth when shaken horizontally.
The former are hung from the top, while the latter are raised
from
the ground.
Rai,
Murty
and Jain
Symmetric Buildings
Symmetry
Mass
Stiffness
Identical Vertical
Members
17
Uniform
Movement of
Floor
EQ Ground
Movement
and Jain
UNSymmetric Buildings
Swing Analogy:: Mass Unsymmetry
Light Side
of Building
Twist
Swing
with equal ropes
EQ Ground Shaking
18
Heavy Side
of Building
Even if vertical members are placed uniformly in plan of building, more mass on one side
causes the floors to twist.
Rai, Murty and
Jain
UNSymmetric Buildings
Swing
with unequal ropes
19
Earthquake
Ground
Movement
Seismic Configuration
20
UNSymmetric Buildings
Wall
Wall
Columns
21
Wall
Columns
UNSymmetric Buildings
Combined Unsymmetry
Earthquake
Ground
Shaking
UNSymmetric Buildings
Consequences
Earthquake
Ground
Movement
These columns are
more vulnerable
Seismic Design
Pounding
24
Seismic Configuration
Relative distance
Seismic Design
26
Diaphragms
Floor Diaphragms
Out-of-plane versus In-plane flexibility
Out of plane is important for gravity loads
28
Floor Diaphragms
Uniform
Movement of
Floor
Earthquake
Ground
Movement
Floor Diaphragms
Rotation
Earthquake
Ground
Movement
30
Earthquake
Ground
Movement
Floor Diaphragms
31
Floor Diaphragms
Rigid diaphragm
F
0.4k
0.4F
0.2k
0.2F
0.4k
0.4F
32
Floor Diaphragms
Flexible diaphragm
0.4k
F/4
F/2
0.2k
0.4k
F/4
Floor Diaphragms
34
Floor Diaphragms
Many of them
35
Floor Diaphragms
Cut-outs ??
36
Floor Diaphragms
37
39
Garage doors
40
Three Situations
41
Understood well!!
42
Lessons learnt !!
43
Structural Walls
Steel or RC
Do not interrupt wall in lower levels
44
45
Irregularities provisions
in Codes
Building Configuration
Irregularities in Buildings
Mass
Stiffness
Geometry
Indian Standards
47
Building Configuration
Building Codes
Configuration emphasised in buildings
Comprehensive section on identifying irregularities
Quantitative definitions of irregular buildings
48
Building Configuration
Plan Irregularities
Torsion Irregularity
Heavy Mass
1
49
Floor
1.2
Building Configuration
Re-entrant Corners
A
50
A
L
0.15 0.20
Building Configuration
Diaphragm Discontinuity
Flexible
Opening
Opening
51
Plan
Rai, Murty and Jain
Building Configuration
Shear Wall
Shear Wall
Shear Wall
52
Building Configuration
Non-Parallel System
y
x
53
Building Configuration
Vertical Irregularities
Stiffness Irregularity (Soft Storey)
ki
ki+1
ki
ki-1
54
ki
0 .7 k i
0.8
ki
ki 2 ki
3
Building Configuration
Mass Irregularity
Wi+1
Wi
Wi-1
55
Wi
Wi
2 Wi
2 Wi
1
1
Building Configuration
A
L
56
0.15 0.20
Rai, Murty and Jain
Building Configuration
L1
L1
L2
L2
L2 1.5L1
57
Building Configuration
Upper Floor
Plan
Lower Floor
Plan
58
Building Configuration
Si
0 .8 S i
Si+1
Si
Si-1
59
SEISMIC CODES
60
Seismic Codes
61
Non-Structural
Components
Rai, Murty and Jain
Non-structural Elements
63
Facades
64
Non-structural Elements
Bare
Finished
65
Non-structural Elements
66
Non-structural Elements
Infringements understood
67
Non-structural Elements
Problems
68
Non-structural Elements
69
Non-structural Elements
Secondary disasters
70
Non-structural Elements
Chemical Spill
71
Non-structural Elements
Chemical Disasters
72
Non-structural Elements
Overhead safety
73
Non-structural Elements
Indirect losses
74
Non-structural Elements
Disruption of services
75
Non-structural Elements
May be acceptable
76
Non-structural Elements
Not acceptable
77
Solutions
78
Solutions
79
Solutions
80
Solutions
81
Solutions
82
Solutions
83
Solutions
84
Non-structural Elements
85
Importance of Configuration
Henry Degenkolb,
a noted Earthquake Engineer of USA
aptly summarised the intense importance of seismic
structural configuration in his words:
If we have a poor configuration to start with,
all the engineer can do is to provide a band-aid
- improve a basically poor solution as best as he can.
ANALOGIES
Travel Between
Different Points
Traveller health
Direct route
Steady gradient
No overhanging trees
No pirates/crocodiles
Solid/nonslip path
No extra burdens
87
Building Seismic
Performance
Proper design/detailing
Direct load path
No concentration of
effort e.g. Soft storey
No dangerous non-structural elements
Gaps between adjacent structures
Good foundation
No attachments that may interfere
with performance
Signature Tower:
Jakarta
638m
#5 in the world in 2020
The tallest in a seismic
region
111 Stories
88