Heat Transfer

The transfer of thermal energy through space from the Sun to the Earth is by:

Infra-red radiation is absorbed, reflected and emitted to different extents by different surfaces.
Which of the following statements best applies to dark, matt surfaces?

They are good emitters of infra-red radiation.

They are good reflectors of infra-red radiation.

They are poor absorbers of infra-red radiation.

They are poor emitters of infra-red radiation.

The diagram shows water being heated in a saucepan on a hotplate.

Match words from the list with the numbers 1 to 4 in the sentences.
A

conduction

..................................

convection

..................................

radiation

..................................

insulator

..................................

Heat energy is transferred through the base of the saucepan by 1

Heat energy is transferred through the water in the saucepan by 2
Some energy is transferred from the hotplate to the air by 3
The handle of the saucepan is made from wood because wood is a good 4.

The diagram shows some ways of reducing energy loss from a house.
The table shows the cost of fitting, and the annual savings on energy bills, for different methods of reducing
energy loss from a house.
Method of reducing
energy loss
Cavity wall insulation
Double glazing
Draught proofing
Loft insulation

Cost of fitting

Annual saving

800

100

4 000

80

60

60

300

60

(a) Which method pays for itself in the shortest time?

(b) Which method reduces energy loss by the greatest amount?
(c) The time it takes for the saving on energy bills to equal the cost of installing the insulation is called the
pay-back time. What is the pay-back time for loft insulation?
(d) What heat transfer does fitting double glazing reduce?
5

Solar panels use the suns infra-red radiation to heat water. They are painted black why?

6 African Elephants have bigger ears than Indian elephants why?

7 Why do liquids cool down as they evaporate?
8 What can be done to speed up the rate at which liquids evaporate?
9 Why are fridges almost universally white?
10 A fridge freezer is in a room of temperature 20 degrees, the fridge is at 5 degrees and the freezer at -18
degrees. Which will have the faster heat transfer?
11 What does specific heat capacity mean?
12 How much energy is required to raise 2 kilograms of water (c = 7200 J/Kg oC) by 20oC?
13 When purchasing double glazing would you want windows with a high or a low U-Value?

Energy and Efficiency

1

On a building site a machine is used to lift a bag of sand from the ground to the top of a building.

What type of energy has the bag of sand gained?

elastic potential energy

gravitational potential energy

kinetic energy

thermal energy

What type of energy is stored in a stretched rubber band?

A

chemical energy

elastic strain energy

gravitational potential energy

kinetic energy

3
Match words from the list with the numbers 1 to 4 in the sentences.
A

kinetic energy ....................

light ....................

sound ....................

thermal energy ....................

A motor makes the mobile go round. The motor transforms electrical energy mainly into 1. When the
mobile is switched on it becomes warm after a short while. This is because some of the electrical energy is
transformed into 2 Speakers in the mobile transform electrical energy into 3 There is a power on
indicator on the mobile that transforms electrical energy into 4 .

An electric fan is used to move air around a room.

(a) The fan usefully transforms electrical energy into:

(b) Energy that is not usefully transformed by the fan is wasted as:

(c) Which of the following statements about the energy wasted by the fan is not true?
A

It makes the surroundings warmer.

It can no longer be transformed in useful ways.

It becomes very thinly spread out.

It makes the surroundings cooler.

(d) A second design of fan transforms useful energy at the same rate but wastes less of the energy supplied
to it. This means that the second fan:

is 100% efficient.

is less efficient.

is more efficient.

has the same efficiency.

The energy required to lift two skiers to the top of the mountain is 240 000 J. The energy supplied to the
motor is 800 000 J. Calculate the efficiency of the motor.

6 The diagram below is a Sankey diagram for a filament light bulb How many Joules are wasted and what is the
waste energy?

Electrical Energy
1

The devices below transform electrical energy into other forms of energy.

1 Food processer

2 Torch

3 Iron

4 CaSpeaker

The list gives the useful form of energy the devices are designed to produce. Match the words in the list with
the devices numbered 1 to 4.

kinetic energy ....................

light ....................

sound ....................

thermal energy ....................

A 3 kW electric motor is switched on for 15 minutes. How much energy, in kilowatt hours, does it transfer
during this time?

0.0075 kWh

0.075 kWh

0.75 kWh

7.50 kWh

Which of the following does not represent a unit of energy?

A

kJ

kW

kWh

The diagram shows the readings on a household electricity meter, in kWh, at the beginning and end of one
week. Each kWh of electricity costs 8p.
1

At the beginning of the week

At the end of the week

(a) How many kWh of electricity were used during the week?
A

242

269

511

753

(b) On one day 30 kWh of electricity were used. How much would this electricity cost?
(c) During the week a 2 kW iron was used for 2.5 hours. How much energy was transformed by the iron?
(d) How much does it cost to use a 9 kW shower for half an hour?
5

A student uses an 2KW1b electric iron.

(a) What useful energy transformation takes place in the iron?
(b) Electricity cost 8 p per kWh. How much does it cost the student to use the iron for 30 minutes?

Generating electricity
A hydroelectric power station uses two lakes.

As water flows from the top to the bottom lake it turns a turbine coupled to a generator that produces
electricity.
What is the energy transformation that takes place as the water flows?

Electrical energy to kinetic energy.

Gravitational potential energy to kinetic energy.

Kinetic energy to gravitational potential energy.

Kinetic energy to heat energy.

Where does geothermal energy come from?

A

Radioactive processes in nuclear power stations.

Radioactive processes within the Earth.

The decay of organic material.

The movement of the tides.

Renewable energy sources can be used to generate electricity. However these sources are not always available.
Match words from the list with the numbers 1 to 4 in the table.
A

hydroelectric scheme .

solar cells .

tidal barrage .

wind farm .

Renewable energy

Source is available to generate electricity

source

only during the daylight

only when the weather is suitable

only during certain periods of the day and night

usually whenever it is needed

Wind energy, waves, tides, falling water and solar energy can all be used as energy sources to generate

electricity.
(a) What do all these energy sources have in common?
A

They are available at any time of the day or night.

They are non-renewable energy sources.

They do not affect wildlife.

They do not cause any sort of pollution.

(b) Which of these energy sources is most appropriate to generate electricity to run a well in a remote
African village?
A

falling water

solar energy

tides

waves

(c) Which of these energy sources is most likely to produce noise pollution when used to generate
electricity?
A

solar energy

tides

waves

wind energy

(d) Which of these energy sources is least likely to be associated with damaging wildlife or the habitat of
wildlife when used to generate electricity?

falling water

tides

waves

wind energy

What does start-up time mean?

What is the national grid made up of?

What is the function of step up and step down transformers?

Why are step up and step down transformers required?

Why are combined heat and power stations (CHPs) more efficient than normal power stations?

Properties of waves
1

Electromagnetic waves can be grouped according to their wavelength and frequency.

Match the words in the list with the spaces 1 to 4 in the diagram.

gamma rays .

microwaves .

ultraviolet rays .

visible light .

The number of waves passing a point each second is the

A

amplitude

frequency

speed

wavelength

Which of the following statements about the waves of the electromagnetic spectrum is true?
A

They all have the same frequency.

They all have the same wavelength.

They all travel at the same speed through space.

They cannot travel through a vacuum.

Shadow pictures of the bones can be produced using

Which type of electromagnetic radiation is used to send signals from a TV remote control?

What is a longitudinal wave? give an example

What is a transverse wave? give an example

If a wave has a wavelength of 2m and vibrates 2 a second what speed is the wave travelling at?

What are the 7 members of the electromagnetic spectrum?

10 Describe how reflection occurs

11 Describe how refraction occurs
12 Describe how diffraction occurs

Red Shift
1

Astronomers believe that the Universe:

A

has always been the same size.

is getting bigger.

is getting smaller.

was getting bigger but will now stay the same size.

The Big Bang theory is one theory of the origin of the Universe.
(a) What are the main ideas of the Big Bang theory?

(b) One piece of evidence for this theory is red-shift.

(i)

What is red-shift?
(ii) What does red-shift tell us about distant galaxies?

(iii) Explain how red-shift is evidence for the Big Bang theory.
(C) What is cosmic background radiation?
(D) In what way is cosmic background radiation evidence for the big bang?
3

What happens to a waves wavelength and frequency if the wave source is moving away from you?

What happens to a waves wavelength and frequency if the wave source is moving towards you?

If a galaxy is blue shifted what does that tell us?