Chen Wen Shan - Jacky chenjacky04@gmail.

com
Nguyn Minh Tun - Mike
Cp Bo Trm - Drum
Gia Bo - Lucas
Biology Science Lab Report #1
Mr. Bill Pham
15/10/2016

USING COMPOUND MICROSCOPES

Honor code: On my honor code, I have neither received nor given any unauthorized
aid on this assignment.

INTRODUCTION:
- Compound microscope is a microscope fitted with two or more convex lenses. The
high magnification produced by these lenses together enables a detailed study of
micro-organisms, cells and tissues. These types of microscopes are therefore widely
used in scientific and medical research.
- Zacharias Janssen, he is a Dutch spectacle maker, Zacharias invented the compound
microscope in 1590. In 1910 Galileo unveiled his version. Later on, several other
scientists and inventors helped refine its design and working capabilities.
- The compound light microscope is a useful tool in any biology laboratory. As we
get older, our eyes are not able to see things as clearly, especially things that are small.
We may get a magnifying glass in order to help us read and see. A microscope does
the same thing, but for the very, very small objects, we use in our biology labs or
whatever we want to see an object clearly.
MATERIALS:
- Preparation:
Onion cell
Onion root
Yogurt
Cheek cell
Distilled water
Methylene blue
Oil for 100x lens
Small knife
- Safety equipment:
Lab coat
Lab glasses
Lab gloves

- Other:
Only turn on the microscope when doing the compound microscope.
Take all the slides pictures ( 4x, 10x, 40x and 100x )
Clean up and wash hands before leave the lab.
PROCEDURE:
Onion Cell
Step 1: Prepare onion, small knife, etc,
Step 2: Use knife to cut the onion into small pieces.
Step 3: Carefully place the onion cell onto a glass and use another glass put onto it.
Step 4: Place it onto the microscope slide.
Step 5: Observe the cell on 4x, 10x, 40x and 100x.
Step 6: Use oil to observe 100x lense.
Step 7: Take pictures.
Onion Root
Step 1: Prepare onion, small knife, etc,
Step 2: Use knife to cut out the onion root.
Step 3: Carefully place the onion root onto a glass and use another glass put onto it.
Step 4: Place it onto the microscope slide.
Step 5: Observe the root on 4x, 10x, 40x and 100x.
Step 6: Use oil to observe 100x lense.
Step 7: Take pictures.
Yogurt ( Diluted )
Step 1: Mix the yougurt with water.
Step 2: Put it onto a glass.

Step 3: Wait for about three minutes until its dry

Step 4: Use lighter to heat it up.
Step 5: Drop methylene blue onto it.
Step 6: Place it onto the microscope slide.
Step 7: Observe the root on 4x, 10x, 40x and 100x.
Step 8: Use oil to observe 100x lense.
Step 9: Take pictures.
Yogurt ( Undiluted )
Step 1: Take a few undiluted yogurt
Step 2: Put it onto a glass.
Step 3: Wait for about three minutes until its dry
Step 4: Use lighter to heat it up.
Step 5: Drop methylene blue onto it.
Step 6: Place it onto the microscope slide.
Step 7: Observe the root on 4x, 10x, 40x and 100x.
Step 8: Use oil to observe 100x lense.
Step 9: Take pictures.
Cheek Cell
Step 1: Take out the toothpick.
Step 2: Open the mouth to take the cheek cell.
Step 3: Put it onto a glass.
Step 4: Wait for about three minutes until its dry
Step 5: Use lighter to heat it up.
Step 6: Drop methylene blue onto it.

Step 7: Place it onto the microscope slide.

Step 8: Observe the root on 4x, 10x, 40x and 100x.
Step 9: Use oil to observe 100x lense.
Step 10: Take pictures.
DATE & RESULTS:
Onion cell

The color of onion cell are black and white, I see many differens shape, circle shape,
heart shape, polygonal shape on 4x, 10x, 40x lense. On the 100x lense, its more clear
but now its quadrangle shape.
Onion root

The color of onion root is green on 10x and 40x lense. It does not have a certain
shape, it look like long leaf.
Yogurt ( Diluted )

At 4x lense, we can not observe, 10x, 40x,100x lense I can see thats color are blue
mix with purple. It does not have certain shape.
Yogurt ( Undiluted )

Yogurt undiluted observe 4x, 10x, 40x and 100x. Their color are white, I see there are
many tiny dots on it, tiny dots are black.
Cheek cell

Unable to see and observe cheek cell.

DISCUSSION:
1) In the observe 100x, the bacteria are cell wall, nucleus and cytoplasm. the
nucleus are yellow things, in these have nucleolus, nuclear membrane. the cell
membrane are green ridges.
http://www.ciscomethodist.org/parts-of-a-light-bulb-diagram/onion-cells-undermicroscope-ceea3758dbc9bb0d.html
2) The onion cell under microscope, we see the cytoplasm, cell wall and nucleus.
Plant cells have cell walls: cell walls are make up of cellulose. They protect

the cell, maintains the cells shape and prevents excessive water uptake. Onion
cells do not have chloroplasts because the onion is underground-without the
sunlight, so, it's not purpose. Onion cells have the normal shape, nucleus are
ovals shape and they living on the cell membrane.

3)

Similars:
When observing the onion skin cell, we noticed that the cells took on a brick-like
structure and within the cells, small dots. The organelles that we were able to see in
this type of cell were the nucleus, the cytoplasm and the cell wall.

Differences:
- The first cell were about a hundred rows of rectangular cells, the number of cells in
the field of view decreased.
- The second cell the nuclei of the cells looked clearer and larger.
- The second skin cell is rectangular shape, their colors are yellow and brown.
- My onion skin cell is an oval, their colors are white.
- Can see the nucleus in my onion cell because the observe at 40x.
- See all nucleus of each cytoplasm because the observe at 400x
4) Know how to take out the cell on plant (like onion cell, root cell, cheek cell and
yogurt).
- To use the compound microscope and see cells of things on that.
- Skills: write-up everything or take pictures of all slides. Make sure you remember
every steps.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS:
1) The steps using the microscope
Step 1: Make sure the microscope is plugged in.
Step 2: Turn the light on to brightens the image you see through eyepiece.
Step 3: Using the clips on the stage of the microscope.
Step 4: Use the diaphragm to adjust the amount of light that goes through the slide.
Step 5: Lets focus the object by two knobs: fine focus and coarse focus.
2) Methylene blue is used to stain cells to make nuclei more visible under a
microscope. Methylene blue is commonly used when staining human cheek
cell. Wear the lab coat and lab glasses while working with methylene blue.
3)

It's all about the refraction of light. If you look at something under the 100x
objective, you'll see the image is blurry without any sort of sharpness to it. The
reason is because the light that is reflected off the thing on the slide doesn't
enter the objective, but rather bends too little and all of it enters the lens. The

immersion oil decreases the amount of refraction, thus causing the light to
enter the lens less and revealing under the microscope darker areas where the
thing on the slide actually is. When we use 100x ojective to observe a sample,
we drops some oils on the glass and correction lens must closely touches on
the glass to see clearly.