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Chapter 1

Biomedical Engineering
an Introduction
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation

1. Integrated Engineering focuses


on Interdisciplinary Emerging Technologies

Nanotechnology
Civil
Mechanical

Mechatronics

Electrical
Computer

Software
Chemical

Biomedical
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation

2. Definition of
Biomedical Engineering* (1)
Biomedical engineering is a discipline that advances
knowledge in engineering, biology, medicine, and
improves human health trough cross-disciplinary that
integrate engineering sciences with the biology sciences
and clinical practices.
It includes:
the acquisition of knowledge and understanding of living
system through innovative and substantive application
experimental and analytical techniques based on
engineering sciences
the development of new devices, algorithms, processes
and system that advances biology and medicine and
improves medical practice and healthcare delivery
* Whitaker foundation
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation

2. Definition of
Biomedical Engineering* (2)
Biomedical Engineering (BME) =
Multidisciplinary field, that applies engineering &
scientific methods & technology, to Solve
Problems in Biology & Medicine
To process medical information

To assist medical procedures


To improve the quality of life through improving
Community Health Care
* Soegijardjo Soegijoko, BME-ITB
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation

3. Some Majors Areas

[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation

More specific
Biomaterials
Biomechanics
Biosensors

Medical imaging
Molecular imaging

Nanotechnology
Telemedicine
Tissue engineering

Biosystem
Biotransport
Rehabilitation
engineering
Cellular engineering
Clinical engineering
Biostatistics
Bioinformatics

[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation

4. Medical Procedures*
Start

1. Data/information
Collection
2. Data processing &
analysis
3. Diagnosis
4. Therapy
5. Test (More
symptom ?)
- Further actions/
Follow up

1 Data Collection

2 Process &Analysis
3 Diagnosis
4 Therapy
t Yes
(symptom)

* Soegijardjo Soegijoko, BME ITB


[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation

5 Test
No
Stop

5. Medical Information
Text (alphanumeric data), e.g. patient data
Physiological Signal (bio-signals), e.g.: ECG,
EMG, EEG signals
Medical Images & biometrics:
Static images, e.g.: X-ray images; fingerprint, iris
Dynamic images, e.g.: visual image of heart pumping
action, lung respiratory action

Sound & voice, e.g.: heart sound, voice of


physician & patient
Combination of the above mentioned information
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation

6. Bioinstrumentation
Apply fundamental measurement sciences to
biomedical
instrumentation
for
measuring
physiological variables that may originate
molecular, cellular or systemic process
May described by mechanical, electrical, chemical,
optical or other event
Uses sensor and/or transducer
Sensor must be designed so that/to
- minimized disturbance to measured variable
environment
- comply with the requirement of the living system
- maximize the SNR, achieve accuracy and repeatability

and

Measured signal is usually fed into a signal


processing algorithm for further conditioning and
analysis
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation

Bioinstrumentations in Dentistry

[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation

Other Medical Instruments

USG

Hearing Aid

Stethoscope
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation

Biomedical Instrumentation

[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation

7. Biomaterial
Application of engineering materials to the
production
of
medical/biological/diagnostic
product
- design and development of new material often to
replace failing biological organs/limbs

Designing new materials that body will not reject.


The material must be :
- non toxic, noncarcicogenic, chemically inert, stable
and mechanically strong enough to withstand the
repeated forces of a life time
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation

Biomaterials in Dentistry

[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation

Biomaterial
Knee Joint Prosthesis
Surgical operation: implant

SS316L, Ti alloy or Co-Cr alloy

[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation

*How stuffwork.com

Artificial Heart*
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation

8. Medical Imaging
Fundus camera

Fiberoptic Endoscope

X-Ray

[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation

PET

To guide the surgery


precisely

USG

[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation

Some Biomedical Imaging Equipments


High
Field
MRI

Ultrasound

CAT Scan

Open
MRI

Mobile
MRI
X-ray for
Mammography

PET Scanner
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation

9. Biosignal/ Biopotensial
Analysis biological data to uncover the
nature
of
underlying
physiological
phenomena
Signal processing

Time series analysis


Origins of signal variability
Transform and statistical techniques

Analysis of chaotic behavior of signal / fractal


analysis
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation

Biosignal Processing

[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation

Biosignal Processing
Biomedical Signal Examples :

Arterial Blood Pressure

[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation


Electrocardiogram
(ECG)

EEG

10.Biomechanics
Study of composition, properties and interaction of
biological tissues (such as bone, muscle, etc) and
fluid (such as blood, inter/intracelluler fluid, etc)
Study of motion, material deformation, flow within the
body and devices, transport of chemical constituent
across biological and synthetic media
Development of artificial heart, replacement heart
valves, artificial organs, patient assistance devices,
ergonomic design all fall within of realm of
biomechanics

biomechanics include both fluid mechanics and solid


mechanic at molecular, cellular, macroscopic organ or
system level
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation

Biomechanic

Motorized Wheel Chair


Remember Christopher Reeve?

Gait Analysis

[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation

Gait analysis

observational studies
sequential photographs
video recording
dynamic electromyography
force transducers, foot switches,
electrogoniometers, spotting systems
specialized transducers: physical
variable electrical signal digital
signal.
computer technology, to analyze data
obtained from different sources;
record & display digital signals as
dependent variables of time on a
graph with a common time axis.
3D studies
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation

11.Clinical Engineering
Application of technology in healthcare
Clinical engineers typically work in hospital to assist
doctors/nurses with their medical technology needs
Managing diagnostic and laboratory equipment in
hospital, interface different equipment with each other
and/or with computer
Determine equipment needs

Search for and specify optimal equipment


Train healthcare workers on equipment
Perform maintenance and safety inspection

[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation

12. Cellular Engineering


Design of quantitative biochemical & biophysical
techniques and procedure for study &
manipulation of cell function , such as
Cell metabolism
Inter & intra cellular signalling & regulation
Biomolecular uptake & secretion
Cellular migration, adhesion, proliferation

Closely related to biochemistry, biophysics &


molecular biology
Example : stem cell tech, cloning tech
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation

13. Rehabilitation Engineering


A new growing area in BME
Expand capabilities and improves the
quality of life individuals with physical
impairment
Design or modify new/old equipment for an
individual, or a group of individual with
specific disability

[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation

14. Where do Biomedical Engineering Work


In industry
Design of new biomedical equipment, performance testing for
new or proposed equipment, service engineer, etc

In government positions
Product testing and safety, establishing safety standard for
biomedical equipment and system

In hospital
Provide advice on selection and use of biomedical equipment,
supervise on medical device performance testing and
maintainance

In research institutions
Supervise laboratories and equipment, participate in or direct
research activities with other researcher with such backgrounds
such as engineering, medicine, nurse, biology etc

In academia
Academic research, training next generation biomedical/other
engineer
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation

15. BME Society


American Institute for Medical and Biological
Engineering (AIMBE)
Institute of Electrical & Electronic Engineer
(IEEE) in Medicine and Biology society
International Federation for Medical and
Biological Engineering (IFMBE)
SMBE Australia (Society for Medical &
Biomedical Engineering)
BES (Biomedical Engineering Singapore)
IBES (Indonesian Biomedical Engineering
Society) since 2002.
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation

References
Edwin L. Dove, Medical Image Processing Lecture
Notes, UIOWA
EMBS magazine
Proceeding BME Day 2007

Soegijardjo S, Lecture on BME, ITB


Webster. (1999). Medical Instrumentation : Application
and Design, Wiley, Singapore
The Whitaker Foundation.
http://www.whitaker.org/glance/definition.html
www.howstuffworks.com
[EBG4B3] Biomedical Instrumentation

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