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Module 06 Topics
1. Explicit Dynamics Analysis
Settings
2. Parameters and What-if Studies
3. Workshop 06.1: Can Crush with
Mass Scaling
4. Workshop 06.2: Drop Test of a
Bottle
5. Workshop 06.3: Prestressed
Beam
6. Workshop 06.4: Cylinder Impact
What-if Study
Note: The Body Self Contact and Element Self Contact settings in the Body Interactions object Details panel should be set
to Program Controlled in order for the Analysis Settings Preference Type to have an effect on the Body Interactions
objects. If the Program Controlled setting is used, the values of the Body Interactions settings will be as shown here.
Step Controls
Solve Initiation
Specifies the cycle (time step) from which to start the Solve.
Default (cycle 0) is to start at the beginning (time zero).
When resuming a simulation, changes to analysis settings will be respected where
possible.
For example, you often wish to resume with an extended End Time.
Changes to any other features in the model (geometry suppression, connections, loads, etc.) will not be respected.
List of cycles from which to resume will only be populated if a previous solve has been executed and restart files
generated.
Solve Termination
Specifies the maximum number of cycles (time increments) allowed for the simulation.
The simulation will stop once the specified value is reached.
Enter a large number (default) to ensure simulation runs to the End Time.
Step Controls
Maximum Energy Error
Solution stops if the energy error exceeds the Maximum Energy Error (expressed as a
fraction):
where
Reference Energy = Internal Energy + Kinetic Energy + Hourglass Energy
Current Energy = Internal Energy + Kinetic Energy + Hourglass Energy
Work Done = Work done by constraints
+ Work done by loads
+ Work done by body forces
+ Energy removed from system by element erosion
+ Work done by contact penalty forces
Step Controls
Example energy conservation graph for model with symmetry plane and erosion
Step Controls
Time Step Controls
Initial Time Step
If left on Program Controlled (recommended), the initial time
step will be automatically set to of the smallest initial
element stability time step.
Minimum Time Step
If the time drops below this value, the simulation will stop .
If left on Program Controlled (recommended), the value will be set to 1/10 of the Initial
Time Step.
Maximum Time Step
Solver will use the minimum of this value or the computed stability time step
Program Controlled is recommended
Time Step Safety Factor
Safety factor is applied to the computed stability time step
Default (0.9) should work for most simulations.
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Step Controls
Automatic Mass Scaling
Masses in smaller elements are scaled up to increase the time step used
in the simulation
Additional input is required for this option:
Minimum CFL Time Step
Minimum CFL time step to be obtain with mass scaling
Should be larger that the observed CFL time step
Limits the ratio of scaled mass / physical mass that can be applied to each element in
the model.
If this ratio is exceeded, the simulation will stop with an error message.
Limits the ratio of scaled mass / physical mass that can be applied to an individual body.
If this ratio is exceeded, the simulation will stop with an error message.
Update Frequency
Caution! Mass scaling introduces additional mass into the system to increase the
CFL time step. Introducing too much mass can lead to unphysical results.
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Step Controls
Automatic Mass Scaling Example
5X INCREASE IN DT,
0.02% INCREASE IN MASS
Step Controls
Virtual Topology and Mass Scaling
Using Virtual Topology for meshing can often improve mass scaling efficiency:
WITH VT
WITHOUT VT
Timestep
Mass
Scaling
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~ 5.0E-8 (No
Mass
Scaling)
2.0E-7
3.0E-7
4.0E-7
5.0E-7
6.0E-7
Without VT
0%
2.87%
7.84%
14.48%
21.54%
31.01%
With VT
0%
0.22%
0.90%
2.59%
5.51%
22.4%
Step Controls
Virtual Topology and Mass Scaling
Solve Time Without VT and MS: 20 mins
Solve Time With VT and MS: 4 mins
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Solver Controls
Precision
Double Precision only
Solve Units
The units the solver will use for the simulation
Solver Controls
Shell Shear Correction Factor
Shell BWC Warp Correction
Shell Thickness Update
Nodal
Elemental
Tet Pressure Integration
Average Nodal Pressure (ANP)
Constant Pressure (SCP)
Nodal Strain (NBS)
Shell Inertia Update
Recompute (default, most accurate)
Rotate (faster)
Density Update
Program Controlled (default, recommended)
Incremental (for large deformations)
Total (for small deformations)
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Solver Controls
Minimum Velocity
Computed nodal velocities below the Minimum
Velocity will be set zero
Eliminates small velocities caused by noise
Maximum Velocity
Computed nodal velocities above the Maximum
Velocity will be set equal to the Maximum Velocity
Can increase time step by eliminating high
velocities that are not influencing the required
solution
Radius Cutoff
Nodes with the Radius Cutoff of a symmetry plane
will be snapped onto the symmetry plane
Damping
Three types of damping can be applied for Explicit Dynamic Analyses:
Artificial Viscosity
Introduced to prohibit instabilities developing from shock formation / propagation
Hourglass Damping
Introduced to prohibit hourglass deformation modes developing in solid hex elements
and quad shell elements
Static Damping
Applied to allow a static equilibrium solution to be obtained from an Explicit Dynamic
analysis
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V
V
V
C c for
C d
0
V
V
Linear (reduces noise)
V
for
V
0
V
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2D
In order to avoid such hourglass instabilities, a set of corrective forces are added to the solution.
Two formulations are available for hexahedral solid elements:
AD standard (default)
Most efficient option in terms of memory and speed
Flanagan-Belytschko
Invariant under rotation. Improved results for large rigid body rotations
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3D
FH C H cV
* f KF X
Flanagan Belytschko
Invariant under rigid body rotation (i.e., hourglass forces sum to zero)
Recommended for simulations in which large rotations of hexahedral elements
2
are expected.
F C cV 3 * f X
H
FB
Viscous Coefficient usually varies between 0.05 and 0.15. The default value is 0.1.
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Damping: Static
Explicit Dynamics is primarily designed for solving transient dynamic events.
Using the static damping option, a static equilibrium solution can also be
obtained.
Introduces a damping force proportional to the nodal velocities, aimed to critically damp the
lowest mode of oscillation of the static system.
Solution is computed dynamically until it converges to an equilibrium state.
Need to judge when the equilibrium state is achieved.
Value of Static Damping (Rd) for critical damping of the lowest mode of vibration is:
Rd
2 t T
1 2 t T
where T is the period of the lowest mode of vibration of the system (or close approximation).
Expect solution to converge to static equilibrium in roughly 3T if critical damping is applied.
If T is not known accurately, over-estimate it rather than underestimate it.
Approximate values of t and T can be obtained by first performing a dynamic analysis
without static damping.
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R15
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R16
Erosion Controls
Erosion is a numerical mechanism for the automatic removal (deletion) of
elements during a simulation.
On Geometric Strain
An element erodes when its Effective (geometric) strain exceeds the Geometric
Strain Limit.
Typical values range from 0.5 to 2.0. The default value of 1.5 can be used in most cases.
eff
2
2
2
2
12 22 32 1 2 2 3 3 1 3 12
23
31
3
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DEFAULTS
Erosion Controls
Three Options (Continued)
On Material Failure
An element erodes immediately upon material failure.
Elements using damage models will erode if the damage value reaches 1.0.
If this option is selected, and all elements connected to a node in the mesh erode,
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the inertia of the resulting free node is retained. i.e. the free node continues to
transfer momentum in subsequent impacts.
If not selected, all free nodes are removed from the simulation.
DEFAULTS
Erosion Controls
Erosion Examples
BIRD STRIKE
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Output Controls
DEFAULTS
Results files
Results files contain data used for the main post-processing
operations in Explicit Dynamics (Contour Results, Probe Results, ).
Save Results on
Equally Spaced Time Points (specify Number of points)
Cycles (specify Cycles frequency)
Time (specify Time frequency)
By default, 20 results files are generated for a Solve which
terminates at the specified End Time.
Restart files
Restart files contain all information required by the solver to run (or restart) the simulation.
Save Restart Files on
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Output Controls
Result Tracker data
Result Tracker files contains time history data for probes
Save Result Tracker Data on
DEFAULTS
To improve accuracy
Change/Increase Hourglass Damping
Use Friction Force
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The total number of slave tasks on all machines should be equal to the number
in the Max number of utilized processors.
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Number of Cores/CPUs
Solver Time (minutes)
Speedup
Efficiency (%)
1
42.37
1
2
21.06
2.01
100.6%
4
12.21
3.47
86.8%
8
6.62
6.4
80.0%
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Number of Cores/CPUs
Run Time (minutes)
Speedup
Efficiency (%)
1
291.30
1
2
174.68
1.67
83.5%
4
91.36
3.19
79.7%
8
52.77
5.52
69.0%
2
1
0
1
6
5
4
3
Number of Cores/CPUs
Solver Time (minutes)
Speedup
Efficiency (%)
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1
176.40
1
2
125.60
1.4
70.2%
4
77.60
2.27
56.8%
8
42.60
4.14
51.8%
12
35.80
4.93
41.1%
2
1
0
1
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Microsoft MPI
Better performance on Windows operating systems
Able to run Autodyn on a Windows cluster with MS MPI or Job Scheduler
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mpi pcmpi
mpi intel
mpi msmpi
[Platform MPI]
[Intel MPI]
[Microsoft MPI]
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What-if Studies
Parameters and Design Points allow you set up and run
what-if studies:
INPUT PARAMETER
OUPUT PARAMETER
What-if Studies
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What-if Studies
Parameters can be set in multiple applications:
ENGINEERING DATA
DESIGNMODELER
RADIUS
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MECHANICAL
What-if Studies
Progress can be monitored during solution:
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What-if Studies
Results can be charted:
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What-if Studies
Design Point can be Exported to automatically create and save a full analysis
project for the Solve associated with that Design Point:
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Procedure:
Duplicate the existing Explicit Dynamics
Walkthrough
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Procedure:
Use an External Data Component System
to import variable thickness for the bottle
Link to Explicit Dynamics to set up and
solve the analysis, using mass scaling to
increase efficiency
Quick Instructions
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Procedure:
Import the beam geometry
Start Mechanical
Mesh the geometry
Apply appropriate initial conditions
Apply appropriate static damping
Solve the problem
View the results
Quick Instructions
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VZ = -100 M/SEC
Goal:
Conduct what-if study on previously solved
cylinder impact model by tracking maximum
equivalent plastic strain as a function of initial
rod velocity
VZ = -300 M/SEC
Procedure:
Duplicate the existing Explicit Dynamics
VZ = -500 M/SEC
Walkthrough
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END
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