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EC6602/ANTENNA & WAVE PROPAGATION

YEAR/SEM : III/VI

K. S. K COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY


Department Of Electronics And Communication Engineering

UNIT I
FUNDAMENTALS OF RADIATION

PART-A
1. Define gain and directivity of an antenna.
2011)

(AU AM

Gain :
Gain of an antenna is defined as the ratio of maximum radiation
intensity in a given direction to the maximum radiation intensity of a
reference antenna.
Power gain is defined as the ratio of maximum power radiated by a
test antenna to the maximum power radiated by a reference antenna.
Directivity :
It indicates the effectiveness of concentrating power into a limited solid
angle. It is the ratio between maximum radiation intensity to the average
radiation intensity.
DirectivityA D = 4/
Where,

A = Beam solid angle

2.What is the significance of radiation resistance of an antenna? (AU AM


2011)
Radiation resistance is the amount of opposition offered by an antenna
to radiate the energy to free space. It is the ratio between power radiated by
an antenna to the square of rms current flow in that antenna.
3. State reciprocity principle.
2011)

(AU MJ

If an Emf is applied to the terminals of an antenna no.1 and a current


measured at the terminal of another antenna no.2, then an equal current,
both in amplitude and phase will be obtained at the terminals of antenna
no.1,if the same Emf is applied to the terminals of antenna no.2.

4. Define radiation resistance.

(AU MJ 2011)

N.SHARMILA AP/ECE

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Radiation resistance is the amount of opposition offered by an antenna


to radiate the energy to free space. It is the ratio between power radiated by
an antenna to the square of rms current flow in that antenna.
5. Define effective area of an antenna.
2011)

(AU MJ

Area over which an antenna extracts electromagnetic energy from the


incident electromagnetic waves is called as effective area or effective
aperture.
i.e., Effective
aperture

Ae = Power received/Power
density
2

Ae = Pr /S m
Where, Pr = Power received
S= Power density
6. What are the approaches used for finding potentials for electromagnetic
field?
(AU AM
2011)
Maxwells approach.
7.Define radiation pattern.
2011)

(AU AM

The radiation pattern of an antenna is a plot of the far field radiation


properties of an antenna as a function of the spatial co-ordinates. Otherwise
it is a mathematical function or graphical representation of the radiations
from an antenna.
8.Define Power Gain.
2011)

(AU AM

Power gain is defined as the ratio of maximum power radiated by a


test antenna to the maximum power radiated by a reference antenna.
9. What do you understand by retarded current?
2012)

(AU MJ

Since, the short electric dipole is so short, the current which is flowing
through the dipole is assumed to be constant throughout its length. The
effect of this current is not felt instantaneous at a distance point only after
an interval equal to the time required for the wave to propagate over the
distance r is called the retardation time. The retarded current [I]=Io exp(j
(t-r/c)) Where r/c is the phase retardation.
10. What is meant by Polarization?
2011)

(AU AM

` The polarization of the radio wave can be defined by direction in which the
electric vector E is aligned during the passage of at least one full cycle. Also
polarization can also be defined the physical orientation of the radiated
electromagnetic waves in space. The polarization are three types. They are
Elliptical polarization , circular polarization and linear polarization.

N.SHARMILAAP/ECE

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PART-B
1. What is the maximum effective aperture and gain of a microwave antenna
with directivity of 900 operating at 8 GHZ ? (AU MJ 2013) (16)
Answer Key :

Definition

(4)

Explanation

(8)

Calculation
2. A join dipole of x/2 long.?If it has loss resistance of 2
,calculate :

(4)
(AU MJ 2013)
(16)

(i) Directivity
(ii) Gain
(iii) Effective Aperture
(iv) Beam Solid Angle and
(v) Radiation Resistance
Answer Key :

Calculation

(12)

Result
(4)
3.(a)What is effective aperture of a antenna and how it is related to the
gain ?
(AU MJ 2011)
(8)
Answer Key :

Definition
Explanation

(b) Explain the terms :

(4)
(4)
(AU MJ 2011)
(8)

(i) Effective Length


(ii)Radiation Pattern
(iii) Gain of an antenna
Answer Key :

Definition

(4)


N.SHARMILAAP/ECE

Explanation
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(4)
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4.(i) A lossless resonant /2 dipole antenna with input impedance of 73 is connected


to line of 50 characteristic impedance. Assuming that the pattern of antenna is given
by
3

u=B0 sin .Find the overall maximum(AUgainND2012)(10)of the a


(ii)The radiation intensity of an antenna is given by A0 sin . Find the di
function of the directional angles.
(AU ND 2012)(6)
Answer Key :

Calculation
(12)

Result
5. Explain the following terms

(4)
(AU AM 2011) (16)

(i) Polarization
(ii) Antenna Temperature
(iii) Effective Aperture
(iv) Directivity
Answer Key :

Definition

(8)

Explanation

(8)

Write notes on radiation resistance and capacity


6. heat.

(AU MJ 2012)
(16)

Answer Key :

Definition

Explanation
Explain the following terms with respect to
7. antenna.
(i) Radiation Intensity
(ii) Beam Width
(iii) Band Width
(iv) Reciprocity
(v) Directivity
Answer Key :

(4)
(12)
(AU MJ 2012) (16)


N.SHARMILAAP/ECE

Definition
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(10)
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Explanation

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(6)

UNIT II
PART A
APERTURE AND SLOT ANTENNAS

1.What are the applications of loop antenna?


2011)

(AU AM

Loop antenna is (i)Used in radio receivers.


(ii)Used in aircraft receivers.
(iii)Used in direction
finding. (iv)Used in WHF
transmitter.

2.what is half power beam width of an antenna?


2011)

(AU MJ

Half power beam width is half of beam width between first nulls.
Half power beam width HPBW = BW/2
HPBW = 81.1. 1/L/degrees

3.What is a Folded dipole?


2011)

(AU AM

A folded dipole antenna is an antenna with two parallel dipoles of


radius a and length L at the ends to form a narrow loop.
Impedance Zfd = 4ZtZd/2Zd + Zt
Where, Zt = Input impedance of transmission line
Zd = Input impedance of dipole
4.What is an Antenna array?
2011)

(AU AM

Several antennas of similar type are arranged in a system, to radiate


more in desired direction with high gain, by combining their individual
radiations in desired direction and cancelling the radiation in undesired
direction. Such a system is called as antenna.
Otherwise it is a system of similar antennas oriented similarly to get
greater directivity in a desired directions.
To radiate maximum energy in desired direction with high gain antenna

arrays are required.


5.Define array factor for linear
array.
N.SHARMILAAP/ECE

(AU AM 2011)
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The array factor quantifies the effect of combining radiating elements


in an array without the element specific radiation pattern taken into account.
The overall radiation is defined by this array factor.
6. Define top loading

(AU MJ 2013)

Top loading is a method to increase the effective capacitance at the top


of the antenna. This is accomplished by mounting one or more horizontal
conductors at the top of the antenna.
7. What is a Infinitesimal Dipole?
2013)

(AU MJ

When the length of the short dipole is vanishing small, then such a
dipole is called a infinitesimal dipole. If dl be the infinitesimally small length
and I be the current, then Idl is called as the current element.
8. What is a Short Dipole?
2013)

(AU MJ

A short dipole is one in which the field is oscillating because of the


oscillating voltage and current. It is called so, because the length of the
dipole is short and the current is almost constant throughout the entire
length of the dipole. It is also called as Hertzian Dipole, which is a
hypothetical antenna and is defined as a short isolated conductor carrying
uniform alternating current.

9. Why loop antennas are not preferred for transmission?


2013)

(AU MJ

Electrically Small loop antennas is one in which the overall length of


the loop is less than one-tenth of the wavelength. Electrically Small loop
antennas have small radiation resistances that are usually smaller than their
loop resistances. They are very poor radiators and seldom employed for
transmission in radio communication.
10.What is dipole antenna?
2013)

(AU MJ

A dipole antenna may be defined as a symmetrical antenna in which


the two ends are at equal potential relative to the midpoint.
PART B
1.(i)Derive the magnetic field quantities of small loop antenna having
constant current
(AU MJ 2013)
distribution.
(8)
Answer Key :

Calculation

(4)

Result
(4)
(ii)Calculate and plot the field pattern produced by an array of two isotropic
sources of the
same amplitude and phase for the distance of separation
d=3/4.
(AU MJ 2013)(8)
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Answer Key :

Calculation

(4)

Result
(4)
2.(i)Obtain the electric and magnetic field components of an infinitesimal
dipole.
(AU MJ 2013)
(10)
(ii)Compare different forms of dipoles with respect to its length current
distribution and
effective aperture.
(AU MJ 2013)
(6)
Answer Key :

Derivation

(10)

comparison
(6)
3.Evaluate the electric and magnetic quantities of a half wave wire dipole
operating at 800
MHZ and plot the current and its radiation pattern.
(AU MJ 2013)
(16)
Answer Key :

Calculation

(12)

Result & plot

(4)

4. Standing from the electromagnetic field components, derive an expression


for the power
radiation from a current element. What is the radiation resistance of a
quarter-wave
grounded radiator?
(AU MJ 2013)
(16)
Answer Key :

Derivation

(12)

Theory
(4)
5.Derive an expression for the RP of a BSA with nPlotthe verticalRPin dip
and horizontal planes for a broadside array of 4 dipoles.
(AU MJ 2013)
(16)
Answer Key :

Derivation

(12)

Theory
(4)
6.(i)Show how the directivity can be improved by using a number of antennas
in an array.
(AU MJ 2013)
(8)
Answer Key :
N.SHARMILAAP/ECE
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EC6602/ANTENNA & WAVE PROPAGATION

Derivation

Theory
(ii)Explain the principles of BSA and EFA

YEAR/SEM : III/VI

(4)
(4)
(AU MJ 2013)(8)

Answer Key :

Explanation

(4)

Explanation
(4)
7. Deduce the expression for the radiation pattern(minor lobe maxima & minima of the
minor lobe, HPBW, FNBW) of a uniformly spaced linear end fire array of n-isotropic
elements.
(AU MJ 2011) (16)
Answer Key :

Derivation

(12)

Theory
(4)
8. Derive the expressions for the far field components of short dipole of length dl w
carries current I and calculate its radiation resistance.
(AU MJ 2011) (16)

Answer Key:

Derivation

(12)

Theory
(4)
9.Derive an expression for radiation from a Half wave dipole (AU MJ 2011)
antenna.
(16)
Answer Key :

Derivation

(12)

Theory
(4)
10. Obtain an expression for field and power radiated by a current element
and derive the
(AU ND 2012)
expression for its radiation resistance.
(16)
Answer Key :

N.SHARMILAAP/ECE

Derivation

(12)

Theory

(4)

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11. Derive an expression for field strength of an N element uniform linear


array and draw the variation of E as a function of total phase difference.
Show that the first side lobe ratio
(AU ND 2012)
for a uniform linear array is -13.5 dB.
(16)
Answer Key :

Derivation

(12)

Theory
(4)
12. Obtain the expression for radiated power of half-wave dipole antenna.
(AU ND 2012) (16)
Answer Key :

Derivation

Theory
UNIT III
PART A
ANTENNA ARRAYS

1.What are the features of pyramidal horn antenna?


2011)

(AU AM

A pyramidal horn is formed by flaring both the E plane and H plane of a


rectangular waveguide.
2.Give the merits of lens antenna.
2011)

(AU MJ

(i) it has great flexibility in design.


(ii)Feed and feed support do not obstruct the aperture.
(iii)Can be used to feed out off the optical axis.
(iv)Can be used for wide frequency range.
3. State HuygensPrinciple?
2011)

(AU AM

Huygensprinciple states that each point on a primary wave front can


be considered to be a new source of a secondary spherical wave that a
secondary wave front can be constructed as the envelope of these secondary
waves.
4. What is a dielectric lens antenna?
2013)

(AU MJ

Dielectric lens antennas are the antennas in which the traveling wave
fronts are delayed by lens media
5. What do you meant by pyramidal
horn?
N.SHARMILAAP/ECE

(AU AM 2011)
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YEAR/SEM : III/VI

If flaring is done along both the walls( E & H), then it is called as a
pyramidal horn.
6. What are the advantages of lens antenna?
2011)

(AU MJ

i.

the lens antenna, feed and feed support do not block the
aperture as the rays are transmitted away from the feed.

ii.

It has greater design tolerance.

iii.

It can be used to feed the optical axis and hence useful in


applications where a beam is required to be moved angularly
with respect to the axis.

7. What is Slot Antenna?


2011)

(AU AM

The slot antenna is an opening cut in a sheet of a conductor, which is


energized through a coaxial cable or wave guide.
8. What is Biconical antenna?
2012)

(AU ND

The Biconical antenna is a double cone antenna which is driven by


potential , charge or an alternating magnetic field at the vertex. In this
antenna both the cones face in the opposite direction.
9. How spherical waves are generated?
2006)

(AU ND

When a voltage V is supplied at the input terminals of a Biconical


antenna, it will produce outgoing spherical waves. The Biconical antenna
acts as a guide for spherical waves.
10. Which antenna is complementary to the slot dipole?
2007)

(AU AM

The dipole antenna is the complementary to the slot antenna. The


metal and air regions of the slot are interchanged for the dipole.
PART B
1.Explain in detail the radiation through an aperture in an absorbing screen.
(AU MJ 2013)
(16)
Answer Key :

Explanation

Diagram
2.Explain how parabolic reflector antennas are efficient for microwave

(12)
(4)

communication?
Present their geometry and feed methods.

(AU MJ 2013) (16)

Answer Key :

N.SHARMILAAP/ECE

Explanation
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(12)
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EC6602/ANTENNA & WAVE PROPAGATION

Diagram
3.(b) Write detailed notes on :

YEAR/SEM : III/VI

(4)

(i) Dish Antenna (6)


(ii)Dielectric Less Antenna (5)
(iii)Metal Plane Lens Antenna(5)

(AU MJ 2013) (16)

Answer Key :

Explanation

(4)

Diagram

(2&1)for each

4.(a) Describe :
(i) Radiation from the open end of a co-axial line. (AU MJ 2013)(8)
Answer Key :

Explanation

Diagram
(ii)Radiation from a rectangular apertu
source.

(6)
(2)
(8)(AU MJ 2013)

Answer Key :

Explanation

(6)

Diagram
(2)
5.Explain how a parabolic antenna gives a highly directional pattern. What are the
practical
application of Such
antenna?
(AU MJ 2011) (16)
Answer Key :

Explanation

(12)

Diagram
(4)
6.Explain the radiation mechanism of slot antenna and the geometry of cassegrain feed.
(AU ND 2012) (16)
Answer Key :

Explanation

(12)

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EC6602/ANTENNA & WAVE PROPAGATION

Diagram
7.Explain the radiation mechanism of slot antenna with
diagram

11
YEAR/SEM : III/VI

(4)
(AU AM 2011)
(16)

Answer Key :

Explanation

(12)

Diagram
(4)
8.Explain the special features of reflector antenna and discuss on different types of feed
(AU AM 2011)
used with neat diagram.
(16)
Answer Key :

Explanation

(12)

Diagram

(4)

9.Explain in detail about any two types of reflectors


antenna.

(AU MJ 2012)
(16)

Answer Key :

Explanation

(12)

Diagram
(4)
10.Describe the working of slot and reflector antennas. Derive the expressions for the
(AU ND 2012)
radiation resistance of these antennas.
(16)
Answer Key :

Explanation

(12)

Diagram

(4)

UNIT IV
SPECIAL ANTENNAS
PART A
1.What are the applications of Micro strip antenna?
(i)Satellite radio receivers
(ii)Broad Band Communications (wireless)
(iii)Air crafts

(AU AM 2011)

2.What are near and far field measurements?


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(AU AM 2011)
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Far field Measurement : The Far field region or radiation field region is
the region at long distance(r>>)from an antenna.
When r is very large compared to ,the higher order terms of E & H
2
3
(i.e.,)1/r and 1/r can be neglected with respect to 1/r. Therefore effectively only
two components E
and H are contributing to the radiation field

Near field measurement :


The radiated field which can be realized at short distance from an
antenna i.e., r<< is called as near field or induction field.
3. What is Babinetsprinciple?

(AU MJ 2011)

Babinets principle states that when the added to the field of a complementary
structure, the sum is equal to the field when there is
not screen.
4.What is Yagi-Uda array?

(AU AM 2011)

It is a dipole with other parasitic dipoles hereby. It is a high gain,


unidirectional antenna consists of a driven element, a reflector and a
director.
5.Define spillover and taper efficiency?

(AU AM 2011)

Spillover: Part of the feed antenna radiation misses the reflector is


called as spillover.
Taper Efficiency: It is a relative figure of merit for antenna arrays giving
the loss of directivity due to array amplitude and phase weighting.
6. What is yagi uda antenna?

(AU AM 2011)

It is an array of a driven element, a reflector and one or more directors.


7. What are the application of Rhombic antenna?

(AU MJ 2013)

HF transmission and reception, point to point communication.


8. Define rhombic antenna.

(AU MJ 2013)

An antenna which consists of four straight wires arranged in the shape


of diamond, suspended horizontally above the surface of the earth is called
as a rhombic antenna. It is
antenn
otherwise
called
as diamond antenna or traveling wave
a.
(AU MJ
9. What is LPDA?
2011)
LPDA means log periodic dipole array. It is defined as an antenna
whose electrical properties repeat periodically with logarithm of the
frequency.
10.Define a traveling wave antenna?

(AU ND 2012)

Traveling wave or non resonant antenna are those in which there is no


reflected wave, i.e., only incident traveling wave travel in the antenna.
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PART -B
1.Justify that Helical antenna is suitable for satellite bracking application and
explain
(AU MJ 2013)
different modes of operation with neat diagram.
(16)
Answer Key :

Explanation

(12)

Diagram
(4)
2.How wide band reception is possible with log periodic dipole antenna.
Justify and Explain with neat sketch. (AU MJ 2013) (16)

Answer Key :

Explanation

Diagram

3.Examine the effectiveness of :


(i)Yagi-Uda Antenna (8)
(ii)Log Periodic Antenna (8)
(AU MJ 2013)
(16)
Answer Key :

Explanation

(6)

Diagram

(2) for each

4.Present the following :


(i) Analysis of Rhombic Antenna(8)
(ii)Radiation from a travelling wave on a wire.(8)
(AU MJ 2013)
(16)
Answer Key :

Explanation

(6)

Diagram

(2) for each

5.(a) Explain the design procedure of rhombic


antenna

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(8)

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(b) Design a 4 element Yagi-Uda antenna for operating frequency of 200


MHZ.
(8)
(AU MJ
2011)
`Answer Key :

Explanation

(12)

Diagram
6.(a)Explain various operating regions of log periodic antenna

(4)
(8)

(b) Write short notes on helical antenna

(8)

Answer Key :

Explanation

(6)

Diagram
(2) for each
7.(a) Explain the need for three elements in Yagi array and the relation
between apex angle,
scale constant and spacing in log
(AU ND 2012)
periodic array
(16)
Answer Key :

Explanation

(10)

Diagram
(6)
8. Compare resonant and non-resonant antennas and explain the
constructional details of
(AU ND 2012)
rhombic antenna
(16)
Answer Key :

Explanation

(10)

Diagram
(6)
9.With a suitable diagram, discuss the design and operation of Biconical
antenna.
(AU ND 2012)
(16)
Answer Key :

Explanation

Diagram

10.

(i)What are the various rhombic antenna configurations? (4)

(ii)How rhombic antenna is designed and what are the methods of


designing the rhombic antenna? Derive the expressions for design equation.
(12)
(AU ND 2012)
(16)
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Answer Key :

Explanation

(10)

Diagram

(6)

UNIT V
RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION
PART A
1.Define maximum usable frequency.
2011)

(AU AM

It is the upper frequency limit that can be used for


transmission between two points at a specified time,
independent of transmitter power.
Maximum usable frequency, f

muf

= fc 1+d /4h

Where, fc = out off or critical frequency


d = Skip distance
h= Height of the layer from ground
2..What is meant by Faraday rotation?
2011)

(AU AM

The rotation of plane of polarization of linearly polarized wave


propagating through magnetized dielectric medium is known as Fara
3.Define maximum usable frequency.
2011)

(AU MJ

It is the upper frequency limit that can be used for


transmission between two points at a specified time,
independent of transmitter power.
Maximum usable frequency, f

muf

Where, fc = out off or critical frequency

= fc 1+d /4h

d = Skip distance
h= Height of the layer from ground
4.Define virtual height of an antenna.
2011)

(AU MJ

The apparent height of a layer in the ionosphere


determined from the time required for a radio pulse to travel to
the layer and return, assuming that the pulse propagates at the
speed of light. Also known as equivalent height.
5.What is Duct propagation?
2011)

N.SHARMILAAP/ECE

(AU AM

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The portion which has different refractive index will act as a


propagating channel called as duct. Under such conditions the wave tends to
be trapped or guided along the duct, as a wave is guided by a leaky wave
guide. Such a propagation is called duct or trapping propagation or super
refraction.

6.What is Critical frequency?

(AU AM 2011)

Each Ionosheric layer has a maximum frequency at which radio waves


can be transmitted vertically and refracted back to earth. This frequency is
known as the critical frequency. It is otherwise defined as limiting frequency
at which a wave is reflected by, and above which it penetrates through an
Ionospheric layer.
Fc =9Nm
Where, Nm is maximum ion density.
7.Define Skip distance.

(AU AM 2011)

It is the distance on the earthswavessurface from a transmitter, refracted


downwards by different layers of the ionosphere fall.
Otherwise it is the minimum distance from the transmitter at which a
sky wave of given frequency is returned to earth by the ionosphere.
8.Define Fading and mention its types.

(AU AM 2011)

Fading is the distortion that a radio wave signal experiences over


certain propagation media.
1.Slow fading
2.Fast fading
3.Selective fading
4.Skip fading
5.Absorption fading
6.Polarization fading
7.Interference fading
9.Define VSWR.

(AU AM 2011)

If the antenna is not matched to the interconnecting transmission line, a


standing wave is induced along the transmission line. The ratio of the
maximum voltage to the minimum voltage along the line is called the
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio(VSWR).
10.What is night effect?

(AU MJ 2011)

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Radio waves reflected back by the ionosphere can cause signal


strength fluctuations 30 to 60 nautical miles (54 to 108 km) from the
transmitter, especially just before sunrise and just after sun set. This is called
night effect.

PART B
1.(i)Radio waves projected towards the atmosphere do not return if the
frequency is raised above a particular frequency which also changes with the
angle of projection .Explain. (10)
(ii)How magnetic field affects the Ionospheric wave propagation. (AU MJ
2013) (6)
Answer Key :

Explanation

Diagram
2.(i)What are the significance of the terms :
(8)

(12)

(4)
(AU MJ 2013)

(1) Skip distance


(2)Virtual height
(3)Maximum Usable Frequency
(ii) Explain the types of fading and the role of diversity
reception

(8)

Answer Key :

Explanation

(4)

Diagram

(4)

3.(i) Obtain the effective dielectric constant of Ionized region of sky wave
propagation.(8)
(ii)Discuss on reflection from ground for vertically and horizontally Polarized
waves for
(AU MJ 2013)
space wave propagation (8)
(8)
Answer Key :

Explanation

(12)

Diagram
(4)
(4) Bring out important features of ground wave propagation. Discuss on
attenuation characteristics for ground wave propagation. Calculate the field
strength at a distance.
(AU MJ 2013)
(16)
Answer Key :
N.SHARMILAAP/ECE
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Explanation

(12)

calculation

(4)

(5)Derive the expression for the refractive index of the ionosphere.


MJ 2011) (16)

(AU

Answer Key :

Calculation

Explanation
(6)With reference to sky waves, explain the following.

(12)

(4)

(a) Virtual height (4)


(b)Critical Frequency (4)
(c)Skip Distance (4)
(d) Fading (4)
(16)

(AU MJ 2011)

Answer Key :

Explanation

(4) for each

(7)Explain the characteristics of Ionospheric layers and the mechanism of


Ionospheric
(AU ND 2012)
propagation.
(16)
Answer Key :

Explanation

(12)

Diagram

(4)

(8)Explain the role of dielectric constant of ionized gas and briefly discuss
the atmospheric
(AU ND 2012)
ducts.
(16)
Answer Key :

Explanation

(12)

Diagram
(4)
(9) Explain the various layers of ionosphere and Ionospheric abnormalities.
(AU ND 2012)
(16)
Answer Key :
N.SHARMILAAP/ECE
KSKCET

KSKCET

19

EC6602/ANTENNA & WAVE PROPAGATION

YEAR/SEM : III/VI

Explanation

(12)

Diagram

(4)

(10)(i) Explain maximum usable frequency and show how to calculate it. (AU
ND 2012)(8)
Answer Key :

Explanation

Diagram

(ii)Explain the effecteldonRadioofWave Earthspropagation. magnetic


(AU ND 2012)
(8)
Answer Key :
Explanation

(6)

Diagram

(2)

********************************

N.SHARMILAAP/ECE

KSKCET

20

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