Marginalization is the act of relegating or confining a group of people to a

lower social standing or outer limit or edge of society. Overall, it is a process of

exclusion. Marginalization is in some ways worse than exploitation because society
has decided that it cannot or will not use these people even for labor.
Marginalization along with violence, powerlessness, exploitation and cultural
imperialism pave way for oppression (Young, 2004). It occurs in different forms
ranging from Social exclusion, political exclusion, and economic deprivation to
underrepresentation and gender discrimination.
The hegemony has been used as a tool for ostracism. Historically people are
marginalized based on culture, language, tradition, colour, ethnicity, economic
status and gender .The history is ripe with examples of marginalization. It is beyond
a shadow of doubt that the apartheid in Africa, holocaust in Germany, genocide of
Aboriginals in Australia and Canada, oppression of the Native Americans in America,
ethnic cleansing in Srilanka are some of the examples that people might quote as
examples of marginalization. These are just examples of active exclusion. Not all
forms of marginalization are blindingly obvious. There are various passive forms of
exclusion which

Rather than trying to see social exclusion as a brand new concept, the basic
idea has to be assessed in terms of the particular focus of attention to the
understanding of relational aspects of deprivation by adopting a somewhat more
specialized perspective.(sen,2000).
Amartya, Sen. 2000. Social Exclusion: Concept, Application and Scrutiny.
Social Development Papers 1.
Religion is the opium of the masses (Marx,1844).

Marx, Karl. 1844. A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right, DeutschFranzsische Jahrbcher, February.

Nomads of india :
The general suspicion and outright exclusion of nomads by their settled neighbours
has a long history in India. In the colonial period the British defined mobile groups
as born criminals in a legislative measure known as the Criminal Tribes Act (CTA) of
1871. After independence, the Government of India repealed the Act and, in 1952,
announced that more than 200 such communities had been de-notified, only to

reintroduce a new offensive legal act in 1959 that redefined nomads as habitual
offenders.

https://www.isca.ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/ISCA/JASO/Motzafi-Haller.pdf

Their being branded as criminals during the long period of British rule, and the
absence of rehabilitation following Independence, has left a mark on the way most
Indians continue to view nomadic communities (Kasturi 2007).

Five Faces of Oppression by Iris Young. The article was originally a chapter in
Oppression, Privilege, & Resistance edited by Lisa Heldke and Peg OConnor
(published by McGraw Hill in Boston, 2004).

Minority problems in india

Minority in tamilnadu

The public sphere is shrinking with the dominance of private ownership of

media and market forces; obviously the citizen-initiative to stem the marginalisation
of media literacy is inevitable. The public sphere is slowly emerging as
a conflict arena between corporate and civil society activities. In light of these
perspectives, efforts should be made to empower and enhance the capacities of
the citizenry to critically evaluate media performance on a larger mosaic and
this confirms the need for media literacy programmes. Since there is no formal
media and information literacy course in any academic institution in the
country, the gap is to be bridged by third sector initiatives. The thrust of such
initiatives, however, should be able to capture the multicultural and pluralistic
nature of Indian society. The enormous influence and interests of the corporate
in the media sector do not unfortunately provide much scope for media
literacy promotion.
MarginalizationofMediaLiteracyin Indian Public Sphere
A contextual analysis
K V Nagaraj, Vedabhyas Kundu & Ashes Kr. Nayak

In contemporary academic and intellectual circles, this coalition of the marginalized consists of
poor people, racial and ethnic groups, sexual and gender minorities, and other groups. From the

point of view of policy makers, most marginalized groups are disadvantaged and therefore are
looking for greater political and economic opportunities, and social justice. Policy makers work
through legislation, courts, and national institutions to gain social, economic and political
equality and justice according to the values and goals expressed in national constitutions. Neomarxists argue that the nation state and market system is inherently oppressive and needs
reconstruction. Like the working class, and other marginalized groups, Indigenous Peoples need
economic and political freedom from the oppressive powers and economic inequalities fostered
by the nation state and open market system. For the neo-marxists, marginalized Indigenous
Peoples are in need of liberation, and are seen as potential allies in the struggle against the
existing political and economic order.

Read more
athttp://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2015/03/09/marginalizationand-cultural-choice-159374
Duane Champagne
3/9/15

It is for this reason that the SEU refers to a cycle of social exclusion (SEU,
2004); it is what used to be called poverty traps.
The Social Exclusion Unit recently puts the point thusly:
Social exclusion is about more than income poverty. It is a short-hand
term for what can happen when people or areas face a combination of linked
problems, such as unemployment, discrimination, poor skills, low incomes,
poor housing, high crime and family breakdown. These problems are linked
and mutually reinforcing (SEU, 2004).
If we assume that there is a set of core activities which constitute
participation in society, then an individual is socially excluded in case two
conditions are met:
1. the individual is not participating for reasons beyond his/her control,
and
2. he or she would like to participate (Burchardt et al., 2002b)

 Levels of social participation are affected by age, gender, household

type and employment status as well as poverty.
Poverty has the strongest (negative) effect on social relationships
and participation of any of these variables.
About 9% of the population have low levels of expectation around
the amount of social support that might be available to them in
times of need or personal crisis.
Although those in paid work are less likely to be poor, employment
does not necessarily promote social inclusion. Pressures on time,
both from paid work and informal caring, inhibit social participation
for significant numbers of the population.
People of working age not in paid work and not poor do not
appear to suffer exclusion from social relations. This suggests that it
is poverty rather than joblessness that is the key problem in terms
of the social element of social exclusion.
Older people in particular may report less exclusion on the grounds
of cost because they learn to be poor (see Chapter Fifteen).
The objective effect of poverty is stronger than would appear from
asking people whether they can afford particular activities, suggesting
that the long-running question of choice is methodologically
problematic.
In some cases, these results

The concept and measurement

of social exclusion
Ruth Levitas
Extract from:
Pantazis, C., Gordon, D. and Levitas, R. (2006) Poverty and
Social Exclusion in Britain, Bristol, The Policy Press.
At the time of independence, India used protective law to address fears that its
tribal majority regions would be marginalized vis-a-vis the larger, more developed
states of the new nation. The Sixth Schedule was written into the Indian
Constitution to ensure rights of self-government for the tribal majorities in North
Eastern Himalayas.
Kavita Navlani , Sreide Postdoctoral Reseacher, CMI BRIEF OCTOBER 2013 VOLUME
12 NO.4, 2ND EDITION TRIBAL MARGINALIZATION IN INDIA: SOCIAL EXCLUSION AND
PROTECTIVE LAW

Social exclusion relates to the alienation or disenfranchisement of certain people within a society. It
is often connected to a person's social class, educational status, relationships in
[5]
childhood and living standards and how these might affect access to various opportunities. It also
applies to some degree to people with a disability, to minority, of all sexual orientations and gender
identities (the LGBT community), to the elderly, and to youth (Youth Exclusion).

Reasons responsible for Deprived/ Marginalized Groups

Some of the important factors that are responsible for marginalization are exclusion, globalization,
displacement, and disaster both natural, and manmade.

i) Exclusion: Marginalization is a process that denies opportunities and outcomes to those living
on the margins, while enhancing the opportunities and outcomes for those who are at the
centre. Deprived/ Marginalized combines discrimination and social exclusion. It offends human
dignity, and it denies human rights. Caste and class prejudice, in many societies across the globe,
exclude many groups and communities, and hinder their active participation in economic and social
development.
ii) Globalization: Globalization has increased openness which has promoted development at the
cost of equity. It is viewed that globalization has enhanced the gap between haves and have-nots
and thus boosted marginalization. While it is true that some middle income developing countries, as
well as the most populous countries, India and China, are gaining out of globalization, yet the impact
is not equally universal.
iii) Displacement: The development programmes implemented by the government and increasing
construction of development projects consistently displace a massive number of tribal, poor, and
weaker sections. This results in marginalization of already marginalized people.
iv) Disasters- Natural and Unnatural: Disasters are a global phenomena and a serious challenge to
development. Vulnerability is linked to broader social issues such as poverty, social exclusion,
conflict, education, health, gender issues and marginalization.
Some of the most vulnerable marginalized groups in almost every society are:

i) Women: Under different economic conditions, and under the influence of specific historical, cultural,
legal and religious factors, marginalization of women can be seen from their exclusion from certain
jobs and occupations. Women belonging to lower classes, lower castes, illiterate, and the poorest

region have been marginalized more than their better off counterparts.
ii) People with Disabilities: People with disabilities have had to battle against centuries of biased
assumptions, harmful stereotypes, and irrational fears. The stigmatization of disability resulted in the
social and economic marginalization of generations with disabilities, and thus has left people with

disabilities in a severe state of impoverishment for centuries.

iii) Elderly: Being past middle age and approaching old age; rather old. S Ageing is an inevitable
and inexorable process in life. For most nations, regardless of their geographic location or
developmental stage, the 80 year olds, or over-age group is growing faster than any younger

segment of the older population. Elderly women form the majority of marginalized groups among
them.
iv) Ethnic minority: a group that has different national or cultural traditions from the majority of the
population the term, ethnic minority, refers to marginalised people of the same race or nationality
who share a distinctive culture. A minority is a sociological group that does not constitute a politically
dominant voting majority of the total population of a given society. It may include any group that is
subnormal with respect to a dominant group, in terms of social status, education, employment,
wealth, and political power. Every large society contains ethnic minorities. They may be migrant,

indigenous or landless nomadic communities, or religious minorities that have a different faith from
the majority.
v) Caste Groups: The caste system is a strict hierarchical social system based on underlying
notions of purity and pollution. Brahmins are on the top of the hierarchy and Shudras or Dalits orthe
Scheduled Castes constitute the bottom of the hierarchy. The marginalization of Dalits influences all
spheres of their life, violating basic human rights such as civil, political, social, economic and cultural
rights. Literacy rates, purchasing power and poor housing conditions among Dalits are very low.
Physical segregation of their settlements is common. However, in recent years due to affirmative

action and legal protection, the intensity of caste-based marginalization is reducing.

vi) Tribes: In India, the population of Scheduled Tribes is around 84.3 million and is considered to
be socially and economically disadvantaged group. They are mainly landless with little control over
resources such as land, forest and water. They constitute agricultural, casual, plantation and
industrial labourers. This has resulted in poverty, low levels of education and poor access to health
care services. In the Indian context the marginalized are categorized as the scheduled castes,
scheduled tribes, denoted tribes, nomadic tribes, and other backward classes.
Posted 18th January 2013 by ANIL SHARMA

Scale to measure marginalization:

nship. Two items assessed disap- proval at the general societal level and two items
assessed disapproval at the social network (i.e., family and friends) level. The
societal marginali- zation items were "My relationship has general societal
acceptance" and "I believe that most other persons (whom I do not know) would
gen- erally disapprove of my relationship." The social network marginalization items
were "My family and friends approve of my relationship" and "My family and/or
friends are not accepting of this relationship.

CAN MARG / onmarg

Media marginalization index:

http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/41995683.pdf

Migratory workers ?
Muslims

Defining Welfare: