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PHYSICS
ASPECTS OF MECHANICS
4 CREDITS (90940)
p2
V-T GRAPHS
p6
FORCES p 10
M
ass is the amount of matter that exists in
a body (measured in kg)
Weight is a force of how hard gravity is
pulling a mass downwards (measured in N)
Weight can be calculated by Fgravity = mg
Gravity can be taken as 10 Nkg-1
ENERGY p 18
Types of energy:
Gravitational Potential Energy E p = mgh
Kinetic Energy Ek =
1 2
mv
2
W
ork is a force carried out over a distance:
W = Fd
If no distance has been travelled, there is
no work
Units for work are Joules (J)
Power is how fast something does work:
P=
W
t
PRESSURE p 26
F
P
ressure is the measure of the force over a certain area, P =
A
Pressure can be increased by either:
Increasing the force AND/OR
Decreasing the area
The units for pressure are Newtons per metre squared(Nm-2)
PAGE 1
DISTANCE-TIME GRAPHS
SUMMARY
The gradient of the slope gives the velocity
rise d
=
Average speed = gradient =
, this is
run t
d
shown by the formula v =
t
The unit for distance is meters (m) and time is
seconds (s) and velocity is meters per second
m
( ms 1 or )
s
For a complete tutorial on this topic visit www.learncoach.co.nz
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
his journey.
a. What distance had John travelled at seven
seconds?
b. In which part of his journey, A, B, or C, is John
going the fastest?
c. Give ONE reason for your answer to (b) above.
d. Calculate Johns average speed over the whole
10 second journey.
PAGE 2
PHYSICS
4. Stephanie is watching a kitten playing. The kitten
PAGE 3
ANSWERS
4.
NCEA
d 2400
=
t
60
-1
Average Speed = 40 ms
(Achieved)
2.
1. v =
a. v =
d 6
= = 2 ms 1
t 3
(Achieved)
b.
NB: The curved section of the graph represents
the kittens acceleration. If the kitten travelled at a
constant speed for the first three seconds this would
be a straight line.
(Excellence)
PRACTICE
3.
a. 30 m
b. Part B
c. Because the slope of the graph (which shows
d
d. v =
t
Total distance = 40 m
Total time = 10 s
average speed =
40
= 4 ms 1
10
(Achieved - two of a, b, c or d)
(Merit - three of a, b, c or d)
(Excellence - all of a, b, c and d)
5. v=
d 18
=
= 3 ms-1
t
6
(Achieved)
6. v=
d 20
=
= 2.5 ms-1
t
8
(Achieved)
7.
a. The toddler is travelling at constant speed.
b. The toddlers speed was zero.
d 20
=
= 1.33 ms-1 (3 sf)
c. v =
t 15
8. v =
d 15
=
= 1.5 ms 1
t 10
(Achieved)
9. a. 0.8 km = 800 m
d 3300
= 15 ms 1
b. v = =
t
220
c. The (parabolic) shape indicates constant
deceleration.
10. v =
PAGE 4
(Merit - two of a, b or c)
(Achieved - two of a, b, c or d)
(Merit - three of a, b, c or d)
d 2.5
=
= 1.25 ms 1
t
2
(Achieved)
PHYSICS
Study Tip:
PAGE 5
VELOCITY-TIME GRAPHS
SUMMARY
T he gradient (slope) gives the
acceleration
rise v
=
Acceleration = gradient =
, and is
run t
v
shown by the formula a =
t
Units for acceleration are meters per
second squared (ms-2)
For a complete tutorial on this topic visit www.learncoach.co.nz
PAGE 6
PHYSICS
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
5.
10 12 14
10 11 12
and 4.5 s.
10. Tom and Lisa enter their boats in a drag race. Each
boats speed is measured and recorded for the
first 6 seconds. The table below shows the data.
Time (s)
Tom
Speed (ms )
12
20
25
28
31
33
Lisa
Speed (ms-1)
19
23
25
26
-1
PAGE 7
ANSWERS
NCEA
PRACTICE
1. a = v
t
v
0.2 =
5
v = 1 ms 1
(Achieved - a or b)
(Merit - a and b)
2. a. a = v = 12 = 0.2 ms 2 (Achieved)
t 60
5. a.
(Achieved)
b. Distance travelled = area under graph:
1
b. d A = 60 12 = 360 m
2
d B = 60 12 = 760 m
1
d c = 30 12 = 180 m
2
69
= 27 m (Merit)
2
v 0 8
=
= 1.6 ms 2 (Achieved)
6. a =
t 7 2
d=
7. a.
(Excellence)
3.
b. d = vt
= 9 10
= 90 m
v 30 9
=
= 0.7 ms 2
c. a =
t 44 14
d 783
d. v = =
= 15.66 ms 1
t
50
PAGE 8
(Achieved - two of a, b, c or d)
(Merit - three of a, b, c or d)
(Excellence - all of a, b, c and d)
PHYSICS
8. a. S peed = 8ms-1
b. Uniform speed of 8ms-1, zero acceleration
v
8
=
= 3.2 ms 2
c. a =
t 2.5
d. Distance travelled = area under graph:
d = 0.5 ( 8 2.5 ) + 2 8 + 0.5 ( 0.5 8 )
= 10 + 16 + 2
= 28 m
(Achieved - two of a, b, c or d)
(Merit - three of a, b, c or d)
(Excellence - all of a, b, c and d)
9. a. a = v = 7 = 14 ms 2 (Achieved)
t 0.5
b.
10.
a.
b. 1 4ms-1
c. Between 4.5 and 5 seconds
11. a =
(Achieved - b or c)
(Merit - a, or b and c)
(Excellence - a, b and c)
v 25 10
= 3 ms 2 (Achieved)
=
5
t
(Achieved)
Study Tip:
PAGE 9
FORCE DIAGRAMS
AND CALCULATIONS
SUMMARY
Force is calculated by the
formula F = ma
If there is constant speed, then
the overall force is zero (forces are
balanced)
If there is any acceleration there is
an overall force (Fnet)
The unit of force is, N, Newtons
For a complete tutorial on this topic visit www.learncoach.co.nz
PAGE 10
3.
PHYSICS
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
PAGE 11
ANSWERS
NCEA
PRACTICE
4.
(Excellence)
a.
6.
a.
2. F = ma
= 60 0.2
= 12 N (Achieved)
3. Naming of forces:
Weight / gravity downwards
Support / reaction upwards
Weight and support are equal and opposite forces.
Thrust forward
Friction pushes against motion.
Thrust and friction are equal and opposite forces.
Explanation of motion:
Forces are balanced therefore the net force is zero. As
the bike is already moving in Section B, it will continue
moving at a constant speed as an unbalanced force is
required to change its speed.
(Excellence)
PAGE 12
b.
= 100 2.5
(Achieved
- a or b)
= 250 N
(Merit - a and b)
PHYSICS
7.
(Achieved)
v
t
9
=
0.8
= 11.25 ms 2
F = ma
= 0.15 11.25
= 1.6875 = 1.7 N (2sf)
(Merit)
8. a =
9. When the child and board are going along the concrete
b.
10.
PAGE 13
Study Tip:
Repetition
To burn information into your brain:
Dont study the same topic for a long period
of time
Do learn the information then go over it again:
Within 24 hours (retention goes from 20% to 80%)
Again after a week (retention goes up to 90%)
Again after a month (long term retention)
PAGE 14
PHYSICS
M
ass is the amount of matter that exists in a body (measured in kg)
Weight is a force of how hard gravity is pulling a mass downwards (measured in N)
Weight can be calculated by Fgravity = mg
Gravity can be taken as 10 m.s-2
For a complete tutorial on this topic visit www.learncoach.co.nz
1. A car hangs motionless on the end of a cranes cable. The force applied by the crane is 13 000 N.
Use the value of the cranes force to determine the mass of the car. Give an appropriate unit
for you answer. In your answer, you should include an explanation of the difference between
mass and weight.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
5.
PAGE 15
ANSWERS
NCEA
1. FW = mg
F
m= W
g
13000
=
10
= 1300 kg
The car is motionless; therefore the vertical forces
are balanced. The weight force on the car must equal
the force applied by crane to the car.
Mass is the amount of material (matter) in the object
(not the amount atoms / particles).
Weight is the gravitational force on the object (not
the amount of gravity).
(Excellence)
3. weight = mg
= (100 + 55 + 60 + 45 + 50) 10
(Achieved)
= 3100 N
4. weight = mg
= 1580 10
= 15800 N (Achieved)
5. weight = mg
= 160 10
= 1600 N
(Achieved)
PRACTICE
2. weight = mg
= 35 10
= 350 N
(Achieved)
Study Tip:
Retrieving Information
Dont just put information into your brain.
Do practice getting the information out of your brain.
Retrieving the stored information in your brain by answering lots
of questions is more effective than reading or taking notes and
makes us stronger in exams.
PAGE 16
PHYSICS
Study Tip:
Time Management
This is the key to successful study.
You need to:
Decide how to best use the hours you have each day, week,
and term
Schedule study times and free time!
Stick to your schedule
After each study session, write down the next session time and
what you plan to study
PAGE 17
ENERGY
SUMMARY
Types of energy:
Gravitational Potential Energy E p = mgh
Kinetic Energy Ek =
1 2
mv
2
b.
Study Tip:
Challenge Yourself
Dont: practice questions that are too easy your brain
discounts the information as not important.
Do: Challenge yourself the information is more likely to stick
(and you learn how to solve difficult problems!)
PAGE 18
PHYSICS
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Ek =
1 2
mv
2
Top of Jump
Middle of Jump
Bottom of Jump
PAGE 19
ANSWERS
NCEA
1.
2.
E p = mgh
5100 = 60 10 h
5100 = 600h
h = 8.5 m
d
t
110
=
36.7
= 3 ms-1
1
b. Ek = mv 2
2
1
= 80 82
2
= 2560 J
d 20
=
= 3.33 ms 1
t
6
1 2
Ek = mv
2
= 1 / 2 60 3.332
= 333.333
= 333 J (3sf)
(Excellence)
4.
(Merit)
a. v =
(Achieved)
m = 60kg
1
5. a.
Ek = mv 2
2
1
= 0.12 252
2
= 37.5 J
(Achieved)
E p = mgh
37.5 = 0.12 10 h
37.5 = 1.2h
(Merit)
h = 31.25 m
1 2
6. Ek = mv
2
1
= 60 52
2
(Achieved)
= 750 J
b.
(Merit)
E p = mgh
= 80 10 4.8
= 3840 J
7. E p = mgh
= 7000 10 4
= 280000 J
(Achieved)
1 2
mv
2
1
= 0.5 32
2
= 2.25 J
(Achieved)
9. E p = mgh
= 0.18 10 3
= 5.4 J
(Achieved)
8. Ek =
PRACTICE
3.
v=
10. a.
Position
Top of Jump
Gravitational Potential
Middle of Jump
Bottom of Jump
Elastic Potential
PAGE 20
PHYSICS
Study Tip:
Sing Songs
Its corny but it really works!
Take facts or ideas you need to learn. Transform them into a
goofy poem, song or rap.
Its:
Easier to learn
Easier to recall
Not so boring
Best for learning facts
PAGE 21
W
ork is a force carried out over a distance, W = Fd . If no distance has been travelled, there is
no work
Work is a type of energy, so sometimes E = W. Therefore, units for work are Joules (J)
P
ower is how fast something does work, P =
t
Units for power are Watts (W)
For a complete tutorial on this topic visit www.learncoach.co.nz
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
PAGE 22
PHYSICS
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Study Tip:
Quizzing
Being quizzed by a person is easier and more fun than learning
from a textbook.
But remember, if you are doing it with a friend, stay on task!
PAGE 23
ANSWERS
NCEA
1.
W = Fd
= 12 12.5
= 150 J
W 150
P=
=
= 30 W (Excellence)
5
t
3.
b. W = Fd
= 16000 24
= 384000 J
W 384000
=
= 4800 W
P=
t
80
(Excellence)
PRACTICE
4. a.
W = Fd
= 3500 20
= 70000 J
(Achieved)
b. The car has gained gravitational potential energy
when driven up and parked at the top of the hill.
E p = mgh
= 1300 10 5
= 65000 J
5.
a. F = ma
= 1700 3
= 5100 N
PAGE 24
(Achieved)
b. W = Fd
= 5100 100
= 510000 J
W 510000
=
= 51000 W
P=
t
10
(Excellence)
6. a. F = ma
= 5 2
= 10 N
(Achieved)
b. W = Fd
= 10 100
= 1000 J
(Achieved)
7. W = mgh = Fd
= 3100 300
= 930000 J
= 930 kJ
(Excellence)
8. W = Fd
= 850 200
= 170000 J
= 170 kJ
(Achieved)
9. W = Fd
= 8000 25
= 200000 J
= 200 kJ
(Achieved)
10. W = mgh
= 60 10 20
= 12000 J
= 12 kJ
(Achieved)
11. W = Fd
= 6500 35
= 227500 J
W 227500
=
P=
t
4
= 56875 W
(Excellence)
12. Trains have a very large mass and therefore possess
PHYSICS
Study Tip:
Difficult Areas
If you are struggling:
Dont spend hours trying to understand
Do:
Write the problem down as precisely as possible so
someone can help
Ask a teacher they will be pleased to help, its their job!
Or ask a parent, sibling or friend
Dont be afraid to ask!
PAGE 25
PRESSURE
SUMMARY
F
P
ressure is the measure of the force over a certain area, P =
A
Pressure can be increased by:
Increasing the force
AND/OR
Decreasing the area
The units for pressure are Newtons per metre squared (Nm-2) or Pascals (P)
PAGE 26
PHYSICS
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
b.
Study Tip:
PAGE 27
ANSWERS
NCEA
1. a.
F
i. P =
A
40 10
=
0.0165
= 24242.42 Nm 2
FW = 77 10 = 770 N
A = (0.12 0.27) 2 = 0.0648 m 2
770
P=
= 11883 Nm 2
0.0648
F
A
40 10
=
0.0006
= 666666.67 Nm 2
ii. P =
PRACTICE
3. a.
i.
F
A
800
=
0.32
= 2500 Nm 2
P=
(Excellence)
F
P =
so if A is bigger then the pressure
A
must be smaller or vice versa.
PAGE 28
F
A
38 10
0.000001 20
= 19, 000, 000 Nm 2
P=
(Excellence)
ii. P =
F
A
38 10
0.000001100
= 3, 800, 000 Nm 2 (Merit - i or ii)
=
b.
(Excellence - i and ii)
It is possible for a person to stand or sit on a bed
of nails due to the lower pressure. As can be
seen from part a, the more nails there are the
less the pressure that is applied.
An increase in nails means an increase in surface
area and since the force being applied (Lucys
mass) is constant the pressure will decrease.
Our skin can withstand a certain pressure before
it is punctured and standing or lying on a bed of
nails doesnt exceed that threshold. Standing on
a single nail means there is a very high pressure
on a single point which is much more likely to
cause injury.
(Excellence)
F
F
4. =
A
a. P =
A
P
75000
=
A = 0.25 m 2 (Merit)
300000
b. Due to the constraint of the window surrounds,