Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2009 - 2011
SHIP OPERATIONS
Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
CONTENTS
Types of Ships
Ship Organization
Cargo Operations
Hands-on Activity 1
Hands-on Activity 2
Ship Motions
Ship Stability
Hands-on Activity 3
Hands-on Activity 4
Hands-on Activity 5
5 min
5 min
40 min
25 min
30 min
10 min
20 min
10 min
25 min
10 min
Total 3 hrs
Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Types of Ships
Drill Ship: Vessels carrying
out drilling operations,
equipped with drilling rig
and its own propulsion
machinery
visual.merriam-webster.com/.../drill-ship.php
Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Types of Ships
Container Vessel: Ship
specially designed to carry
standard containers
Float-On/Float-Off:
Special Vessels which
may be submerged to
allow the floating on or
off of cargo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_ship
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Float_on_Floa...
Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Types of Ships
Barge: A flat bottomed boat
used for transport of heavy
goods.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thames_gravel_barge.jpg
Marine Tech
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Barge
Bulk carrier
Container Vessel
Drill ship
Tug Boats
Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
SHIP ORGANIZATION
The captain/Master is the highest responsible officer,
acting on behalf of the ships owner
Captain/Master
Deck
Department
Engine
Department
Steward
Department
Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
SHIP ORGANIZATION
Deck Department:
The department is
responsible for
ships overall
appearance,
preservation and
for safely
receiving,
discharging and
caring of cargo
during a voyage.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck_officer
9
Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
SHIP ORGANIZATION
Deck Department Personnel
Duties
Cargo Operations
and Stability
Chief Mate
Second Mate
In charge of
navigation
Third Mate
Safety Officer
Boatswain
Able Seamen
Deck duties
Ordinary seamen
Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
SHIP ORGANIZATION
Engineering Department:
The department responsible
for getting the ship to and
from anywhere and
responsible for all the
equipment used throughout
the ship
www.maritime-connector.com/ContentDetails/168
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
SHIP ORGANIZATION
Engine Department Personnel
Chief Engineer
Duties
Oversee Engine Department and
maintenance of equipment
Second Engineer
Third Engineer
Fourth Engineer
Oiler
Pump man
Ordinary seamen
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
SHIP ORGANIZATION
Steward Department:
The department
responsible for
maintaining the ships
store , providing repair
parts, laundry services
and also feeding the
people
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward's_Department
Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
SHIP ORGANIZATION
Steward Department Personnel
Duties
Chief Steward
Chief Cook
Stewards
Assistant
Preparing and
serving meals
and keeping
inventory
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
SHIP ORGANIZATION
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
SHIP ORGANIZATION
In charge of everything aboard ship
Master
Maintenance of ship and stowage of cargo
Chief Mate
In charge of machinery aboard ship
Chief Engineer
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Cargo Operations
Stowage of Cargo
Loading / Unloading Cargo
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Cargo Operations
Goods carried by a ship
are known as cargo
Stowage:
Stowage is the amount of
room for storing cargo on
board a ship
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Types of Cargo
Bulk Cargo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_cargo
Container Cargo
www.etftrends.com
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Principles of Stowage
The fundamental objectives of cargo stowage are:
- To protect the ship
- To protect the cargo
- To obtain the maximum use of available cubic of ship
- To provide for rapid and systematic loading
and discharging
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Stowage of Cargo
Cargo is stowed in holds and tanks of the ships
Cargo holds
www.hesnes.no/company/saga/cargo.jsp?id=23
Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Loading/Unloading Cargo
Ships designed for carrying large amounts of cargo must
take on ballast water for proper stability.
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Loading/Unloading Cargo
Ballast would be discarded when the cargo is loaded.
deck
earthsys.ag.ohio-state.edu
Water
level
Water
level
Ballast
Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
Tanks
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Loading/Unloading Cargo
Cargo In - 1
1
2
At source port
Cargo out - 3
4
Ballast Water In - 4
At destination port
Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Loading Cargo
There are three basic
methods of arranging
items in cargo hold:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_loading
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Loading Cargo
1. Horizontally:
When a single item or
class of items is to be
stored in a layer that fills
from side to side and front
to rear.
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Loading Cargo
2. Vertically:
Items are stored in columns
that go from top of the hold on
down so that several types of
items are available during any
stage of emptying hold
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Loading Cargo
3. In Blocks:
Assortments of
various types of
items are made up
and loaded together.
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
HANDSON ACTIVITY - 1
Loading Cargo
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Stowage of Cargo
Volume
Given a certain amount of cargo what is the
amount of space that will be consumed in
stowing it?
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Stowage of Cargo
Weight
Given certain volume of space what is the
number of tons, units or pieces that will go
into the space?
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Stowage of Cargo
A value that is used to answer the above two
questions:
Stowage Factor
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Stowage of Cargo
Stowage Factor:
The stowage factor is defined as the number of cubic feet
required to stow 1 ton of a given cargo.
f = 2,240/D cu ft/ton
= 2,240 x V/W cu ft/ton
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Stowage of Cargo
Where,
f = Stowage factor
D = Density of the commodity in pounds per cubic
foot
2,240 = The number of pounds in 1 long ton
V = Volume of the container
W = Weight of container in pounds
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Stowage of Cargo
A cargo consisting of cases weighing 400 pounds and
measuring 2.5 feet x 1 feet x 1 feet to be stowed. Find
stowage factor(f)?
f = 2240 *V/W
V = 2.5 x 1 x 1= 2.5 cu ft
W = 400 pounds
f = 2240 x 2.5/400
f = 14 cu ft/ton
Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Stowage of Cargo
Broken Stowage:
The cargo space which is unavoidably lost when stowing cargo
due to the type and nature of cargo loaded.
Broken
Stowage
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Stowage of Cargo
V = Volume of cargo hold
v = Volume of cargo
stowed in V
Broken
Stowage
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Stowage of Cargo
Given a certain volume of space(V), a cargo with a stowage
factor(f) and estimated broken stowage percentage (L) the
number of tons(T) of cargo that will fit into space is
T = (V *(1-L)) / f
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Stowage of Cargo
The volume of the cargo hold is 60,000 cu ft. Estimated broken
stowage is 10 percent and stowage factor is 56. Find the
number of tons(T) that can be stowed in the hold?
T = (V *(1-L)) / f
T = 60000*0.9/56
T = 964 tons
42
Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
BREAK
5 minutes
Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Cargo Loading
Water Line
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Cargo Loading
A ship can be fully loaded in three ways:
1. FULL IN WEIGHT: It can be full in weight when it
is at its maximum draft
Draft line
Water line
Max draft
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Cargo Loading
2. FULL IN SPACE: It can be full in space when the hold is
filled up to the hatch covers
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Cargo Loading
3. FULL AND DOWN: It is full in weight as well as in space
Max draft
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
HANDSON ACTIVITY - 2
Cargo Loading
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Cargo Loading
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Cargo Loading
Step 1: Calculate the volume of the cargo hold (V) :
Measure the height (h) ,width (w) and depth (d).
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Cargo Loading
Step 2: Load the ship till the ship is at its maximum draft.
Water line
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Cargo Loading
Max draft
Water line
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Cargo Loading
Step 3: Calculate total volume occupied by the cargo(v) :
Step 4: Calculate percentage of broken stowage :
L= (V-v) / V *100
L : The percentage of broken stowage
V : Volume of cargo hold
v : Volume of cargo stowed in V
Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Cargo Loading
Types of Cranes Used:
Container being
loaded on a ship
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Cargo Loading
Another type of
Gantry Crane
55
Marine Tech
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Cargo Loading
Bulk handling
crane used for lifting
bulk cargoes
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Cargo Loading
Deck cranes are located
on ships and boats and
used for cargo loading
and unloading where
shore unloading facilities
are not available
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Marine Tech
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Ship Motions
Pitch: Vessel rotates
about the transverse
(side-to-side) axis.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_motions
Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
59
Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Ship Motions
Yaw: Vessel rotates
about vertical
(up/down) axis.
Surge: Linear
longitudinal
(front/back) motion.
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Ship Motions
Heave : Linear
vertical (up/down)
motion.
Sway: Linear
lateral (side-toside) motion.
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Marine Tech
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Surge
Roll
Pitch
Heave
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Marine Tech
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Ship Stability
The stability of a vessel refers
to its ability to stay upright in
the water.
celebrating200years.noaa.gov/.../cargo-ship.html 63
Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Ship Stability
If too much weight is in the upper decks of ship, the ship will
have small amount of stability and be in a condition known as
tender.
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Marine Tech
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Ship Stability
Hogging too much weight at the ends
Fore
Aft
Aft
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Ship Stability
While stowing the cargo, the only necessity
is to ensure that the weight is equal on both
sides of the ships centerline
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Ship Stability
The initial stability of a ship
refers to the relationship
between three important
points on it.
G
B
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Center of Gravity
The center of gravity
(G) is the point at
which the whole
weight of the vessel
can be said to act
vertically downward.
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Marine Tech
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Center of Gravity
As a general rule a
lower center of gravity
means a more stable
vessel
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Marine Tech
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Center of Buoyancy
A body submerged wholly or
partially in a fluid is buoyed
up by a force equal to the
weight of the fluid displaced.
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
HANDSON ACTIVITY - 3
Find Center of Gravity and Center of Buoyancy
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Metacenter
Line through B
When ship is in
equilibrium
M
G
B
Line through B
When ship is
inclined
M
G
Metacenter is the
intersection between
the line through the
center of buoyancy of a
hull in equilibrium, the
line through the center
of buoyancy when the
hull is inclined slightly
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacentric_height
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Metacentric Height GM
GM
M
G
B
M
G
Metacentric Height
(GM) is the distance
between the metacenter
and the center of gravity
of the vessel.
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Metacentric Height GM
Adding or shifting
weights vertically
causes center of gravity
to move in the same
direction.
If center of gravity is
too high the ship
becomes unstable.
www.caradvice.com.au/date/2006/07
Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Metacentric Height GM
If Meta center(M) is
above the Center of
Gravity(CG) the ship is
stable. Will tend to
upright itself when tilted
by a wave.
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Metacentric Height GM
If Meta center(M) is
below the Center of
Gravity(CG) the ship is
unstable. Will not
upright itself if tilted by
a wave.
G
M
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
HANDSON ACTIVITY - 4
Metacentric Height
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Marine Tech
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Metacentric Height GM
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Marine Tech
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Metacentric Height GM
Shift in Center of
Gravity = GG1= (w*d)/W
G = Original center of gravity
G1= New center of gravity
d = distance moved in cm
W = weight of ship
w = weight of washers
Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
d w
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Marine Tech
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Metacentric Height GM
AB
Plumb
Line
Plumb
Weight
BC
Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
http://www.tc.gc.ca/marinesafety/Tp/tp10038/27-stab-free-surface-effect.htm
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Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
Marine Tech
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Marine Tech
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HANDSON ACTIVITY - 5
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Review of Topics
88
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