PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT
TOPIC: TO CONSTRUCT AN AMPLIFIER USING A
TRANSISTOR
MADE BY: Chinmay Shah
CLASS - XII-B
GUIDED BY Mrs. Soma Bandyopadhyay
BOARD ROLL NO.

Chinmay Shah

Physics Investigatory Project

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Chinmay Shah, student of class
XII-B has successfully completed the Physics Project
under the guidance of Mrs. Soma Bandyopadhyay.
This project is genuine and is not plagiarism of any
kind. The references used in making this project file
are declared at the end of the file.
Externals Sign:

Internals Sign:

______________

_____________

Principals signature
School stamp
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Chinmay Shah

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to
the Principal, Mrs Murial Fernandez, Ryan International
School, Sanpada for her encouragement and for all the
facilities she has provided for this project work.
I extend my hearty thanks to my subject teacher Mrs.
Soma Bandyopadhyay and Lab Assistant Devesh Sir who
guided me to the successful completion of this project. I
take this opportunity to express my deep sense of
gratitude for their invaluable guidance, constant
encouragement and immense motivation which has
sustained my efforts at all stages of this project work. I
cant forget to offer my sincere thanks to my classmates
who helped me to carry out this project work successfully
and for their valuable advice and support which I received
for them time to time.

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Physics Investigatory Project

INDEX
Sr No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
13

Transistor as Amplifier

Contents
Aim of the Experiment
Introduction
Apparatus Required
Circuit Diagram
Theory
Procedure
Observations
Graph
Result
Conclusion
Precautions
Bibliography

Page No.
5
6
9
10
11
13
14
16
17
18
19
20

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Physics Investigatory Project

AIM
To construct amplifier using n-p-n
transistor and study its current gain and
identify its active region

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Chinmay Shah

INTRODUCTION

An Amplifier is a device which is used for multiplying the Amplitude of

variation of alternating voltage or current or power.

Heres a diagram of how an amplifier works:

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch

electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of
semiconductor material with three terminals for connection to an
external circuit.

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Emitter (E): It is the left hand side thick layer of the transistor which is
heavily doped;
Base (B): It is a central thin layer of transistor which is lightly doped;
Collector (C): It is the right hand side thick layer of the transistor which is
moderately doped;
A p-n-p junction transistor is obtained by growing a thin layer of thin layer
of n-type semi-conductor in between two relatively thick layers of p-type
semi-conductor.

A n-p-n junction transistor is obtained by growing a thin layer p-type semiconductor in between two relatively thick layers of n-type semi-conductor.

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Chinmay Shah

In this experiment, we will use a n-p-n transistor.

The common-emitter amplifier is designed so that a small change in voltage
(Vin) changes the small current through the base of the transistor; the
transistor's current amplification combined with the properties of the
circuit mean that small swings in Vin produce large changes in Vout.
Various configurations of single transistor amplifier are possible, with some
providing current gain, some voltage gain, and some both.
From mobile phones to televisions, vast numbers of products include
amplifiers for sound reproduction, radio transmission, and signal
processing. The first discrete-transistor audio amplifiers barely supplied a
few hundred milliwatts, but power and audio fidelity gradually increased
as better transistors became available and amplifier architecture evolved.
Modern transistor audio amplifiers of up to a few hundred watts are
common and relatively inexpensive.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

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Physics Investigatory Project

1. A n-p-n transistor;
2. Two battery eliminators;
3. Two High resistance Rheostats;
4. Connecting Wires;
5. Two One Way keys;
6. Two Ammeters;
7. Two Voltmeters;

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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THEORY
The circuit details using an n-p-n transistor as a common base amplifier are
shown in the circuit diagram
The base is common to both the input and the output circuits.
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The input (Emitter Base) circuit is forward biased by using a low voltage
battery Vbb.
The output (collector base) circuit is reverse biased by using a high
voltage battery Vcc.
Let Ie, Ib and Ic be the emitter current, base current and collector current
respectively. Then, according to Kirchhoffs first law:

Ie = Ib + Ic
Current Gain ()=

Output Current
Input Current

( is defined as AMPLIFICATION and generally has a large value of)

Voltage gain =

=
=

Output Voltage

Vo
=
Input Voltage
Vi

Ic.RL
IB.Ri

In the output circuit,

Vcc = Vce - VL
Vce = Vcc - VL
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Vce = Vcc - Ic.RL

(1)

Transition output is Vce

When Input signal forward biases the ( - E) section, Ic section is large:

ICRL > Vcc and Vce is negative from eqn. (1)

When input section is reverse biased, by signal,

Ic.RL 0
So,
Vce = Vcc (approx.)
c
Output is therefore 180 out of phase w.r.t input and hence, a second stage
of amplification is required.

PROCEDURE
Connect the apparatus accordingly as shown in the circuit diagram.
Determine the least count and the zero errors of voltmeters and
ammeters.
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Physics Investigatory Project

Keep the potential of the battery Vb at a low voltage

Make all the connections neat, clean and tight.
Note the Least count
Increase the voltage from input battery Vb from 0 to 0.6 V.
Note the input current at this point.
Now increase the input current by changing the resistance of rheostat
and record the corresponding output current.
Ensure that the input voltage does not exceed 1 V (input and output
voltage will change correspondingly).
Plot the readings of the current taken in the graph of Current (inp) vs

Current (out).

OBSERVATIONS
VOLTMETER
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Least count of Voltmeter (Vi)= 0.2 V

Range of Voltmeter (Vi)= 10 V
Zero Error of voltmeter (Vi)= 0 V
Least count of Voltmeter (Vo)= 0.2 V
Range of Voltmeter (Vo)= 10 V
Zero Error of Voltmeter (Vo)= 0 V

AMMETER
1. Least count of Milliammeter (inp)= 2 mA
2. Range of Milliammeter (inp)= 100 mA
3. Zero error of Milliammeter (inp)= 0 mA

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4. Least count of Milliammeter (out)= 10 mA

5. Range of Milliammeter (out)= 500 mA
6. Zero error of Milliammeter (out)= 0 mA

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Current(Input)(mA)
0.09
0.14
0.25
0.31
0.41
0.47
1.1
1.2
1.3
Transistor as Amplifier

Current(Output)(mA)
1.13
1.36
2.1
2.24
2.9
3.15
11
12.9
13.7
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2.1
2.5
4.2

16.7
19
21.1

Current (inp) vs. Current (out):

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20

Current (out)

15

10

0
0.09

0.14

0.25

0.31

0.41

0.47

1.1

1.2

1.3

2.1

Current (inp)

RESULT
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1. As seen from the graph, the active region with

maximum current amplification is from 0.41A to
2.0A.
2. Current gain(amplification)() =

= 8.48

3. A minimum of 0.6V needs to be provided as activation

voltage to input part of circuit, i.e., base-emitter (BE)
section.

CONCLUSION
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With the experiments carried out in the laboratory to

study the characteristics of the NPN transistor
proved the aim defined in the report. The NPN
transistor has got current amplification in the tune of
8.5 in the region of 0.4 to 2 ma.

PRECAUTIONS
All the instruments for current and voltage should be of

proper range and least count.

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There should be a proper forward and reverse biasing to

the transistor input and output section by connecting the

batteries with proper polarities.
The readings in voltmeters Vi and Vo should be zero before
switching on the batteries.
Never exceed the ratings for the current given in the
transistor manual.

A n-p-n transistor which broke due to

the passage of excessive current.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
colorado.edu/physics/phys3330/PDF/Experiment7.pdf
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor#Transistor_as_an_amplifier
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_emitter
230nsc1.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/npnce.html
tedpavlic.com/teaching/osu/ece327/lab1_bjt/lab1_bjt_transistor_
basics.pdf
hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/trans.html

BOOKS

Comprehensive Lab manual PHYSICS Class 12;

Pradeep Reference Guide for Physics-Class 12;
NCERT Physics Part -II Class 12;

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