Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

ES 623/ PE 610
DIGITAL SIGNAL
PROCESSING
Lecture 19
Analog Filter Design

Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

Last Session
Introduction to DIF FFT Algorithm
Introduction to analog filters
Introduction to Butterworth filters

22 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

Design of Low pass Filters

22 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

Butterworth Filters
Magnitude squared frequency response :
2

H N ( j) =

1 +
c

2N

N is the order
c is the 3 dB cut off frequency in rad/sec
HP(j ) is prototype BW filter with c =1
22 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

Normalized Butterworth filter response

(Prototype)
1
H ( j ) =
2N
1 + ( )

H NP ( j)

P
N

0.707

c=1

22 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

is called maximally flat at the origin

since all order derivatives exist and are zero.

H N ( j)

22 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

As N gets larger, H ( j) approaches an ideal

lowpass response. .
2

22 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

Roll-off of Butterworth filters

GN () / dB

= 10 log[1 + ( / ) ]
2N

Roll-off = -20N dB/decade

22 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

Design of LP BW filters

22 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

Design of LP BW filters
The order of the filter is given by:

22 October 2010

[(

Gs /10

log 10

)(

Gp /10

1 / 10
2 log s / p

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

)]

10

Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

Cut-off frequency is given by:

c =
c =

(10

0 .1 G p

1
2N

or

(10

0 .1G s

1
2N

* Decided based on which specification has to be exactly met

22 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

11

Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

Transfer function
The poles occur in complex conjugate pairs &
should lie on LHP of s-plane.
The transfer function of normalized filter
HN(s) has zeros at infinity & poles uniformly
placed on unit circle at the following locations:

sk = e
22 October 2010

j ( 2 k + N 1) / 2 N

; k = 1,2,3,.......N

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

12

Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

Transfer function
HN(s) = 1/BN(s) where BN(s) is BW polynomial for
normalized LPP BW filter.

22 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

13

Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

The Polynomials Cont

H ( s ) / =c
22 October 2010

1
=
BN ( s / c )

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

14

Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

Example
1. Determine the lowest order of a Butterworth
LP filter with 1 dB attenuation at 1 KHz and a
minimum attenuation of 40 dB at 5 KHz.
Using

[(

log 10

Gs / 10

)(

G p / 10

1 / 10
2 log s / p

)]

N>=3.2811 or N=4
22 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

15

Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

Example
2. A Butterworth filter is to meet the following
specifications:
Ap = 1dB for = 4rad/sec
As 20 dB for 8 rad/sec.
Find the transfer function H(s) of the filter.
Ans: N=5
H (s) =

22 October 2010

2012.4
s 5 + 14.82s 4 + 109.8s 3 + 502.6 s 2 + 1422.3s + 2012

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

16

Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

Next Session
Design of highpass, bandpass and bandstop
filters
Introduction to Digital filters

22 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

17

Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore

Thank You

22 October 2010

Dr.Shikha Tripathi,ASE, Bangalore

18