Need of Studying Water Resources Engg

Water
One of the important matter for human life (next to air)
Which has no shape but has definite volume

Introduction to Water Resources

Engineering

Socio-economic status poor and rich

Status of people
developed developing underdeveloped

Cause for life and death

Cause for the integrity and fight

Contd
Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering
involves People, Natural Resources, Constructed facilities
Population: people plants- animal
ever increasing
need of resources are also ever increasing
Natural resources
Are limited
Used extensively
Wasted due to mismanagement

Constructed facilities
Is not coping with increasing demand
Facilities are becoming excessively loaded

Contd
In meeting the water related needs
Hydrologists
Assess the quantity of water available for human use
Spatial and temporal variations in the water availability
Various processes that affects the water availability
Need to forecast the hydrological variables- to find how much it is?

Water Resources Engineers

Formulate and implement resource management strategies
Carried out when the demand is always less than the supply (availability)

Plan, design, construct and operate the water resources structural

facilities
When demand is more than the supply (availability)
Develop models to meet the demand with the available resources

Reaching their designed capacities

Contd
Some of the Hydrology and Water Resources related facilities

A Dam

River regulation structures

Dams, weirs, barrages, river protection works

Wells for pumping ground water

Storage and conveyance facilities
Dams, canals, over head tanks, etc.

Treatment plants
Water distribution networks
Strom water drainage systems
Waste water management systems
Flood damage reduction measures
Erosion mitigation practices
Drought mitigation
Hydro-electric power plants

A Weir

A Barrage

According to the World Commission on Dams, a key difference betn a barrage and a dam is
that
a dam is built for water storage in a reservoir, which raises the level of water significantly.
A barrage is built for diverting water, and raises the water level only a few feet; they are
generally built on flat terrain across wide, often meandering rivers.

River meandering

River Godavari

River Ganga

River Krishna

River Tapti

Narmada River

Cauvery River

River training works

River Protection works (Walls)

Wells for pumping ground water

Water Supply

Over head tanks

Drinking Water Treatment Plants

Irrigation
canals

Waste water
Treatment plants

Assessing the Flood Damage

Flood Mitigation works

Flood damaged paddy field

Drought

Storm water drainage

Hydrologists and Water Resources engineers serve

the PUBLIC / SOCIETY by
solving problems and addressing needs related to
developing and/or maintaining the physical infrastructure
protecting and/or restoring the environment

Hence, Every Civil Engineer

need to study this subject !

Contd

Subjects related to Water Resources Engineering

Irrigation Engineering
Hydrology
Occurrence, distribution, movement and properties of
waters of the earth
Understanding of various hydrologic processes, data collection and
analysis, mathematical modeling etc.,
To predict the hydrological variables and also to develop planning
models

Hydraulics
Mechanical behavior of water in physical systems
Practical application of the principles of fluid mechanics
Flow through open channels, pressure conduits etc.,

Reservoir, and canal operation

Optimal cropping patterns
Managing large scale irrigation systems
Command area development

Environmental Engineering
Sanitary Engineering and Waste Water Engineering

Provision of safe palatable and ample water supply

Disposal and/or recycling of waste water
Solid waste management
Air, Land and Water pollution control
Health Hazards

Sediment transport etc.,

Contd
Water Resources Systems Engineering
Formulation and evaluation of alternative plans
Subject to
Natural laws and engineering principles
Economic constraints
Institutional capability
Financial capability
Social constraints
Legal constraints
Political constraints

Use of Hydrology in
WATER MANAGEMENT
Surface water

Ground water
Development
Control
Regulation
Protection

Beneficial use

Activities in Hydrology &

Water Management
Policy formulation
Inter-national resources
National resources
Central Government
Regional resources
State Government
Local resources
Municipalities
Regulatory function
- Central Government
Formulation and implementation of resources management
- State Government
Planning, design, construction, maintenance, rehabilitation and operation of
structures and facilities
- Central and State Government Agencies in support with WUA & NGO
Scientific and engineering research
- Research Institutions
Education and Training
- Central, State Government training centers and other research organiz.

Purposes of Hydrology & Water Resources Development

and Management
Water Supply (Storage & Diversion) for Consumptive
use
Agricultural use
Municipal and Industrial use

Inland Water Use

Hydro-electric power generation
Inland navigation
Water-based recreation

Storm water management

Storm water drainage design and management

Contd
Flood Mitigation
Flood damage reduction
Erosion and sedimentation control
Soil and water conservation

Multi-purpose project development and management

Command area development

Recycling and reuse of water
Rainwater harvesting
Aquifer recharging

SWOT Analysis of Water Resources

Environmental management
Waste water collection, treatment and disposal
Water quality management
Protection/restoration/enhancement of biological resources

SWOT Analysis

SWOT analysis of Water Resources

SWOT- Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats

Strength
India is gifted with large number of rivers
400 x 1010 m3 of water available

Weakness
Spatial and temporal distribution
The
Process
of SWOT

Rainfall of 11,500 mm at Cherrapunji and 215 mm at Jaisalamer

69 x1010 m3 is utilizable form
Storage is insufficient to meet the demand
Monsoon failure or excess rainfall in one monsoon

Pollution of the existing resources

Non awareness among various water users
There is no judicial use
There is no efficient, effective and economic utilization (EEE)

Contd

Contd
Reservoirs

Opportunities

Improper operation
Topography does not allow construction of very large dams
Improper understanding of the hydrological phenomena
Complex interaction between human and nature

Aquifers
Problems in identification of GW zones / recharge zones
Site specific detailed study needed for each and every aquifer

Over exploited
Pumpage more than recharge

Waterlogging / salinity
Due to over irrigation
Improper drainage arrangements

Contd
Threats

Large spatial and temporal variations

Paving of good aquifer areas
Demand is ever increasing
Sociological problems

Implementation of best polices

Irreversible pollution made
Awareness programs back fire

In 90% of the countries, there is inland water resources problem

Non-availability
Excess availability
Internal water sharing disputes

10% of the countries have cross country water resources problem

To store them in small reservoirs

To store more water in aquifer proper management
To operate the reservoirs optimally
To allocate water to various users
To maximize the economic return

Augment the sources

On farm developmental works
Reuse or recycling
Creating awareness of judicial use among various users
Developing efficient, effective and economic utilization
methodologies

Activities in Hydrology & Water

Management

Policy formulation
Inter-national resources Sponsoring Institute
National resources
Central Government
Regional resources
State Government
Local resources
Municipalities
Regulatory function
- Central Government
Formulation and implementation of resources management resources
- State Government
Planning, design, construction, maintenance, rehabilitation and operation of
structures and facilities
- Central and State Government Agencies in support with WUA & NGO
Scientific and engineering research
- Research Institutions
Education and Training
- Central, State Government training centers and other research org.