Surface runoff plays an important role in the recycling process.

Not only does it

replenish lakes, streams, and groundwater; it also creates the landscape by
eroding topography and transporting the material elsewhere.

 Hydrologic cycle
P = RO + ET + S,
Where,

P precipitation
RO runoff
ET evapotranspiration
S storage

RO , in mm or m3s-1

RO = surface runoff + groundwater discharge = river discharge

BAGAIMANAKAH DATA HUJAN

DICERAP DI LAPANGAN?

Rainfall Measurement

Distrometer
Rain Sensor

Drop Counting
Gauge

Syphon Gauge
Optical Gauge

Tipping Bucket Gauge

BAGAIMANAKAH DATA HUJAN YANG DICERAP

MELALUI PELBAGAI KAEDAH DIPERSEMBAHKAN
DAN PENGGUNAANNYA ?

Taburan data berdasarkan maklumat

setiap stesen hujan kajicuaca Malaysia (berdasarkan kepada kaedah isoyethal)

Aplikasi GIS dalam analisis data hujan di Negeri Sembilan

0mm
175

1 65

0 mm

17

22

00m
20

00

mm

00 m

50
15

mm
Sem pada n Neger i Se m bi lan
Kontur Isoyet (m m )
1550
1600
1650
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
2100
2150
2200

215

0mm

30

30 Kilometers

Perubahan sumber air di Negeri Sembilan

Kelinchi
Ulu Muar

Nilai CV sumber air

0.25
0.35
0.45
0.5
Empangan utama

Gemencih

Sg Terip
Pedas
N

40

40 Kilometers
S

Tolok hujan konvensional

The surface of the water in the gauge looks curved.

How do I know where to read?

As water fills up the measuring tube, a curved surface is formed called a meniscus. This
meniscus is formed by the surface tension of a liquid in contact with the sides of the tube.
Always read the base of the meniscus when taking measurements. Here is an illustration to
help you understand this process.

I know some rain fell, but there is nothing (or just a tiny bit
but less than 0.01 mm) in my gauge. What should I report?

We call this a "trace" of rain. This should be reported as "T" on your reports.
Even if there were just a few drops that don't even dampen the gauge, you should still
report a trace.

Hujan kawasan (areal rainfall) ?

Keperluannya?

Areal rainfall is obtained from point data by an arithmetic method

(see Chow et al (1988)
Stesen A = 4.5mm
Stesen B = 5.6mm
Stesen C = 34.8 mm
Total areal rainfall = 4.5 + 5.6+ 34.8 = 14.9mm

Sankey catchment , UK

105km

Rainfall station
75km

Thiessen Method. This technique has the advantage of being quick to apply for multiple storms because it
uses fixed sub-areas. It is based on the hypothesis that, for every point in the area, the best estimate of
rainfall is the measurement physically closest to that point. This concept is implemented by drawing
perpendicular bisectors to straight lines connecting each two raingages. This yields, when the watershed
boundary is included, a set of closed areas known as Thiessen polygons. An example with four gages, A - D, i
shown below:

As a computational example, assume the areas enclosed by the four Thiessen

polygons are: A = 11 ha.; B = 9 ha.; C = 8 ha.; and D = 15 ha. These areas are, of
course, constant and need be measured only once. For a given storm, the gages
recorded the following precipitation amounts: A = 1.81 mm, B = 2.25 mm, C = 2.07
mm and D = 1.53 mm. Using the above weighted averaging formula, the Thiessen
average precipitation estimate for the entire watershed is:

In contrast, the simple arithmetic average of precipitations is 1.91 mm. Differences

between arithmetic and Thiessen averages increase for non-uniform storms when
the Thiessen areas differ widely.

Isohyetal Method. Rainfall amounts from a set of gages are plotted on a map
of the region. Lines connecting all points of equal precipitation are then
connected to create a isohyetal map (analogous to contour lines on a
topographic map). Obviously, this works best when there are numerous
raingages. The area between each isohyetal line is then measured (using a
planimeter if done manually or a computer algorithm if automated with GIS
software). This is the more accurate of the two methods; however, it's
laborious if done manually because the isohyetal lines must be redrawn and
remeasured for every storm event.
Refer to Negeri Sembilan isoyethal map