Thesis Report Final

Analysis and Implementation of uk Topology
Based Improved Power Quality Single Phase AC to

DC Converter
Shahjalal University of Science & Technology
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Supervised by
Submitted by
Ifte Khairul Amin

Assistant professor, Dept of EEE
SUST
Name : Farhan Anjum Khandaker

Reg no : 2010338002
Name : Shahadat Hussain Parvez
Reg no : 2010338004
Session: 2010-11
Course : EEE 408
Analysis and Implementation of uk Topology Based

Improved Power Quality Single Phase AC to DC
Converter
Submitted as a requirement of the partial fulfillment of course EEE 408

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Shahjalal University of Science and Technology
Abstract
In this article, the performance parameters of UK converter has been analyzed from
both simulation and implementation aspect for both AC-DC conversion and DC-DC
conversion by varying different parameters of the converter. Practical implementation
was done for UK converter. A principle focus for designing the UK converter was
to take in consideration the power quality parameters of the converter namely
Efficiency, Total Harmonic Distortion and Power Factor. Parameter variation data are
represented in the article. Finally a set of parameter values have been found for which
the power quality of the UK converter is reasonably good.
IV
Acknowledgements
We are very grateful to the teachers of Department of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology for the help and support
during our thesis work. We are thankful to our thesis supervisor Mr. Ifte Khairul
Amin for his continued support and help with every bit of our thesis work. We are
thankful to department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering for the continued
support of this thesis work. We thank all the teacher of department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering for helping us with information and knowledge about thesis.
Table of Content
Abstract
IV
Acknowledgements
Table of contents
VI
List of figures
VIII
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1
Introduction
1.2
Historical Background
1.3
Relevant works
1.4
Organization of the thesis
Chapter 2 : Power Quality Parameters in Converter

2.1
Efficiency
2.2
Total Harmonic Distortion
2.3
Power Factor
Chapter 3 : Topologies Considered

3.1
DC-DC Converter
10
3.2
Switched-Mode Conversion
11
3.3
Buck Converter
12
3.4
Boost Converter
14
3.5
Buck- Boost Converter
17
3.6
uk converter
19
3.6.1
Mathematical expressions of uk converter
21
3.6.2
uk as a Cascaded Boost and Buck Bonverter
23
3.7
Advantage of uk over Buck-Boost Converter
25
3.8
Power Factor Correction
26
VI
Chapter 4 : Analysis for Real Time Implementation of DC to DC Converter

4.1
Practical Setup
27
4.1.1 Gate Control of Switching Transistor
29
4.2
Input Inductance Influence
29
4.3
Output Inductance Influence
32
4.4
Simulation V/S Practical results
34
4.5
MOSFET V/S IGBT
36
Chapter 5 : Analysis for Simulation and Real Time Implementation of AC to DC

Converter
5.1
Practical Setup
38
5.2
Practical results
39
5.2.1
Efficiency V/S Duty Ratio
39
5.2.2
Total Harmonic Distortion and Power Factor
40
5.2.3
Effect of Filter on Efficiency
40
5.2.4
Effect of Filter on THD and PF
42
5.3
5.4
Simulation results
44
5.3.1
Effect of filter component values on Total Harmonic Distortion
44
5.3.2
Frequency Variance effect
45
Compilation of Simulation Data
47
Chapter 6 : Conclusion
6.1
Discussion
49
6.2
Future Scope of Work
50
References
51
VII
List of Figures
Figure 2.1
Circuit for measuring efficiency
Figure 2.2
Voltage current curves for pure inductive load
Figure 2.3
Voltage current curves for pure capacitive load
Figure 2.4
Power triangle
Figure 3.1
Basic Linear Regulator (a) with transistor (b) equivalent circuit
10
Figure 3.2
11
Figure 3.3
A basic switching DC-DC converter (a) circuit (b) equivalent

circuit (c) output voltage
Ideal Buck Converter topology
Figure 3.4
Buck converter circuit
13
Figure 3.5
13
Figure 3.6
Operation of buck converter (a) Switch on state (b) Switch off

state
Ideal Boost converter topology
Figure 3.7
Operational Boost converter
15
Figure 3.8
16
Figure 3.9
Operation of boost converter (a) Switch on state (b) Switch off

state
Ideal Buck-Boost converter topology
Figure 3.10
Operational Buck-Boost converter
17
Figure 3.11
18
Figure 3.12
Operation of buck-boost converter (a) Switch on state (b) Switch

off state
Ideal uk converter topology
Figure 3.13
Operational uk converter
20
Figure 3.14
21
Figure 3.15
Operation of uk converter (a) Switch on state (b) Switch off

state
Boost stage followed by a buck stage
Figure 3.16
Cascaded buck and boost to uk converter
24
Figure 4.1
Inductors made for experiments
28
Figure 4.2
Practical circuit setup
28
Figure 4.3
Practical circuit setup with measuring instruments
28
Figure 4.4
Driver circuit for gate control of switching transistor
29
Figure 4.5
Efficiency for different L1 values with different duty cycle for

L2= 120mH
L2= 240mH
Figure 4.6
VIII
12
15
17
20
24
30
30
Figure 4.7
Figure 5.1

L2= 365mH
L2= 480mH
L2= 600mH
L2= 735mH
L1= 90mH
L1= 320mH
L1= 480mH
L1= 560mH
Comparison of simulation and practical efficiency for 40% duty
cycle
cycle
cycle
Comparison of efficiency for usage of IGBT and MOSFET as
switch for 40% duty cycle
uk topology based AC-DC converter circuit
Figure 5.2
uk topology based AC-DC converter circuit with input filter
39
Figure 5.3
Efficiency V/S Duty ratio for different input voltage
39
Figure 5.4
Efficiency V/S duty ratio for different filter inductance value
41
Figure 5.5
Efficiency V/S duty ratio for different filter capacitance value
42
Figure 5.6
THD V/S Duty ratio for with and without filter
43
Figure 5.7
Power Factor V/S Duty ratio for with and without filter
43
Figure 5.8
THD variations with variation of filter inductance
44
Figure 5.9
THD variations with variation of filter capacitance
45
Figure 5.10
THD V/S Frequency for different output level
46
Figure 5.11
Efficiency V/S Frequency for different output level
46
Figure 4.8
Figure 4.9
Figure 4.10
Figure 4.11
Figure 4.12
Figure 4.13
Figure 4.14
Figure 4.15
Figure 4.16
Figure 4.17
Figure 4.18
Figure 4.19
Figure 4.20
IX
30
31
31
31
32
33
33
33
34
35
35
36
37
37
38
List of Tables
Table 5.1
Data for getting more than 80% efficiency and less than 10% THD
48
Table 5.2
Simulation data for higher frequency switching
48
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Introduction
Industrial process where continuous change in motion and speed like magnetic driven
train, specialty drill, in mines and production process requires high power variable DC
power supply. Conventional power supplies usually use a full bridge rectifier at its
input and a large input filter capacitor. But using this produces large amount of
harmonics on the input line also produces peak input currents leading to poor power
factor. There is another problem with conventional power supplies though. They
provide fixed output voltage. Thus increases the necessity of using multiple supplies
for varying the speed of machines. To mitigate this problem DC-DC converters are
used after AC-DC conversion stage by full bridge rectifier. This system provides
variable output voltage.
A DC-DC converter can be considered as DC equivalent to AC transformer with
continually variable turn ratio. It can be used in either step up or step down mode.
Like a single transformer cannot be used for all transformer uses like isolation
transformer or power transformer, all DC-DC converters are not same. So for specific
purpose specific DC-DC converter topology needs to be used. There are many DCDC converter topologies used in power electronics some of them are discussed in
chapter 3.
1.2 Historical Background
From the very beginning of 20th century, scientists were keen on inventing technique
to convert DC voltage from one voltage level to another without altering the
generation process or the voltage at which DC was generated. 1920 saw a great ray of
light as scientist were able to lower the voltage with voltage divider circuits with the
help of rheostat and potentiometer [1]. But these had poor efficiency. Then the search
for multiple quadrant DC-DC converters started. Scientists spent much time on
inventing a similar topology same as transformer in ac-ac conversion which could
make output voltage lower or higher than the input DC voltage.
Some simple and preliminary types of DC-DC converter were invented and used in
industries before 1940, the World War II. Though the researches were stopped,
scientists were known by then that the most promising side of DC-DC Converter is
high power density in lower voltage than that of same power density having that
particular AC voltage.
After the Second World War, communication system had been revolutionarily
changed with the help of those DC-DC converters having low voltage variable DC
power supplies. From then research on DC-DC took in a major area in the field of
Power Electronics and is going on for several decades. The development was so rapid
that there are now more than 500 prototypes of DC-DC converters developed in
previous years. Buck converter , Boost converter, Buck-Boost converter,
uk
converter, Zero Current Switching (ZCS) and Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS)
converter are some of them [ref: hang fang]. In 2001 scientists has divided the
converters into six generations by means of their characteristics and development
sequence
Today DC-DC converter are more promising than using AC power supply in
applications like trolly car, forklift truck, electric automobiles, mine haulers, marine
hoists, traction motor controls with the function of high efficiency, fast dynamic
response and smooth acceleration control [2]. For this reason the Compound Annual
Growth Rate (CAGR) of DC-DC converter has been increased up to 9% recently
whether it is only 7.5% for AC-DC converters. From statistics it is found that the
growth of DC-DC converter in worldwide market is 1792 million USD from 1995 to
2004 [1].
1.3 Relevant works
In early age of power electronics main focus of performance parameter of any power
supplies was efficiency of the circuit. With time many research has been done on
other performance parameters. Thus the focus of performance parameters for any
power supplies today includes efficiency, Power Factor (PF) and Total Harmonic
Distortion (THD). As Power Factor and Total Harmonic Distortion value provides a
better assumption and information about the power quality, there has been a
considerable amount of research going on to improve the performance parameters

Power Factor and Total Harmonic Distortion. Some of the research highlight include.
Using uk Converters for Power Factor Correction Applications rather than

conventional topologies [3]
Comparative analysis of improved quality three phase AC/DC Flyback

and uk converters, using SIMULINK. Comparisons of three phase
converters is done to identify the converters with low cost/high efficiency for
the system by reducing number of stages and improve quality in terms
of power factor correction, reduced THD at input ac mains and regulated dc
output. [4]
Single phase ac-dc converters having high frequency isolation are

implemented in buck, boost, buck-boost configuration with improving the
power quality in terms of reducing the harmonics of input current. [5]
Designing Hybrid rectifier to provide low THD and high PF [13]
In recent years many countries are enforcing laws like IEC 61000-3-2 where power
supplies must meet minimum requirement for power quality like harmonics. This
makes the need of research for low cost good power quality power supplies necessary.
1.4 Organization of the Thesis
Our research include the Analysis and Implementation of uk Topology Based
Improved Power Quality Single Phase AC to DC Converter.In our research we
maintained the following steps
At first we studied and analyzed various topologies of DC-DC converters with

simulation and some practical experiments, to get familiar with the topologies
and know the pros and cons of each topology.
After analyzing some topologies we selected uk topology for further

research. We then simulated the uk converter circuit varying different
parameters like inductance, capacitance, duty cycle etc. to get assumption
about the circuit performance for different values of circuit parameters.
In studying prior of the research done we found that most of the research
focused on the simulation approach. We focused on hybrid approach where we
studied both simulation and practical. For practical we have done many
experiments varying parameters and recording the results for further
analyzing.
Practical data varied from that of simulation ones.
We found that using normal uk topology Power Factor was good but Total
Harmonic Distortion was not promising, so we used filters to improve the
Total Harmonic Distortion.
Initially we used MOSFET as switching device but to increase efficiency

further and to use high voltage input we used IGBT instead of MOSFET as
switching device.
Chapter 2
Power Quality Parameters in Converter
2.1 Efficiency
In physics efficiency is often considered as the ratio of total amount of useful output
to the total amount of input. For energy consideration it is the useful work done per
quantity of energy input. For electrical circuit efficiency refers to the ratio of power in
output side of the circuit to the input side of the circuit. The formula for finding
electrical efficiency is shown by the equation (2.1).
% =

100

(2.1)
For any electrical circuit the general setup used to measure the efficiency of the circuit
is shown in Figure 2.1. For measuring efficiency measurement of the input voltage
and input current, output voltage and current is necessary as shown in Figure 2.1.
Then the input power can be measured by multiplying input voltage and current and
same goes for output.
A
Circuit
Figure 2.1 Circuit for measuring efficiency

2.2 Total Harmonic Distortion
Harmonic voltage and current arises in a system due to nonlinear electric loads. The
increase in harmonics in system causes the voltage and current waveform to get
distorted. Increase in harmonics generally causes spikes in current waveform resulting
in increased heating in conductors and equipments in a system. Increase is amount of
harmonics also causes pulsation or flickering in a system.
5
The total harmonic distortion, or THD, of a signal is a measurement of the harmonic

distortion present in the system and is defined as the ratio of the sum of the powers of
all harmonic components to the power of the fundamental frequency. THD is
generally used to characterize the power quality of electric power systems. In power
systems, lower THD means reduction in peak currents, heating, emissions, and core
loss in motors [7]. Lower value of THD is desirable in a system.
Voltage THD can be either calculated by equation (2.2) or (2.3) as shown below.
22 + 32 + 42 +
=
1
2
=2
22 + 32 + 42 +
2
=2
2
=1
12 + 22 + 32 +
(2.2)
(2.3)
The relationship of current for THD [2] can be written as is equation 2.4 or 2.5
22 + 32 + 42 +
=
1
22 + 32 + 42 +
12 + 22 + 32 +
2
=2
2
=2
2
=1
(2.4)
(2.5)
Relationship between THDF and THDR can be given by the following equation
1 + 2
(2.6)
But THDF is a better measure of Total Harmonic Distortion [6]. THD can also be
represented in percentage. In that case the calculated value is multiplied by 100 [7].
One way to decrease THD in a system is to add filter in input side of system so that
the high frequency pulse does not pass to the power system from a working system.
2.3 Power Factor

In case of DC power circuit only the resistive components actively consumes so all
the power is real power. But in case of AC power circuit both resistive and reactive
components comes to the play. Inductors and capacitors are primary source of
reactive component. They both are nonlinear load. In AC circuit inductor resists
sudden current change and so the sinusoidal current waveform lags voltage waveform
by 90 as shown in the Figure 2.2 below. On the other hand for capacitor in AC circuit
it resists sudden voltage change hence the sinusoidal voltage waveform lags current
by 90 as shown in Figure 2.3 below. In case of pure resistive load there is no phase
difference between the voltage waveform and current waveform. Power factor is
defined mathematically for this simple form as the cosine of the angle, between the
current waveform and voltage waveform. The mathematical equation is given in
equation (2.7).
= cos
(2.7)
As for the pure resistive load there is no phase difference between current and voltage
waveform =0 so power factor is unity. For pure capacitive load =90 and for pure
inductive load =-90. In both the cases power factor is equal to zero. For mixed load
if the capacitive load dominates the power factor is leading and if inductive load
dominates the power factor is said to be lagging.
Figure 2.2 Voltage current curves for pure inductive load
Figure 2.3 Voltage current curves for pure capacitive load

Considering further that inductor and capacitor are non linear load in nature, they
store energy in form of magnetism and charge respectively. The power they use from
the circuit to store these energy is referred as reactive power, denoted by Q and
measured in VAR. And the power that is absorbed by the resistive component is
known as the real power, denoted by P and measured in watt. The combined power
supplied by source is apparent power, denoted by S and measured in VA. Their vector
relationship can be shown by the power triangle in Figure 2.4. Here the angle between
the real power and apparent power is power factor angle, .
Apparent Power (VA)

Reactive Power (VAR)
Real Power (W)

Figure 2.4 Power triangle
From the power triangle we can find another relationship of power factor which is
depicted by equation (2.8) which shows that power factor is the ratio of real power to
apparent power. From the power triangle, using Pythagoras theorem another
relationship can be drawn that is depicted by equation (2.9).
= cos =
(2.8)
2 = 2 + 2
(2.9)
In real life loads are never pure capacitive or pure inductive and the waveform of
current and voltage distorts much from pure sinusoidal, getting to know the phase
difference between current and voltage waveform is useless. Thus equation (2.7)
cannot be used to measure power factor. Instead equation (2.8) is much suitable.
For practical power factor measurement purpose the method commonly used
incorporates using a wattmeter, a voltmeter and an ammeter. Wattmeter provides the
real power flowing in the circuit. The voltmeter and ammeter provides the apparent
power by multiplying the voltage reading and the current reading. Rewriting equation
(2.8) for practical measurement we get equation (2.10)
(2.10)
As most of the loads in real life are inductive in nature power factor is generally less
than 1 and lagging. If power factor of a system is more than 0.9 the system is
considered to be a very good system. The closer the power factor to unity the better,
as more power will flow as real power. If the power factor becomes very less power
factor correcting measures need to be taken, as decreasing power factor increases the
losses in system and the economic efficiency falls. For lagging power factor,
correction measures include uses of capacitor banks, synchronous condenser etc.
In most part of the world power is transmitted as AC, but there are increasing uses of
DC devices like computers. For this purpose mostly full bridge rectifier with high
input capacitor is used. But this method has very poor power factor. To mitigate this
problem a witching mode DC-DC converter can be added in between the rectifier and
the main input capacitor, which improves the power factor significantly.
Chapter 3
Topologies Considered
3.1 DC-DC Converter
DC-DC Converters are basically power electronic circuits that convert a DC voltage
to a different DC voltage level, often providing a regulated output. This conversion
can be facilitated by basic two methods [8].
1. Linear Voltage Regulator
2. Switched-Mode Conversion
Among the two methods linear voltage regulator is an old method used from the early
days of electronics. A linear voltage regulator is basically a voltage divider. This
method works by the voltage division rule. In some case two resistors are used to
create a lower output voltage than the input, which is similar to the Figure 3.1(b). But
this has serious loading effect. But in most linear voltage regulators transistor is used
where it is biased to work in linear region. The Figure 3.1 (a) shows a basic linear
voltage regulator configuration and Figure 3.1 (b) shows the equivalent circuit for 3.1
(a).
+ Vce -
RL
Vs
+
Vo
-
RL
Vs
(b)
(a)
Figure 3.1 Basic Linear Regulator (a) with transistor (b) equivalent circuit
The main disadvantage of linear voltage regulator is the power loss. Power loss is
huge in linear voltage regulator for resistor power dissipation. This problem is solved
by using Switched-mode converter which is discussed in the proceeding sections.
10
+
Vo
-
3.2 Switched-Mode Conversion

A switch mode converter is a type of DC-DC converter which uses switching function
to convert DC current from one level to another. The very basic type of switched
mode converter is a PWM circuit. The very basic configuration of a switched mode
DC-DC converter is shown in Figure 3.2 (a) and Figure 3.2 (b) shows the equivalent
circuit. For this purpose transistor is used and the circuit looks similar to linear
voltage regulator. But the transistor is biased such to operate in saturation region so it
acts as a switch. Figure 3.2 (c) shows the output voltage of the circuit. When the
switch is on current flows and output voltage is equal to input voltage VS. But when
the switch is open current does not flow and output voltage is equal to zero [8].
Vs
RL
+
Vo
-
RL
Vs
(a)
+
Vo
-
(b)
Figure 3.2 A basic switching DC-DC converter (a) circuit (b) equivalent circuit (c)
output voltage
One of the main problems for this system is that the output voltage and current are not
continuous and the average output voltage will be always less than that of input
voltage. To make the output continuous inductors and capacitors are used to store
power during switch on cycle and dissipate that power during switch off cycle.
Inductors store power in form of magnetic field storage component and capacitor
stores as electric field storage component. Using inductors and voltage improves the
11
efficiency of the circuit (often 75% to 98%) than linear voltage regulation (which
dissipates unwanted power as heat). This efficiency is beneficial to increasing the
running time of battery operated devices. Using inductors and capacitors in certain
combination also helps to output voltage more than input voltage.
There are different topologies for Switched-mode conversion. Some of them include
Buck converter
Boost converter
Buck-Boost Converter
uk converter
SEPIC converter, etc
3.3 Buck converter

Buck converter is one of the simplest forms of Switched-Mode DC-DC converter. It
uses one inductor and one capacitor for storing energy intermediately between switch
on and switch off cycle. In a buck converter the output is lower than the input voltage.
The switching is done very fast and by controlling the duty cycle of switching the
output voltage level can be changed. By choosing suitable values of L and C the
output current can be made continuous. Figure 3.3 below shows a basic ideal buck
converter circuit. There is a Dual pole switch in the operation this double switching
can be done by using a transistor as switching mode and a diode.
RL
Vs
+
V
-
Figure 3.3 Ideal Buck Converter topology

A schematic of an operational Buck converter circuit with real components is shown
in Figure 3.4.
12
Figure 3.4 Buck converter circuit

In the circuit transistor Q1 is switched using a separate controller circuit. The
operation of this circuit can be separated into two parts, switched on state and
switched off state. Figure 3.5 (a) and Figure 3.5 (b) shows switch on and switch off
state of the buck converter circuit respectively.
(a)
(b)
Figure 3.5 Operation of buck converter (a) Switch on state (b) Switch off state
13
When the switch Q1 is on (Figure 3.5 (a)) current flows from source through the
inductor and the diode is reverse biased and hence stays off and so current does not
flow through the diode. But when the switch is open current does not flows from
source. As the inductor cannot suddenly stop flowing current, current flows in the
direction as previous, suddenly the diode is forward biased and so the diode starts to
allow flow of current. As a result in both transistor switched on and off state the load
gets power and the output voltage is continuous.
Mathematical expression for the output voltage is given the equation 3.1
=
(3.1)
Some features of a buck converter are
Pulsed input current, requires input filter.
Continuous output current results in lower output voltage ripple.
Output voltage is always less than input voltage.
3.4 Boost Converter

As buck converter cannot provide output voltage higher than the input voltage, other
Switched-Mode DC-DC converter topology is necessary to provide output voltage
higher than that of the input. This is achieved by Boost converter topology. It also
uses one inductor and one capacitor for storing energy intermediately between switch
on and switch off cycle. In a boost converter the output is always higher than the input
voltage. The switching is done very fast and by controlling the duty cycle of
switching the output voltage level can be changed. By choosing suitable values of L
and C the output current can be made continuous. Figure 3.6 below shows a basic
ideal boost converter circuit. The switching is done by a transistor in switching mode.
A schematic of an operational Boost converter circuit with real components is shown
in Figure 3.7.
14
ID
+ VL IL
IC
C
Vs
RL
+
Vo
-
Figure 3.6 Ideal Boost converter topology
Figure 3.7 Operational Boost converter

state of the Boost converter circuit respectively
(a)
15
(b)
Figure 3.8 Operation of boost converter (a) Switch on state (b) Switch off state
When the switch Q2 is on (Figure 3.8 (a)) due to short circuit, the current flows
through the inductor only and the diode is reverse biased and hence stays off and so
current does not flow through the diode. In this state the inductor stores this energy in
form for magnetic energy. When the switch is opened, the inductor current cannot
change instantaneously, so the diode becomes forward-biased to provide a path for
inductor current. Here the inductor acts as a source for this period of time. This way
the circuit can provide voltage higher than the input voltage.
Mathematical expression for the output voltage is given the equation 3.2
(1 )
Features of a boost converter are
Continuous input current, eliminates input filter.
Pulsed output current increases output voltage ripple.
Output voltage is always greater than input voltage.
16
(3.2)
3.5 Buck-Boost converter

Buck converter can only provide output voltage lower than the input voltage and
Boost converter only provides output voltage higher than the input voltage. For
providing output voltage either lower or higher than input voltage using a single
circuit another Switched-Mode converter topology, namely Buck-Boost converter
topology is used. A buck boost converter can be considered as a buck converter and a
boost converter at the same time. There are many different topologies for a buck boost
converter. Figure 3.8 below shows an ideal buck-boost converter.
ID
IC
Vs
IL
RL
+
Vo
-
Figure 3.9 Ideal Buck-Boost converter topology

Figure 3.10 below shows a schematic of an operational Buck-Boost converter with
real components.
Figure 3.10 Operational Buck-Boost converter
17

state of the Buck-Boost converter circuit respectively
(a)
(b)
Figure 3.11 Operation of buck-boost converter (a) Switch on state (b) Switch off state
As shown in Figure 3.11(a) above when the switch is on the inductor path acts as a
short circuit and current flows through the inductor. But when the switch is off,
inductor does not allow for sudden current change, so current continues to flow. This
time the inductor works as source. When the switch is turned on for the next cycle,
inductor again stores energy. In the mean time as capacitor does not allows for sudden
voltage change, current will continue to flow through the load. In this way the
18
inductor gets magnetized again for providing power for the next switched off cycle. If
the duty cycle is less than 50% inductor has less time to store energy and more time to
supply energy so the output voltage will be less than the input. On the other hand for
duty cycle more than 50% inductor have more time to store energy and less time to
supply, and so the output voltage will be higher than input. Another point to note is
that the output voltage will be in opposite polarity than input.
Mathematical expression for the output voltage of a Buck-Boost converter is given the
equation (3.3)
(3.3)
Features of a Buck-Boost converter are
Pulsed input current, requires input filter.
Pulsed output current increases output voltage ripple
Output voltage can be either greater or smaller than input voltage.
3.6 uk converter
As Buck-Boost converter circuit has input pulsed current and output pulsed current, it
is not ideal for operation in real life. To mitigate the problems of Buck-Boost
converter a uk converter topology is used. uk converter is a different topology for
buck-boost converter. It combines the advantage of buck converter and boost
converter in one circuit. The output is of negative polarity as in Buck-Boost converter.
In uk Input and output current both are smooth because they are inductive current.
Energy from one side of the converter is transferred to other side of the converter
through a coupling capacitor. A uk converter can be considered as a cascaded
configuration of a boost converter followed by a buck converter.
Figure 3.12 below shows an ideal uk converter configuration. And the Figure 3.13
shows a schematic of an operational Boost converter circuit with real components.
19
+ VL IL1
Vs
L1
IL2
+ VC1 -
L2
C1 IC1
D
C2
Figure 3.12 Ideal uk converter topology
Figure 3.13 Operational uk converter
(a)
20
RL
+
Vo
-
(b)
Figure 3.14 Operation of uk converter (a) Switch on state (b) Switch off state
state of the boost converter circuit respectively
When the switch Q2 is on due to short circuit, the current from source flows through
the inductor L1 only and the diode is reverse biased and hence stays off and so current
does not flow through the diode. In this state the inductor L1 stores this energy in
form for magnetic energy. But at the same time energy from previous cycle can flow
through the inductor L2 continues to flow. When the switch is opened, the inductor
current for L1 and L2 cannot change instantaneously, so the diode becomes forwardbiased to provide a path for both inductors current to flow. Here the inductor L1 acts
as a source for this period of time. This way the circuit can provide voltage higher or
lower than the input voltage.
3.6.1 Mathematical expressions of uk converter
The average voltage across C1 is computed from Kirchhoffs voltage law around the
outermost loop. The average voltage across the inductors is zero for steady-state
operation, resulting in
1 =
21
(3.4)
With the switch closed, the diode is off and the current in capacitor C1 is
1
= 2
(3.5)
With the switch open, the currents in L1 and L2 force the diode on. The current in
capacitor C1 is
1
= 2
(3.6)
The power absorbed by the load is equal to the power supplied by the source:
2 = 1
(3.7)
For periodic operation, the average capacitor current is zero. With the switch on for
time DT and off for (1-D )T,
1
1 = 0
(3.8)
Substituting equations 3.5 and 3.6 results to

2 + 1 1 = 0
or
=
2
1
(3.9)
(3.10)
Average power supplied is equal to power absorbed so

=
(3.11)
or
1 = 2
(3.12)
or
=
2
(3.13)
22
Combining equations 3.10 and 3.13 we get
(3.14)
The negative sign represents the polarity reversal of the circuit. The output ripple can
be given by the following expression.
1
=
82 2 2
(3.15)
The ripple in C1 can be expressed by the following expression.
(3.16)
Current ripple through L1 can be estimated by expression
1 =

=
1
1
(3.17)
Current ripple through L2 can be estimated by expression
2 =

=
2
2
(3.18)
In designing uk converters the equations 3.14 to 3,18 are necessary. With these
equations the necessary values for a capacitors and inductors can be found for
operating the converter in a certain operating zone.
3.6.2 uk as a Cascaded Boost and Buck Bonverter
As a uk converter embraces the good quality of a Buck converter and a Boost
converter it can be considered as a Boost converter followed by a Buck converter.
Figure 3.15 shows an ideal Boost converter followed by an ideal Buck converter.
23
Figure 3.15 Boost stage followed by a buck stage

In the Figure 3.15 above Vcc =
V in
1D
and Vo = Vcc D if we combine these two
equations we get
(3.19)
Which is similar to the expression we get for the output of uk converter except the
output voltage polarity is not reversed here. The conversion of this circuit to a uk
converter can be expressed by the Figure below.
Figure 3.16 Cascaded buck and boost to uk converter
24
If we consider that the both the switch is operating at same switching function so the
duty cycle of both the switch will be same so both switch will open and closed at the
same time. So the combination of diode capacitor C1 and second switch can be
expressed by only a capacitor. And if we flip rest of the buck portion and change the
inductor position we get the uk converter. Due to the flipping of the buck section we
get the polarity reversal in uk circuit.
As shown by Figures 3.15 and 3.16 uk converter is basically a Boost converter
followed by a Buck converter. That is why it embraces the good quality of Buck
converter and Boost converter.
Some Features of a uk converter are
Continuous input current.
Continuous output current.
Output voltage can be either greater or less than input voltage.
3.7 Advantage of uk over Buck-Boost Converter
uk converter uses L-C type filter, so peak-peak ripple current of

inductors are less as compared to the Buck-Boost converter.
In uk converter, when switch is closed then capacitor 'C'
provides
energy to the load as well as inductive filter. But when switch is open then
energy stored in the filter inductor is fed back to the load. Where as in case
of Buck-Boost converter, when switch is closed then source is
disconnected from the load and when switch is open then energy stored in
the inductor is fed back to the source.
uk uses the advantages of buck converter and boost converter in one

circuit For the Buck chopper, energy only goes to the load when the switch
closes whereas for the Boost chopper, energy only goes to the load when
the switch opens. With the UK converter energy is transferred when the
switch opens AND when it closes.
25
3.8 Power Factor Correction

Power factor correction can be done in many ways including adding filter to block
high frequency components of current. A disadvantage of passive PFC is that it
requires larger inductors or capacitors than an equivalent power active PFC circuit
[9].
Another method is to use Active PFC. Active PFC is the use of power electronics to
change the waveform of current drawn by a load to improve the power factor [10]. In
the case of a switched-mode power supply, a boost converter is inserted between the
bridge rectifier and the main input capacitors. The boost converter attempts to
maintain a constant DC bus voltage on its output while drawing a current that is
always in phase with and at the same frequency as the line voltage.
Dynamic power factor correction (DPFC), sometimes referred to as "real-time power
factor correction," is used for electrical stabilization in cases of rapid load changes
(e.g. at large manufacturing sites). DPFC is useful when standard power factor
correction would cause over or under correction. DPFC uses semiconductor switches,
typically thyristors, to quickly connect and disconnect capacitors or inductors from
the network in order to improve power factor [11].
Some topologies used in PFC include Boost, Semi-Boost, Half bridge, VSC [3, 12].
uk converter can be used power factor correction [4, 12]. Using uk converter can
result to improvement of PF to almost above 0.8, THD to below 10% and efficiency
to be above 80% [4].
26
Chapter 4
Analysis for Real Time Implementation of DC to DC
Converter
4.1 Practical Setup
A practical uk converter circuit was designed and implemented for collecting data
for further analysis. The schematic of the circuit is shown in Figure 3.13. Lab power
supply was used to provide power to the circuit. Voltmeters and Ammeters were used
to measure input voltage, output voltage, input current and output current of the
circuit. The measurement circuit is similar to circuit in Figure 2.1 of chapter 1. The
data were used to find the efficiency of the circuit which was then analyzed.
For any DC-DC converters the switches (IGBTs and MOSFETs) need to be controlled
by PWM. In our case we used microcontroller to give the Pulse to gate of the IGBT or
MOSFET. For collecting practical data with varying different circuit parameters we
selected to switch the circuit at 40 KHz switching. For DC-DC Converter increasing
switching frequency increases performance. 40 KHz switching frequency was
selected because IGBTs generally cannot switch faster than 40 KHz. For MOSFETs
as switch gate control is simpler. Providing a PWM signal in the gate with respect to
source from microcontroller directly is generally enough to switch MOSFETs. But for
IGBTs it is not possible due to their high turn on threshold voltage, which
microcontrollers cannot directly provide. For this another external driving circuit is
necessary. So we designed external driving circuit which provided enough power to
drive the IGBTs.
In our experiments we varied the inductance much. For this we made iron core
inductor with multiple taps so we can use them for varying inductor values in the
circuit. The picture in Figure 4.1 shows the inductors made for the experiments. For
capacitors we bought different high voltage capacitors from market to vary capacitor
value in the circuit. Schottky diode was used for diode in the circuit. For load we used
power resistors to serve as dummy loads. Figure 4.2 shows the picture of the practical
setup used for experiment. Figure 4.3 shows the practical setup with measuring
instruments attached to it.
27
Figure 4.1 Inductors made for experiments
Figure 4.2 Practical circuit setup
Figure 4.3 Practical circuit setup with measuring instruments

28
4.1.1 Gate Control of Switching Transistor

As the gate of an IGBT or MOSFET, cannot be controlled by directly providing pulse
to the IGBT or MOSFET from microcontroller, external drive circuit is necessary for
controlling the gate of IGBT or MOSFET. The gate control circuit is shown in Figure
4.4 below. For this operation IR2110 is used. IR2110 is a high and low side driver for
driving MOSFETs and IGBTs. For our purpose we used the low side drive as the
switch in uk converter needs to switch on and off to ground. The drive signal is
generated and controlled by a microcontroller. The microcontroller sends required
PWM signal to IR2110 and IR2110 drives the gate of IGBT which in turn control the
uk converter output.
Figure 4.4 Driver circuit for gate control of switching transistor

The following sections summarize the data found for analysis of DC-DC converter
based on uk topology.
4.2 Input Inductance Influence
Input inductor L1 was varied and all other parameters namely L2, C1 and C2 kept
constant. The duty cycle was changed for different input voltage. C1 was chosen to be
10 F, C2 was chosen 10F. Then also the Value of L2 also changed and Variation of
efficiency for different L1 values was noted. The following graphs show the
efficiency variation for variation of input inductance for input voltage of 15 volt. In
For this experiment MOSFET was used as switching device and operated at 40 KHz
switching frequency.
29
70.00%
60.00%
Efficiency
50.00%
40.00%
0.25 duty ratio
30.00%
0.4 duty ratio
20.00%
0.5 duty ratio
10.00%
0.6 duty ratio
0.00%
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
L1 in mH
Efficiency
Figure 4.5 Efficiency for different L1 values with different duty cycle for L2= 120mH
80.00%
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
0.25 duty ratio

0.4 duty ratio
0.5 duty ratio
0.6 duty ratio
0
200
400
600
L1 in mH
80.00%
70.00%
Efficiency
60.00%
50.00%
0.25 duty ratio
40.00%
0.4 duty ratio
30.00%
0.5 duty ratio
20.00%
0.6 duty ratio
10.00%
0.00%
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
L1 in mH
30
80.00%
70.00%
Efficiency
60.00%
50.00%
0.25 duty ratio
40.00%
30.00%
0.4 duty ratio
20.00%
0.5 duty ratio
10.00%
0.6 duty ratio
0.00%
0
200
400
600
L1 in mH
0.8
0.7
Efficiency
0.6
0.5
0.25 duty ratio
0.4
0.3
0.4 duty ratio
0.2
0.5 duty ratio
0.1
0.6 duty ratio
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
L1 in mH
0.8
0.7
Efficiency
0.6
0.5
0.25 duty ratio
0.4
0.4 duty ratio
0.3
0.5 duty ratio
0.2
0.6 duty ratio
0.1
0
0
200
400
600
L1 in mH
Figure 4.10 Efficiency for different L1 values with different duty cycle for L2=
735mH
31
The Figures 4.5 to 4.10 show the efficiency of the DC-DC uk Converter for different
duty cycle and different value of input inductance. And each of the graphs shows the
variation for different output inductance values. The general trend can be seen that the
efficiency of the converter rises for increase in input inductance values.
But
efficiency again falls after a certain value of input inductance. Maximum efficiency
could be found for Input inductance slightly higher than the output inductance L2.
Another trend is noticeable; efficiency is higher for larger duty cycle than the lower
duty cycles. That is the circuit has a better efficiency for the boost mode than the buck
mode.
4.3 Output Inductance Influence
Output inductor L2 was also varied and all other parameters namely L1, C1 and C2
were kept constant. For switching purpose MOSFET was used. MOSFET was
operated at 40 KHz switching frequency. The duty cycle was changed for different
input voltage. C1 was chosen to be 10Figure, C2 was chosen 10 F. Then also the
Value of L1 also changed and Variation of efficiency for different L2 values was
noted. The following graphs from Figure 4.7 to 4.10 show the efficiency variation for
variation of output inductance for input voltage of 15 volt.
70.00%
60.00%
Efficiency
50.00%
40.00%
0.25 duty ratio

0.4 duty ratio
30.00%
0.5 duty ratio

20.00%
0.6 duty ratio
10.00%
0.00%
0
200
400
600
800
L2 in mH
32
Efficiency
80.00%
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
0.25 duty ratio

0.4 duty ratio
0.5 duty ratio
0.6 duty ratio
0
200
400
600
800
L2 in mH
320mH
80.00%
70.00%
Efficiency
60.00%
50.00%
0.25 duty ratio
40.00%
30.00%
0.4 duty ratio
20.00%
0.5 duty ratio
10.00%
0.6 duty ratio
0.00%
0
200
400
600
800
L2 in mH
Efficiency
480mH
80.00%
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
0.25 duty ratio

0.4 duty ratio
0.5 duty ratio
0.6 duty ratio
0
200
400
600
800
L2 in mH
560mH
33
The Figures 4.11 to 4.14 show the efficiency of the DC-DC uk Converter for
different duty cycle and different value of output inductance. And each of the graphs
shows the variation for different input inductance L1 values. The general trend can be
seen that the efficiency of the converter rises for increase in output inductance values.
Good efficiency could be found for Input inductance slightly higher than the output
inductance L2. Another trend is noticeable; efficiency is higher for larger duty cycle
than the lower duty cycles. That is the circuit has a better efficiency for the boost
mode than the buck mode.
4.4 Simulation V/S Practical results
For same values of circuit parameters the simulation result and practical results were
also compared. For simulation PSPICE was used. And the practical setup is same as
described in section 2.1. Here L1 was chosen to be 560 mH; L2 to be 735 mH, C1
was chosen to be 10 F and C2 to be 10 F. A MOSFET was used as switching
device. The switching was done for switching frequency of 40 KHz. Practical data
were also taken for same values of circuit parameters. The following three Figures
show the variation of efficiency for different input voltage with different duty cycle.
80.00%
70.00%
60.00%
Efficiency
50.00%
40.00%
Simulation
30.00%
Practical
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
0
10
15
20
25
30
Input Voltage
Figure 4.15 Comparison of simulation and practical efficiency for 40% duty cycle
34
90.00%
80.00%
70.00%
Efficiency
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
Simulation
30.00%
Practical
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
0
10
15
20
25
30
Input Voltage
90.00%
80.00%
70.00%
Efficiency
60.00%
50.00%
Simulation
40.00%
Practical
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
0
10
15
20
25
30
Input Voltage
From the graphs 4.15 to 4.17 we can see that for simulation increasing voltage
decreases slightly and with increase in duty cycle results in higher efficiency for all
35
voltages. In practical data, efficiency increases with increase in duty cycle for lower
voltages. But if the output voltage crosses a certain mark the efficiency falls
dramatically. Figure 4.12 shows that for 60% duty cycle and input voltage of 25 volt
the efficiency suddenly falls. In this case the output voltage is around 35 volt. So
when the out voltage rises above certain voltage level, the efficiency falls. This is due
to limitation of MOSFETs poor voltage handling capacity that was used as switching
device. Another thing to notice is that for the case of simulation the efficiency change
is more or less constant, but for practical the variation is more.
4.5 MOSFET V/S IGBT
For same values of circuit parameters the practical results were also compared for
usage of MOSFET as switch versus usage of an IGBT as a switching device in the
circuit. Here L1 was chosen to be 560 mH; L2 to be 735 mH, C1 was chosen to be 10
F and C2 to be 10 F. The Figures 4.18 to 4.20 show the variation of efficiency for
different input voltage with different duty cycle. For both the case of MOSFET and
IGBT as switch the switching frequency was chosen to be 40 KHz. Apart from the use
of IGBT or MOSFET all the parameters were kept constant.
80.00%
70.00%
60.00%
Efficiency
50.00%
40.00%
IGBT
30.00%
MOSFET
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
0
10
15
20
25
30
Input voltage
Figure 4.18 Comparison of efficiency for usage of IGBT and MOSFET as switch for
40% duty cycle
36
90.00%
80.00%
Efficiency
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
IGBT
30.00%
MOSFET
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
0
10
15
20
25
30
Input Voltage
50% duty cycle
90.00%
80.00%
70.00%
Efficiency
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
IGBT
30.00%
MOSFET
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
0
10
15
20
25
30
Input Voltage
60% duty cycle
From the graphs 4.18 to 4.20 we can see that at lower voltages the efficiency for using
IGBT as switch is less than using MOSFET as a switch. This is because IGBT
requires more power than MOSFET to work as a switch. Also IGBT can handle more
power through it. This can be seen clearly in Figure 4.16 where the duty cycle is 60%.
For 25 volt input voltage we can see that the efficiency for IGBT is higher than
MOSFET. This is because IGBT can handle more power flowing through it than
MOSFET.
37
Chapter 5
Analysis for Simulation and Real Time Implementation of
AC to DC Converter
5.1 Practical Setup
For providing variable DC with a fixed AC, generally a full bridge or half bridge
rectifier with high input capacitance is used. But this process induces a large amount
of harmonics in the system. So a rectifier without any input capacitor is used so that
the Power Factor and Total Harmonic Distortion stay good. The topology used for
uk topology based direct AC-DC converter is depicted in the Figure 5.1 below. For
the implemented circuit IGBT was used as switching device. Output power was
measured by multiplying the voltage and the output current. Voltage was measured
using a voltmeter and an ammeter was used to measure output current. For input The
AC voltage and current was also measured using AC multimeter capable of measuring
power directly. For cross references the input voltages and current were also
measured using voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
+ VL IL1
L1
IL2
+ VC1 -
L2
C1 IC1
D
C2
AC
Figure 5.1 uk topology based AC-DC converter circuit

As the Power Factor and Total Harmonic Distortion are not good generally for the
normal circuit a filter needs to be added to the circuit for increasing the power quality.
For this purpose an LC low pass filter is used. The schematic in Figure 5.2 shows the
circuit with filter used with uk converter for AC-DC conversion. The filter is used
before rectification so that the harmonics generated from the converter switching does
not flow to the supply.
38
RL
+ VL IL1
IL2
+ VC1 -
L1
L2
C1 IC1
D
Lf
AC
+
C2
Cf
Figure 5.2 uk topology based AC-DC converter circuit with input filter
5.2 Practical results
Using the circuit of Figure 5.1 converter was implemented and practical data were
noted and a graph of efficiency VS Duty ratio was plotted for different input voltages.
The value of different components chosen were
L1=560mH
L1= 735 mH
C1= 10 F
C2= 10 F
5.2.1 Efficiency V/S Duty Ratio

80.00%
70.00%
Efficiency
60.00%
50.00%
5V input
40.00%
10V input
30.00%
15 V input
20.00%
20 V input
10.00%
0.00%
0
RL V
o
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Duty ratio
Figure 5.3 Efficiency V/S Duty ratio for different input voltage
39
From the graph of Figure 5.3 we can see that for higher input voltage the efficiency is
lower. And that as the duty ratio increases the efficiency first increases up to 50%
duty cycle and after that duty cycle the efficiency falls again. The main reason behind
this is that, for a specific uk converter circuit the component values are chosen so
that it works only for specific purpose i.e. for specific duty cycle or simply to either
boost or buck to specific level with good efficiency. This is true for all DC-DC
converter circuit. Designing power supply to work with broad range of input voltages,
results in high efficiency variation throughout the total range. And this type of circuit
gives good efficiency in a specific duty cycle. And same is true for our implemented
circuit.
5.2.2 Total Harmonic Distortion and Power Factor
Total Harmonic Distortion and Power factors were also measure for varying the duty
cycle and input voltage. The circuit is similar to Figure 5.1 and with filter similar to
figure 5.3. Total Harmonic Distortion and Power Factor were measured using
specialized meter for measuring Total Harmonic Distortion and Power Factor. The
results of these are also summarized in section 5.2.4.
5.2.3 Effect of Filter on Efficiency
The variation of efficiency for different values of filter inductors and capacitors were
measured and noted. For this purpose all other circuit parameters were kept constant.
The value of different components chosen were
L1=560 mH
L1= 735 mH
C1= 10 F
C2= 10 F
Vs= 5 Vac
Switching frequency = 40 kHz
The Figure 5.4 shows the variation of efficiency for different duty ratio for input of 5
volt. For this purpose the filter capacitor was chosen to be 470 F. The graph shows
the comparison for using different filter inductance values. The graph clearly shows
that the efficiency falls for using any filter. This is because inductors and capacitors
40
are passive components and they do absorb some energy due to the resistive part in
practical components. But they do improve power quality of the converter.
Comparing the results we can see that if the inductor value is high the efficiency value
falls largely. But for moderate inductor value like 30 H, efficiency does not falls that
dramatically. Also using filter makes the efficiency stable for higher duty cycle. I.e.
the variation of efficiency is less after adding filters.
70.00%
60.00%
Efficiency
50.00%
40.00%
no filter
Lf=6u
30.00%
Lf=30u
Lf=100u
20.00%
Lf=100m
10.00%
0.00%
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Duty ratio
Figure 5.4 Efficiency V/S duty ratio for different filter inductance value
The Figure 5.5 shows the variation of efficiency for different duty ratio for input of 5
volt. For this purpose the filter inductor was chosen to be 100uH. The graph shows
the comparison for using different filter capacitance values. Comparing the results we
can see that adding filter definitely decreases the efficiency. And increasing filter
capacitance value decreases efficiency decrease for low duty cycle i.e. buck mode and
decreases the efficiency change for higher duty cycle i.e. boost mode.
41
70.00%
60.00%
Effeciency
50.00%
40.00%
no filter
30.00%
Cf =470u
20.00%
Cf=330u
10.00%
0.00%
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Duty ratio
Figure 5.5 Efficiency V/S duty ratio for different filter capacitance value
5.2.4 Effect of Filter on THD and PF
The Figure 5.6 shows a comparison for the current Total Harmonic Distortion value
for with and without filter value. The proceeding Figure 5.7 shows the Power Factor
for with and without filter. For this circuit the value of different components chosen
were
L1=560mH
L1= 735 mH
C1= 10 F
C2= 10 F
Lf=30 H
Cf=330 F
Vs=30 Vac
Switching frequency = 40 kHz
In Figure 5.6 we can see that Total Harmonic Distortion value is missing for 0.25 and
0.4 duty ratio. This is because the measuring instrument could not find the THD
value. In case of power factor in Figure 5.7 the meter was unable to find power factor
for .25 duty ratio.
42
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
Without filter
0.15
With filter
0.1
0.05
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Duty ratio
Figure 5.6 THD V/S Duty ratio for with and without filter
1
0.9
0.8
Power Factor
0.7
0.6
0.5
Without filter
0.4
With filter
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Duty ratio
Figure 5.7 Power Factor V/S Duty ratio for with and without filter
The Figures 5.6 and 5.7 above do shows that adding filter in the circuit does improve
Total Harmonic Distortion and Power Factor of the converter. In case of Power factor
without filter the power factor was not very bad it was just lower than what we
desired for. And adding the filter power factor improvement was close to 10%.
43
But for the case of Total harmonic Distortion without filter the Total Harmonic
Distortion was very high and was undesirable. And adding filter do improved the
Total Harmonic Distortion by around 10% but still we could not achieve our desired
Total Harmonic Distortion value which was to be less than 10%. For the experiment
we only measured Total Harmonic Distortion for Current. For voltage Total Harmonic
Distortion we found that without filter was much below 10%
5.3 Simulation results
For all the practical experiments done most of the circuits were designed for low
power. A circuit was designed for high power application. Simulation was done for
220 volt AC input voltage with all the designed component values. The Circuit was
designed with input filter and the primary focus of the design was to get good power
quality and efficiency. Some of the findings for the trend in efficiency and Total
Harmonic Distortion variation for variation of different parameters are summarized in
the following subsections. All the simulations were done using PSPICE.
5.3.1 Effect of filter component values on Total Harmonic Distortion
Figure 5.8 and 5.9 shows the variation of Total Harmonic Distortion for changing the
filter inductor value and filter capacitor values. For varying inductance capacitance
was kept 10uF and for varying capacitance inductance was kept 20mH.
Total harmonic Distortion in %
12
10
8
6
THD
4
2
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Filter inductance value in mH
Figure 5.8 THD variations with variation of filter inductance

44
20
18
Total harmonic Distortion in %
16
14
12
10
THD
8
6
4
2
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Filter capacitor value in uF
Figure 5.9 THD variations with variation of filter capacitance

Figures 5.8 and 5.9 do shows that changing filter capacitor value and filter inductor
value has effect on Total Harmonic Distortion. Figure 5.8 shows that keeping
capacitance constant and increasing the inductance decreases the Total Harmonic
Distortion which is desirable. And in Figure 5.9 in can be seen that keeping
inductance value constant and increasing capacitance value initially decreases the
Total Harmonic Distortion but in value of capacitor increased further Total Harmonic
Distortion starts to increase.
5.3.2 Frequency Variance effect
Data were taken by varying the switching frequency and keeping other parameters
constant. It is to be noted that for different output voltages the duty cycle was
changed. The Total Harmonic Distortion and efficiency for change in frequency were
noted. The graphs in figures 5.20 and 5.11 shows the Total Harmonic Distortion
change for change in frequency and Efficiency change for change with frequency
respectively.
45
12
10
Vout=75% of Vin
Vout=100% of Vin
Vout=125% of Vin
0
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Frequency in Hz
Figure 5.10 THD V/S Frequency for different output level

90
80
70
Efficiency
60
50
Vout=75% of Vin
40
Vout=100% of Vin
30
Vout=125% of Vin
20
10
0
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Frequency in Hz
Figure 5.11 Efficiency V/S Frequency for different output level

From Figures 5.11 it can be seen that as frequency is increased the efficiency of the
converter decreases for different output voltage. For higher output voltage the duty
46
cycle was increased. So it can be deduced that increasing the duty cycle also
decreases the efficiency of the converter. From Figure 5.10 it is clear that Total
Harmonic Distortion of the converter decreases with increase in frequency which is
good for power quality. From these two graphs the trend can be seen that if frequency
is increased the Total Harmonic Distortion of the converter decreases which is
desirable. But at the same time efficiency also decreases which is undesirable. So for
implementing a real life converter it has to be kept in mind. So there is a tradeoff
between efficiency and Total Harmonic Distortion for choosing a frequency of
switching for AC-DC converter.
5.4 Compilation of Simulation Data
From all the simulation for AC-DC conversion using uk topology the best
combination for getting decent efficiency and Total Harmonic Distortion are provided
in the table 5.1. It is to be noted that the switching frequency for the circuits are lower.
This is because with higher frequency we could not get efficiency around 80%. But
for reference the data for higher switching frequencies are provided in table 5.2. It can
be seen that the load resistor is not constant. This was done because in real life same
load does not operate at different voltages. And for different voltage as load changes
that was reflected on the simulation.
The parameters used for the simulation are as follows
L1=15mH
L2=20mH
C1=20 F
C2=10 F
Lf=40mH
Cf=5 F
47
Table 5.1 Data for getting more than 80% efficiency and less than 10% THD
Output
/input
%
Efficiency
(%)
THD
(%)
1000
650
Duty
cycle
(%)
37
37
77.95
88.6
8.6
11.6
20
20
1000
900
46.5
47
76.21
80.64
5.8
7.5
220.6
220.3
35
35
800
760
54.5
54
76.83
80.61
9.2
10.2
125
273.8
274.7
50
50
650
600
65
65
80.34
82.82
7
7.7
150
331.8
330.7
75
75
500
520
70
70
88.34
86.92
7.9
10
Output
voltage(V)
Output
Frequency(Hz)
resistance(ohm)
50
110.6
115.7
10
10
75
165
167.2
100
Table 5.2 Simulation data for higher frequency switching

Outpu
Output
t
voltage(
/input
V)
%
50
110
Output
resistance(oh
m)
Frequency(h
z)
Duty
cycle(%
)
10
10000
42
62.45
7.9
Efficiency(
%)
THD(%
)
75
153
20
10000
45
62.70
100
210
35
10000
55
56.75
6.2
125
231
50
10000
60
51.94
150
310
75
10000
65
310
7.1
The data in table 5.1 and 5.2 can be used to design controller for automatic control of
output voltage efficiency, THD and Power Factor.
48
Chapter 6
Conclusion
6.1 Discussion
From starting of the thesis different topologies for DC-DC converter namely Buck,
Boost, Buck-Boost and uk topologies has been studied. Among them uk topology
was chosen for further experimentation and implementation. Buck and Boost
converters are good options for getting output voltage less and more than the input
voltage respectively. But they need different circuit. For a single circuit to operate in
both Buck mode and Boost mode Buck-Boost and uk topologies are good option. As
through initial simulation uk topology was promising, it was chosen.
In selecting components we were limited by the availability of components in local
market. For example inductors and capacitors are available in market but power
handling capacity and voltage capacity is not up to mark which we needed. In case of
inductor we did not even have inductor values we needed. So we actually needed to
build inductors ourselves. For switching initially MOSFETs were used, MOSFETs
have good frequency operations but their low voltage, current and power handling
capabilities are limiting. For these we had to find alternative. IGBT (Insulated Gate
Bipolar Transistor) have better voltage, current and power handling capabilities than
MOSFETs. But they also have limitations in frequency of operation. IGBTs switching
frequencies are generally much lower than MOSFETs (Normal IGBTs has around 8
KHz switching frequency.) So finding IGBT to work in higher frequency was
necessary.
A challenge with IGBTs is their controlling. Whereas MOSFETs are very easy to
operate using digital controllers like microcontroller without any driving circuit,
IGBTs cannot be directly used with microcontrollers because of their higher turn on
threshold. So another driving circuit is necessary to drive the IGBT using controller.
The driving circuit could also be used for driving gate of MOSFETs, which was case
in the experiments done.
49
For DC-DC converters it has been seen that the input inductance and output
inductance both have effect on the efficiency of the circuit. The efficiency is better
when both the inductors inductance is closer and input inductance is slightly higher
than the output inductance. It was also found that though in simulation increasing the
voltage at input does not changes the efficiency of the converter dramatically, but in
practical if the input voltage (i.e. the output voltage) crosses a certain limit, the
efficiency falls drastically. In extreme cases the switching transistor gets damaged. It
was found that IGBTs has better current handling capacity than MOSFETs. That is
IGBTs can withstand higher input voltages.
For AC-DC conversion a full wave rectifier without any input capacitance is used in
front of a uk converter. In spite of having better Total Harmonic Distortion and
Power Factor using uk converter, still now it is not up to the mark. So a low pass LC
filter was added to input of the converter before the rectifier so that the harmonic
components generated in the converter does not go to the supply and affect the
system. Adding filter though improved the power quality by a considerable amount of
decrease in Total Harmonic Distortion and increase in Power Factor, it decrease the
efficiency of the converter.
Finally, simulation was done for finding optimum parameters for getting a converter
with Efficiency higher than 80% and Total Harmonic Distortion lower than 10%. This
was achieved by varying the duty cycle and frequency of switching and keeping all
other variables of the converter constant. Though conditions with, desired Efficiency
and Total Harmonic Distortion was found. These were with lower frequency of
operations
6.2 Future Scope of Work
The work in this thesis can be taken further by some of the ways as
Develop a feedback control circuit to control the switches automatically to

provide steady output voltage.
Work to other ways to improve Total Harmonic Distortion and Power

Factor for the converter further more.
Develop digitally controlled precision power supplies.
50
References
[1]
F. L. Luo and H. Ye, Essential DC/DC Converters: CRC Press, 2006.
[2]
M. H. Rashid, Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices, And Applications:

Pearson, 2004
[3]
S. Sivajanani, N. Arunkumar,N. Veeramuthulingam,D. Balaji, Analysis of

Cuk Converters for Power , Correction Applications, International
Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 3 Issue 5,
May 2014,ISSN: 2278-0181
[4]
V.SreeVidhya, M.Gopi Chand Naik, D.DeepakChowdhary, Comparative

Analysis Of Improved Quality Three Phase AC/DC Converters Based On
Flyback And Cuk Topologies, International Journal of Engineering
Research & Technology (IJERT),Vol. 2 Issue 1, January- 2013, ISSN:
2278-0181
[5]
R. Ramesh, U. Subathra, M. Ananthi , R. Ramesh et al Int. Journal of

Engineering Research and Applications ,ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue
3( Version 6), March 2014, pp.79-82
[6]
Doron, Shmilovitz, On the Denition of Total Harmonic Distortion and

Its Effect on Measurement Interpretation, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 20, NO. 1, JANUARY 2005
[7]
Associated Power Technologies, Total Harmonic Distortion and Effects in

Electrical Power Systems
[8]
Hart, Daniel W. Power Electronics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2011.

Print.
[9]
Wolfle, W.H.; Hurley, W.G., "Quasi-active power factor correction with a

variable inductive filter: theory, design and practice," Power Electronics,
IEEE Transactions on , vol.18, no.1, pp.248,255, Jan 2003,doi:
10.1109/TPEL.2002.807135
51
[10]
Fairchild Semiconductor , Power Factor Correction (PFC) Basics (PDF)

Appl. note 42047, 2004.
[11]
Sugawara, I.; Suzuki, Y.; Takeuchi, A.; Teshima, T. (1923 Oct 1997),
"Experimental studies on active and passive PFC circuits", INTELEC 97,
19th International Telecommunications Energy Conference, pp. 57178,
doi:10.1109/INTLEC.1997.646051.
[12]
A Pandey, Prof B Singh, Prof D P Kothari, Comparative Evaluation of

Single-phase Unity Power Factor ac-dc Boost Converter Topologies
[13]
Shilpa R., A. Sreedevi , Hybrid Rectifier with Low Total Harmonic

Distortion and Unity Power Factor, International Journal of Engineering
Research & Technology (IJERT), Vol. 2 Issue 8, August 2013, ISSN:
2278-0181
52

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Analysis and Implementation of uk Topology

Based Improved Power Quality Single Phase AC to

Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

Ifte Khairul Amin

Name : Farhan Anjum Khandaker

Analysis and Implementation of uk Topology Based

Submitted as a requirement of the partial fulfillment of course EEE 408

Organization of the thesis

Chapter 2 : Power Quality Parameters in Converter

Total Harmonic Distortion

Chapter 3 : Topologies Considered

Buck- Boost Converter

Mathematical expressions of uk converter

uk as a Cascaded Boost and Buck Bonverter

Advantage of uk over Buck-Boost Converter

Power Factor Correction

Chapter 4 : Analysis for Real Time Implementation of DC to DC Converter

4.1.1 Gate Control of Switching Transistor

Input Inductance Influence

Output Inductance Influence

Simulation V/S Practical results

MOSFET V/S IGBT

Chapter 5 : Analysis for Simulation and Real Time Implementation of AC to DC

Efficiency V/S Duty Ratio

Total Harmonic Distortion and Power Factor

Effect of Filter on Efficiency

Effect of Filter on THD and PF

Effect of filter component values on Total Harmonic Distortion

Frequency Variance effect

Compilation of Simulation Data

Future Scope of Work

Circuit for measuring efficiency

Voltage current curves for pure inductive load

Voltage current curves for pure capacitive load

Basic Linear Regulator (a) with transistor (b) equivalent circuit

A basic switching DC-DC converter (a) circuit (b) equivalent

Buck converter circuit

Operation of buck converter (a) Switch on state (b) Switch off

Operational Boost converter

Operation of boost converter (a) Switch on state (b) Switch off

Operational Buck-Boost converter

Operation of buck-boost converter (a) Switch on state (b) Switch

Operation of uk converter (a) Switch on state (b) Switch off

Cascaded buck and boost to uk converter

Inductors made for experiments

Practical circuit setup

Practical circuit setup with measuring instruments

Driver circuit for gate control of switching transistor

Efficiency for different L1 values with different duty cycle for

Efficiency for different L1 values with different duty cycle for

uk topology based AC-DC converter circuit with input filter

Efficiency V/S Duty ratio for different input voltage

Efficiency V/S duty ratio for different filter inductance value

Efficiency V/S duty ratio for different filter capacitance value

THD V/S Duty ratio for with and without filter

THD variations with variation of filter inductance

THD variations with variation of filter capacitance

THD V/S Frequency for different output level

Efficiency V/S Frequency for different output level

Simulation data for higher frequency switching

considerable amount of research going on to improve the performance parameters

Using uk Converters for Power Factor Correction Applications rather than

Comparative analysis of improved quality three phase AC/DC Flyback

Single phase ac-dc converters having high frequency isolation are