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DesignofSewerSystemCivilEngineersPK

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DesignofSewerSystem
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DESIGNOFSEWERSYSTEM
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INTRODUCTION
DesignofSewerSystem.Sewersystemplaysavitalroleintheeconomicdevelopmentofacountry.Sewersaremustforthedrainageofwastewater.
Inordertohaveaneffectivesewagesystemthesewersshouldbeproperlydesignedandmorecareshouldbetakeninfindingtheinvertlevels
otherwisewholedesignmaygetwrong.DesignofSewerSystem.Sewersaredesignedforthedrainageofwastewatercomingfromhouses,
industries,streets,runoffetctoprotecttheenvironmentandpeoplefromseriousdiseases,asmorethan50diseasesspreadfromsewage.Sofora
goodliving,thesewersshouldbeproperlydesignedandthesewageshouldbetreatedproperlybeforedischargingitintotheriver.DesignofSewer
System

Someoftheimportantandrelevanttermsforsewersystemarediscussedbelow.

Sewage
ItisLiquidWasteorWasteWaterproduceasaresultofwateruse.DesignofSewerSystem

Sewer
Itisthepipeorconduitforcarryingsewage.Itisgenerallyclosedandflowtakesplaceundrgravity(AtmosphericPressure).DesignofSewerSystem

Sewerage
Sewerageisthesystemofcollectionofwastewaterandconveyingittoapointoffinaldisposalwithorwithouttreatment.DesignofSewerSystem

Sourcesofwastewater
Followingaretheprincipalsourcesofwastewater

Domestic
Industrial
Stormwater

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Domestic
Itisthewastewaterfromhouses,offices,otherbuildings,hotelsandinstitutions.DesignofSewerSystem

Industrial
Itistheliquidwastefromtheindustrialplacesfromtheirdifferentindustrialprocesseslikedying,papermatting,tanneries,chemicalindustries,
etc.DesignofSewerSystem

StormWater
Itincludessurfacerunoffgeneratedfromrainfallandthestreetwash.DesignofSewerSystem

TypesofSewerSystems
Followingarethetypesofsewerage.DesignofSewerSystem

SeparateSystem
Itisthesysteminwhichstormwateriscarriedseparatelyfromdomesticandindustrialwastewater.Thissystemispreferredwhen

Thereisanimmediateneedforcollectionofsanitarysewagebutnotforstormwater
Whensanitarysewageneedstreatmentbutthestormwaterdoesnot.DesignofSewerSystem

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CombinedSystem
Itisthetypeofsysteminwhichsewercarriesboththesanitaryandstormwater.Combined
systemisfavoredwhen

Combinedsewagecanbedisposedoffwithouttreatment
Bothsanitaryandstormwaterneedtreatment
Streetsarenarrowandtwoseparatesewerscannotbelaid.DesignofSewerSystem

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TypesofSewersDesignofSewerSystem

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SanitarySewers
Itcarriessanitarysewagei.e.wastewaterfrommunicipalityincludingDomesticandIndustrialwastewaters.DesignofSewerSystem

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StormSewer
ItcarriesstormsewageincludingSurfaceRunoffandStreetWash.DesignofSewerSystem

CombinedSewer
Itcarriesdomestic,industrialandstormsewage.DesignofSewerSystem

HouseSewer
Itisthesewerconveyingsewagefromplumbingsystemofbuildingtocommon/municipalsewers.

Lateralsewer
Thissewercarriesdischargefromtwoormorehousesewers.DesignofSewerSystem

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SubMainSewer
Thissewercarriesdischargefromtwoormorelaterals.DesignofSewerSystem

Main/TrunkSewer
Itreceivesdischargefromtwoormoresubmains.

OutfallSewer
Itreceivesdischargefromallcollectingsystemandconveysittothepointoffinaldisposal.

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Sewageflow
Itisflowderivedfromthesanitaryandindustrialsewagethatistherawwaterfromtheseindustriesandhouses,soitmeansithasdirectrelationwith
theamountofwaterconsumed.
Generally80to90%ofthewaterconsumptionistakenassewageorwastewaterflow.DesignofSewerSystem

Variationinsewageflow
Likewatersupply,sewageflowvariesfromtimetotime.SincesewersmustbeabletoaccommodateMaximumRateofFlow,thevariationinthe
sewageflowmustbestudied.
GenerallyHermanFormulaisusedtoestimatetheratioofMaximumtoAverageFlow

Pispopulationinthousands.DesignofSewerSystem
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WASALahoreDesignConsidersthefollowingrelationshipforsewerdesign

AverageSewageFlow(m3 /day)

PeakFactor

2500

4.0

25005000

3.4

500010000

3.1

1000025000

2.7

2500050000

2.5

50000100000

2.3

100000250000

2.15

250000500000

2.08

>500000

2.0

Infiltration
Itisamountofwaterthatentersintothesewersthroughpoorjoints,crackedpipes,wallsandcoversofmanholes.DesignofSewerSystem

Itisnonexistentduringdryweatherbutincreasesduringrainyseason.
WaterandSanitationAgency(WASA)Lahoreusesthefollowinginfiltrationratesforthedesignofsewersystem.

SewerDiameter

Infiltration

225mmto600mm

5%ofAvg.SewageFlow

>600mm

10%ofAvg.SewageFlow

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DesignPeriod
SewerSystem
Periodofdesignisindefinite.Thesystemisdesignedtotakecareforthemaximumdevelopmentofthearea.Butwetakedesignperiodof20yearsfor
oursewersystem.DesignofSewerSystem

SewerPumpingStation
Designperiodis10years.
RateofFlowareaveragedaily,peakandminimumflowincludingInfiltration.

PROJECTDESCRIPTION
TheprojectisbasedonthedesignofPartiallycombinedseweragesystemofacommunitywhichishavingapproximatelyaflatterrainbecausethe
differenceinthereducelevelsisverysmall.Ihavedesignedthesewagepumpingstationalongwiththehydraulicstatementandtherequireddrawings
plussomeextradrawings.Iamconfidentthatmydesignwillworksuccessfullyandtherewillbenotanyproblems.TheLayoutofthecommunityis
givenasunder.DesignofSewerSystem

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DESIGNCRITERIA
DesignFlow
Firstofallcalculatetheaveragesewageflowonthebasisofwaterconsumptionandthepopulationattheendofthedesignperiod.i.eatthefull
developmentofthearea.Thenthedesignflowforsanitarysewerandpartiallycombinedsewerscanbycalculatedbyusingthefollowing
formulae.DesignofSewerSystem

ForSanitarySewer

Qdesign =Peaksewageflow+infiltration

Forpartiallycombinedsewer(WASACriteria)

Qdesign =2xPeaksewageflow+infiltration

DesignEquation
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ManningsEquationisusedforsewersflowingundergravityDesignofSewerSystem

Where
V=Velocityofflowinm/sec
R=Hydraulicmeandepth(A/P)=D/4whenpipeisflowingfullorhalffull
S=Slopeofthesewer
n=Coefficientofroughnessforpipes

Minimum(SelfCleansing)Velocity
Sewageshouldflowatalltimeswithsufficientvelocitytopreventthesettlementofsolidmatterinthesewer.SelfCleansingVelocityistheminimum
velocitythatensuresnonsettlementofsuspendedmatterinthesewer.DesignofSewerSystem

Thefollowingminimumvelocitiesaregenerallyemployed

Sanitarysewer=0.6m/sec
Stormsewer=1.0m/sec
Partiallycombinedsewer=0.7m/sec

Maximumvelocity

Themaximumvelocitiesinthesewerpipesshouldnotexceedmorethan2.4m/sec.Thismaxvelocityinthesewershouldnotexceedthislimitof2.4
m/sec.Itistoavoidtheexcessivesewerabrasionandalsotoavoidsteepslopes.DesignofSewerSystem

MinimumSewerSize
225mmistakenastheminimumsewersize.Thereasonbeingthat,thechokingdoesnottakeplaceevenwiththebiggersizeparticles,whichare
usuallythrownintothesewerthroughmanholes.DesignofSewerSystem
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MinimumCoverofSewer
1mistakenastheminimumcoveroverthesewerstoavoiddamagefromliveloadscomingonthesewer.DesignofSewerSystem

SpacingofManhole(WASA,Criteria)
For(SewerSize)225mmto380mmspacingnotmorethan100m

For(SewerSize)460mmto760mmspacingnotmorethan120m

For(SewerSize)greaterthan760mmspacingnotmorethan150m

DirectionofSewerLine
Sewershouldflow,asforaspossibletheNaturalSlope.DesignofSewerSystem

DesignofSewer
SizeofSewer

Usethefollowingrelationtofindthediameterofsewer
Qf=AxV

SlopeofSewer

SelecttheminimumvelocityvalueandusetheManningsformula

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InvertLevel
ThelowestinsidelevelatanycrosssectionofasewerpipeisknownasInvertLevelatthatCrosssection.DesignofSewerSystem

InvertLevel=NGSL/RoadLevelDepthofSewerThicknessofSewerDia.ofSewer

JointsinSewers
Bell&SpigotJoint
Tongue&GrooveJoint

Manholes
Theseareprovidedfor

Cleaning
inspectionand
houseconnection

At

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ChangeinSewerdirection
Changeinsewerdiameter
Changeinslope

Onemanholetobeprovidedfor24plotsDesignofSewerSystem

DesignofSewerSystem
SEWERAGEDESIGNDATA
NoofPlots=281

NoofApartments=3

NoofFlats=3

Designperiod=20years

POPULATIONFORECAST

Persons/plot

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Present(2009)

Design(2029)

10

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Persons/apartment

400

600

Persons/flat

200

400

POPULATIONFORECASTING

PresentPopulationPp=1)2817+4003+2003=3767
DesignPopulationPd=2)28110+6003+4003=5810
AnnualGrowthRate=2.1%(ForPakistan,2008report)

DesignPopulationPd
DesignofSewerSystem

1)Pd=Ppx(1+2.1/100)20
Pd=3767x(1+2.1/100)20 =5709
Pd=5810(FromTable)
Percapitawaterconsumption=350+44=394lpcd(literspercapitaperday)
AverageDesignflow=Pd xwaterconsumptionx0.8/1000
(80%goestosewersaswastewater)
=(394x5810x0.8)/1000
Qavg=1831.312m3 /day
Peakfactor=4(fromWASAtable)

ToCheckInfiltrationrates

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DESIGNOFWETWELL
Qmax=14742.1m3 /day=10.237m3 /min

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Pumpingcapacity
P=Qmax=10.237m3 /min

MinimumcycletimeDesignofSewerSystem

MinimumCycletimemustnotbelessthan5minutes
Forsmallerpumpstmin=15min
Volume=V=[Pxt(min)]/4
EffectiveVolume=(10.237x15)/4=38.39m3DesignofSewerSystem

DIMENSIONSOFWETWELL
Length=3.6mDesignofSewerSystem
Width=3.6m
Height=3m
Volume=3.6*3.6*3=38.88m3
Pumpmustrunforatleast2minutes
Checkthecycletime,shouldbegreaterthan2minutes
t=V/(PQmin)=38.39/(10.2370.6358)=3.99~=4
So4minutesisgreaterthan2minutes..(OK)DesignofSewerSystem

CycleTimeforMinimumandAverageFlow
CYCLETIME=t=(V/(PQ))+(V/Q)

ForQmin=38.39/(10.2370.6358)+38.398/0.6358=64.391min>15min(OK)
ForQavg=38.39/(10.2371.271)+38.39/1.271=34.48min>15min(OK)

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DesignofSewerSystemCivilEngineersPK

MANHOLE
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DROPMANHOLE

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SEWERJOINTS

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SEWERBEDDINGS

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COMMENTS
Thisdesignisbasedonpartiallycombinedseweragesystemthusiseconomic.
AllthenecessarythingsaretakenfromtheWASAtablesandMinimumvelocityistakenas0.6m/secwhichistheselfcleansingvelocityand
velocitymustnotbemorethan2.4m/sec.
Minimumdiameterofseweristakenas225mmandotherdiametersareroundedtothelocallyavailableinthemarketaccordingtoWASA
standards.
Minimumrateofsewageflowistakenas50%ofaveragesewageflow.
Minimumclearcoverof1misprovidedabovethesewerinordertoavoidfromimpactofliveloading.
Flushtanksareprovidedwherevelocityislessthan0.6m/Sec.DesignofSewerSystem

RESULTS

Diametersarelessthen600mmsoInfiltrationrateusedis5%ofaveragesewageflow.
Bell&Spigotjointshavebeenusedasthediametersarelessthen600mm.
OneDropManholeiscomingatM15astheverticaldropismorethan0.6m.
InSewers(M9M8,M8M11,M10M11,M12M13,M5M18,M20M21,M24M21,M21M22,M25M26),Velocityislessthantheselfcleansing
velocitySo,Flushtankswillbeprovidedhere.
Mostofthediametersareof225mmensuringtheeconomicsideoftheproject.
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Wetwelldimensionsare2.53.54.4.
Cycletimeof15minutesissatisfiedensuringtheadaptabilityofsmallpumpssomoreeconomic.

RECOMMENDATIONS
Flushtanksshouldbeflushedoncein24hourstoavoidsedimentdeposition.
Iftheseweristobelaidunderthewatertablethencrushedstonebeddingshouldbeused.
Sewersshouldbejoinedinamanholekeepingthecrownsatthesamelevel.

DesignofSewerSystem,DesignofSewerSystem,DesignofSewerSystem,DesignofSewerSystem

40thoughtsonDESIGNOFSEWERSYSTEM

AnwaarAhmed
onNovember7,2014at16:12said:

GoodWorkSir
IamworkingasSubEngineerataTMA.Igotenoughguidancefromworkgoodwork.
Regards

UBAIDAHMAD
onNovember8,2014at07:56said:

THANKS

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Ebd
onFebruary26,2015at20:39said:

Yousaidthatthedrainagedesignisequaltotwotimesthemaximumdischargewhilewhencalculatedleakagereportedthat
drainagedesignisequaltotwotimestherateofdischarge..Ihopestatementthispointifallowed

MAYANKNAGLE
onNovember2,2016at14:14said:

Itbestdescriptionforsewardesign&itssohalpfullforme.Sothankusir

CIVILENGINEERSPK
onNovember2,2016at17:19said:

YouareWelcome

AbdulRaheemSiddiqui
onJanuary20,2015at07:24said:
http://civilengineerspk.com/designofsewersystem/

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Verygoodmaterial,itwillbemorebeneficialifyoucouldhaveshownthecalculationoruploadedsupportingexcelfile.

UBAIDAHMAD
onJanuary20,2015at15:35said:

NOPE

Ebd
onFebruary26,2015at20:41said:

Yousaidthatthedrainagedesignisequaltotwotimesthemaximumdischargewhilewhencalculatedleakagereportedthatdrainagedesignisequalto
twotimestherateofdischarge..Ihopestatementthispointifallowed

ABEDELBASET
onMarch23,2015at09:17said:

HI:
IWOULDLIKETOBUYPROGRAMFORDESIGNSEWAGENETWORKWITHPROFILE.

UBAIDAHMAD
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onMarch23,2015at11:03said:

Allsoftwaresavailableonthesiterequiremembership.
http://civilengineerspk.com/membership/

QaziLitafatUrRehman
onJanuary2,2016at17:42said:

IcannotdownloadExcelsheetsasIrequireoneforthedesignofSeweragesystemthoughIgotthemembership

UBAIDAHMAD
onJanuary2,2016at18:29said:

Allexcelsheetsareavailablehereonly
http://civilengineerspk.com/excelsheets/

WanjalaDanielMasinde
onMarch31,2015at07:33said:

Wouldliketoinquiremoreonhowtoovercomeexcesssewageinplaceswherethereisalreadyestablishedsewerlineyetthereisincreasedpopulation

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UBAIDAHMAD
onMarch31,2015at13:09said:

Howmuchsewageyouaretalkingabout?

gebrewahid
onApril15,2015at09:21said:

IWOULDLIKETOBUYPROGRAMFORDESIGNSEWAGENETWORKWITHPROFILE

UBAIDAHMAD
onApril15,2015at14:59said:

itsalreadyavailablefreeonline

Sonia
onApril18,2015at10:23said:

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Thanxalot.Thisarticlewasalifesaver.Iamdoingsomethingsimilarformyundergradproject.IsthereinformationonABR(AnaerobiBaffleReactor)
sizingandformulas?

Thanxagain.

UBAIDAHMAD
onApril18,2015at18:29said:

yourwelcome

NomanKhan
onMay1,2015at09:24said:

Hellosiryourworkisveryappreciable,sircanyouplztellmehowmanytypesofnetworkingarethereinseweragesystemandwhataretheirnames.
Andalsowheredoesthepeakfacorlike4.5,4,3comefrom.
Hopeuwouldconsidermyquestion.
Thankyou!

UBAIDAHMAD
onMay5,2015at10:46said:

http://civilengineerspk.com/designofsewersystem/

http://civilengineerspk.com/designofsewersystem/

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QaziLitafatUrRehman
onJanuary2,2016at18:06said:

PleasesendExcelsheetforthedesignofseweragesystemonmyIDlitafat@gmail.comPleasenotethatIgotthemembership,thanks

UBAIDAHMAD
onJanuary2,2016at18:27said:

Allexcelsheetsareavailableherehttp://civilengineerspk.com/excelsheets/

KHIDIRBALLA
onFebruary7,2016at08:03said:

IwouldliketoaskifIwanttodesignseparatesewersystemwhereisthedifferentwillbeisitintheslopesonly!!,andwhattypeofpipeyou

recommendUPVCorGRP

UBAIDAHMAD
onFebruary7,2016at08:58said:

http://civilengineerspk.com/designofsewersystem/

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Youwillbeusingallparametersofseparatesewersystemlikedischarge,selfcleansingvelocityetc.

sam
onFebruary19,2016at02:24said:

couldyoupleasegivemeanexampleoftheAnalysisstatementformainsewerforanyarea?

UBAIDAHMAD
onFebruary19,2016at09:44said:

what?

Esa

onMarch15,2016at20:05said:

Impressive..canuplztellmewhatshouldbethecoveringthicknessforRccpipesBiniththemainroadifpipesizeisapproximately24inchindia

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yesha
onMarch27,2016at19:26said:

Thiswasreallyhelpful,imworkingonmycollegeprojectandthiskindahelpedmesavetimetogothroughalltheliteratureregardingdesignasm
alreadyrunningshortofit.Thankyou!

UBAIDAHMAD
onMarch28,2016at08:33said:

YoureWelcome

Wearegladthatithelpedyou.

JennyChristopher
onApril17,2016at21:02said:

Hello,

IamastudentattheUniversityofWisconsinStevensPoint.ForainterpretivemediaclassIhavetodesignasignforalocalwastewatertreatment
plantinGreenBaytousetoeducatetheirvisitors.Iamlookingforanimageofaseparatesewersystemtouseinthesignandcameacrossacouple

onyourwebsitethatwouldbeperfect.Iwaswonderingifyouwouldallowmetouseanyofyourimagesandifyouhaveanyhighqualityversionsof
them?

UBAIDAHMAD
onApril18,2016at02:51said:
http://civilengineerspk.com/designofsewersystem/

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Youcanclickonthemanddownloadthemasperyourrequirement.

pemayangjey
onMay20,2016at08:43said:

Thesitewasworthvisitingforme.itwasindeedwhichhelpedmethemostindoingmyfinalyearprojectinDiplomacoursethisyear.soiwouldliketo
thankandsayiamverypleasedtogetaccessedtothis.thanksforthehelps.

UBAIDAHMAD
onMay20,2016at14:46said:

YouareWelcome

abdurahim
onAugust30,2016at18:29said:

canudoitpiiz

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CIVILENGINEERSPK
onAugust30,2016at19:52said:

Nowedontsolvequestionshere

faizalibnnazeer
onOctober3,2016at19:01said:

heredesignofsewerinsoftwaretoolwasmissingsirlikeautocadorstaadproectifuprovidethatitwillhelpforupcomingcivilenggstudentlikeme

BasitAli
onNovember15,2016at17:56said:

ThanksSirapkissdesignkiwajahsehaminkhudzyadatypenaikrnapara

CIVILENGINEERSPK
onNovember16,2016at04:30said:

SamajhAanichahiyetakkhudkarsako.

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Esha
onNovember22,2016at20:38said:

whatistheminimumthresholdforoptingseparateseweragesystemintermsofIndianconditions?

CIVILENGINEERSPK
onNovember23,2016at04:42said:

Youcanaskherehttps://www.facebook.com/groups/jobsforcivilengineers/?ref=bookmarks

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