AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITYBANGLADESH

Faculty of Engineering
Laboratory Report Cover Sheet
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Laboratory Title : :. Study of direct current motor- part ll
Experiment Number: 04
Subject Code: EEE

Due Date: 18.06.2015

Semester: Summer,2014-15

Subject Name: ELECTRICAL

Section: H

MACHINES 1

Course Instructor: MD. WAYESH QARONY

Degree Program: BSc in EEE

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Group Number (if applicable): 05

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Asif MD Asifuzzaman

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Absar Arfath Bin

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Iqbal, MD. Ashif

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Abstract:
This experiment is about dc motor. Motor is such kind of thing which converts electrical
energy into mechanical energy. Here we will find the neutral position of brush of the
motor and discuss about the construction of the motor. We will also know the different
types of motor and their characteristic.
Introduction:
The objective of this experiment are to:
1. Locate the neutral position of the brush
2. Illustrate the basic motor wiring connections
3. Study the operating characteristics of the series and shunt connected motor.
Theory and methodology:
In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A current carrying
conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external magnetic
field, it will experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor, and to the
strength of the external magnetic field. The internal configuration of a DC motor is
designed to harness the magnetic interaction between a current-carrying conductor and
an external magnetic field to generate rotational motion.
The neutral position of the brush is determined by positioning the brush lever in the
maximum clockwise position. The power supply to the armature of the motor is turned
on and the supply voltage is gradually increased until the voltmeter connected across the
shunt winding indicates 150V. The brush positioning lever is moved from one extreme
position to another. It will be observed that the induced ac voltage across the shunt field
drops to zero and then increases again as the other extreme position is reached. The
brush lever should be placed at the position where the induced voltage is zero. This is the
neutral position of the DC motor.
In series motors stator windings and field windings are connected in series with each
other. As a result the field current and armature current are equal. Heavy currents flow
directly from the supply to the field windings. To carry this huge load, field windings are
very thick and have few turns. Usually copper bars form stator windings. These thick
copper bars dissipate heat generated by the heavy flow of current very effectively. In a
series motor electric power is supplied between one end of the series field windings and
one end of the armature. When voltage is applied, current flows from power supply
terminals through the series winding and armature winding. The large conductors
present in the armature and field windings provide the only resistance to the flow of this
current. Since these conductors are so large, their resistance is very low. This causes the

motor to draw a large amount of current from the power supply. When the large current
begins to flow through the field and armature windings, the coils reach saturation that
result in the production of strongest magnetic field possible. The strength of these
magnetic fields provides the armature shafts with the greatest amount of torque
possible. The large torque causes the armature to begin to spin with the maximum
amount of power and the armature starts to rotate.
In Shunt DC motor, the field windings of the stator are connected in parallel with the
armature. The field windings of a Shunt DC motor are made of fine coil of wire with large
number of turns. As small gauge wire cannot handle heavy currents, shunt windings of a
shunt motor require large number of turns to produce strong magnetic field. As a Shunt
DC Motor cannot carry high currents, it is unsuitable for applications requiring a high
starting torque. So, it requires its shaft load to be small to start functioning. The resistance
of the shunt windings in a Shunt DC motor is very high. As a result, when electric voltage
is supplied to the Shunt DC motor, very low amount of current flows through the shunt
coil. Armature draws enough current to produce a strong magnetic field. Due to the
interaction of magnetic field around armature and the field produced around the shunt
field, the motor starts to rotate. When the armature starts turning, it produces a back EMF.
The theory behind the generation of back EMF is the simple electromagnetic principle,
which states that when a conductor (armature in this case) rotates in a magnetic field,
electricity is induced in it. The polarity of this generated back EMF is such that it opposes
the armature current. So, as the motor turns, armature current is controlled by the back
EMF and is kept low.
Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor, stator, commutator, series and shunt
field and brushes. The stator is the stationary part of the motor -- this includes the motor
casing and the series and shunt field. The rotor together with the axle and attached
commutator rotates with respect to the stator. The rotor consists of windings (generally on
a core), the windings being electrically connected to the commutator. The geometry of the
brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor windings are such that when power is applied, the
polarities of the rotor winding and the stator field winding are misaligned, and the rotor
will rotate until it is almost aligned with the stator's magnetic field. As the rotor reaches
alignment, the brushes move to the next commutator contacts, and energize the next
winding.

In real life, though, DC motors will always have more than two poles. In particular, this
avoids "dead spots" in the commutator. Disadvantage of such a simple motor is that it
would exhibit a high amount of torque "ripple" (the amount of torque it could produce is
cyclic with the position of the rotor). The use of an iron core armature is quite common,
and has a number of advantages. First, the iron core provides a strong, rigid support for the
windings -- a particularly important consideration for high-torque
high orque motors. The core also
conducts heat away from the rotor windings, allowing the motor to be driven harder than
might otherwise be the case. Iron core construction is also relatively inexpensive
compared with other construction types. But iron core construction
construction also has several
disadvantages. The iron armature has a relatively high inertia which limits motor
acceleration. This construction also results in high winding inductances which limit brush
and commutator life.
Pre-lab homework:
Electric motor is such type of machine which converts electric energy to mechanical
energy. If a current carrying conductor is placed inside magnetic field that is going to
experience some mechanical force. All the forces on conductors are added together to
generate the driving
iving torque for motor. Direction of the rotation of motor is determined by
Flemings left hand rule. Intensity of the force depends on magnitude of current.
Apparatus:

DC motor/generator
DC voltmeter/Ammeter
AC voltmeter
Power supply
Hand tachometer
Connection leads

8211
8412
8426
8821
8920
8941

Precaution:
In this experiment,
eriment, high voltage are present. So, we have to very careful
Any connection should not make with the power on.

 Here the applied given voltage is 240. But it is very difficult to reach at that voltage.
Here spark occurs if we take 240V. So, we should do our
our experiment by taking 180
v.
For high voltage, spark occurs in the motor. So, we should be very careful to turn
the motor off immediately.
Figures and circuit diagrams:

Experimental procedure:
Finding the neutral brush position
1. The neutral position for the DC motor was determined by using alternating current.
Using the power supply, AC voltmeter and DC motor the circuit shown in figure 3
was settled up. The power supply was settled at 200V AC.
2. The brush positioning lever was moved to the maximum clockwise position of the
DC motor.
3. The power supply was turned on. The power supply voltmeter switch was settled in
the 4-N
N position. The voltage output control was increased slowly until the AC
voltmeter connected across the shunt
shunt-field winding
ding indicates approximately 180V
ac.
4. A) The brushes were moved from one extreme position to another. The induced ac
voltage across the field was dropped to zero and then increased again while moving
the another extreme position.
b) The brushes were left att the position where the induced voltage was found zero. That
was the neutral position of the DC motor.
Each time the brushes were at the neutral position.
c) the voltage was returned to zero and the power supply was turned off. The
circuit was disconnected and the DC motor was slided back in place.

5. Series motor connections:

using the power supply , DC voltmeter/ammeter and DC motor the circuit shown in
figure 4 was constructed. The armature was connected in series with the series field
winding, across the input voltage.
6. The power supply was turned on. The power supply voltmeter switch was settled
in the 7-N position. The output voltage was adjusted to 180v.
7. A) The motor was turned fast
B) using the hand tachometer the motor speed was measured in revolutions per
minute.
Series speed= 2300 r/min.
8. A) the power supply voltage was reduced and the effect on the motor speed was
noted.
b) the voltage was reduced to zero and the direction of rotation was determined
which was looked from the open end of the motor.
Rotation= clockwise

c) the power supply was turned off.

9. The circuit was reconnected as shown in figure-5. The only change was made to the
circuit if figure-4 was that the connections to the armature and the commutator winding
had been reversed.
10. Procedure steps 6 through 8 was repeated using the reversed armature and
commutation connections shown in figure-5.
Series speed= 2400 r/min
Rotation= anticlockwise
11. As the polarity of armature and commutator winding was reversed, thats why the
direction of the rotation of as series connected DC motor was changed.
12. shunt motor connections:
The circuit shown in figure-6 was constructed. The field rheostat was in series with the
shunt field, and that this combination was in parallel with the armature and its
commutating winding, across the input voltage.
13. a) The field rheostat was adjusted for minimum resistance.
b) The power supply was turned on and adjusted for 180 v dc.
c) The motor speed was measured by using hand tachometer.

Shunt speed= 650 r/min

d) The field rheostat was adjusted for maximum resistance. Then the motor speed
was measured again.
Shunt speed= 1300 r/min
e) then the direction of motor was determined.
Rotation= clockwise

14. a) The voltage was returned to zero and the power supply was turned off.
b) The polarity of the input voltage was reversed by interchanging the power supply
connection leads only.
15. Procedure step 13 was repeated and the result was compared.
a) The direction of rotation was not changed.
b) The speed was not changed also.
c) The voltage was returned to zero and the power supply was turned off.
16. The connection leads to the power supply was interchanged. The circuit was as the
same as figure-6. The connection to the armature was reversed only.
17. procedure step 13 was repeated and the direction of rotation to that found in
procedure step 13 was compared.
Rotation= anticlockwise.
18. a) while the motor was still running, the shunt field circuit was opened momentarily
by removing the connection lead of one of the terminals of the shunt field winding (5 or
6)
b) By removing the connection the motor was started to rotate with more speed. That
means when a dc motor losses power to its shunt field the speed of rotation of motor
decrease.
c) The same thing was occurred in the series connected dc motor, because by removing
the connection the resistance of the circuit decrease. As a result more power delivered to
the load and the motor rotates with more speed.
19. the circuit shown in figure-7 was settled. This time the armature was connected to
the variable 0-240 v dc output while the shunt field was connected to the fixed 240 v dc
output.
20. a) the power supply was turned on. The armature voltage was adjusted to 30 v dc as
indicated by the power supply meter.

b) the
he hand tachometer was used to measure the motor speed. The speed
measurement were recorded in table
table-1.
c) step b was repeated for each of the voltage values listed in the table. The voltage
was returned to zero and the power supply was turned off.
d) each of the points from table 1 was plotted on the graph. A smooth curve through
the plotted points was drawn.
e) by varying the armature voltage we can easily control the speed. So, it is a good
method to control the speed.
Table-1:
1: voltage vs speed
s
characteristics data table
E (volts)
Speed
(r/min)

0
0

60
250

120
450

180
600

220
850

Result and discussion:

Here from the E vs speed curve we got almost a linear curve. From the curve, we can
easily understand that by increasing the armature voltage, the speed of motor increases
gradually. So, we can say that varying the armature applied voltage is a good method of
speed control.

Questions answer:
1. By adjusting the brush lever at zero induced voltage, the neutral brush position
locates in a dc motor.
2. When the armature were only excited then the motor did not turn.
3. Series motor if operated at no load, run so fast that they destroy themselves. The
high force associated with high speeds cause the rotor to fly apart, often with
disastrous results to people and nearby property.
4. The rotation of a shunt connected dc motor can be reversed by reversing the
armature leads or by reversing field leads.
5. Field loss detector are necessary to understand that the field is present or not. If
we lose the field the motor will run away.
6. In procedure step 20, the motor speed almost double
doubled
d when the armature voltage
was doubled, because the speed is directly proportional to the armature voltage.
7. Yes, this would be correct to say that with a fixed field voltage the speed of a
shunt motor is proportional to its armature voltage because

8.

a.

b.

c.
9. The speed of a dc motor can be varied by
i)changing the terminal voltage of the armature V
ii) changing the flux per pole

10. A) Changing the armature voltage gives the greatest speed range.
B) Changing the flux is the most economical.

References:
1. http://www.electrical4u.com/speed-control-of-dc-motor/
2. http://www.allinterview.com/showanswers/127893/rotation-dc-shunt-motorrevers-using-2-methods-method-best-please-answer-if-know.html
3. B.L.Theraja, A.K. Theraja. A Text Book Of Electrical Technology- Volume II. 23rd
Edition. S. Chand & Company Ltd, 2002.
4. V.K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta. Principles of Electrical Machines. 2nd Edition. S. Chand &
Company Ltd, 2009.
5. K. Murugesh Kumar. DC Machines & Transformers. 1st Edition. Vikas Publishing
House, 1999.