INSTRUMENTATION

Process Variables
Training Course

INSTRUMENTATION
MEANS

MEASUREMENT AND
CONTROL

PROCESS Variables
Course
Instrumentation
Measurement

Automatic Control

Final Control Element

Flow Rate

On - Off

Valve

Pressure

Proportional

Actuator

Level

Integral

Trim

Temperature

Derivative

Positioner

CONTROL LOOP

Measurement
Reading:
Number & Engineering Unit:
1. Pressure: 350 PSIG
2. Flow rate: 300 GPM for
volume
150 Tons/Hr for mass
3. Level: 45%
4. Temperature: 700 F
50 C

Control (Corrective action)

Control loop:
1. Measured process
variable
2. Controller
3. Set point
4. Controlled Signal
5. Final control element
(Control Valve)

Process Variables
1.Pressure Differential
Pressure
2.Flow Rate
3.Level
4.Temperature

Measurement
Numbers:
Decimal number:
Multiple numbers:
Deca X 10
Hecta X 100
Mil
X 1000
Mil Mil X 1000 000

Measurement
Numbers:
Decimal number:
Sub-Multiple numbers:
Centi / 100
Milli / 1000
Micro / 1000 000

Measurement
Reading References:
1.Zero
2.Maximum (Max)
3.Range
4.Span

Measurement
Reading References:
1- Zero: Process variables:
Pressure range: 0 100 PSIG
Zero = 0
Temperature: 100 500 F
Zero = 100 F
Analogue Pneumatic signal:
3-15 PSIG
Zero = 3 PSIG

Measurement
Reading References:
1- Zero: Process variables:
Analoge electronic signal:
4 20 MA milli Ampere
Zero = 4 MA

Measurement
Reading References:
2- Max: Process variables:
Pressure range: 0 100 PSIG
Max = 100 PSIG
Analogue pneumatic signal:
3 15 PSIG
Max = 15 PSIG

Measurement
Reading References:
2- Max: Process variables:
Analoge electronic signal:
4 20 MA milli Ampere
Max = 20 MA

Measurement
Reading References:
3- Range: Process variables:
Pressure range:
0 100 PSIG
Measuring range from 0 to 100 PSIG
Analoge electronic signal:
4 20 MA milli Ampere
Measuring range from 4 to 20 MA

Measurement
Reading References:
4- Span: Process variables:
Pressure range: 500 1000 PSIG
Zero = 500 PSIG
Max = 1000 PSIG
Range from 500 to 1000 PSIG
Span: = Max Zero
=1000 500= 500 PSIG

Measurement
Analogue reading:
It is all values from 0 to 1 scaled by
span and biased by zero.
It is all values (0 to 1) x span + zero
Pressure range 500 1000 PSIG
750 PSIG = (0.5) x 500 +500
500 PSIG = (0) x 500 + 500
1000 PSIG = 1 x 500 +500

Analogue range (0 to 1)

50% value
Zero value
Max value

Measurement
Analogue Values
Analogue signal 3-15 PSIG
50% value
Pneumatic signal = 9 PSIG =
(9-3/15-3)(15-3) + 3 =
(6/12)(12) + 3
Electronic signal = 12 MA =
50% = (12-4)(20-4) +4 =
(8/16) (16) + 4

Measurement
Engineering Units:
1. Gauge values
2. Absolute values
Conditions:
1. Standard conditions
(Reference)
2. Operating conditions
(Running) Normal - abnormal
3. Design conditions

Measurement
Measurement requires:
1- Primary element Detector
Sensor Transducer
2- Reading: Multiplying factor
Reading
factor Engineering Unit (scale)
Using:
Display Indicator - Recorder
3- Transmitted signal (Transmitter)
4- Receiver: Reading Using:
Display Indicator Recorder

Measurement
Primary elements:
1- For Pressure measurements:
1.1 Diaphragm
1.2 Capsule
1.3 Bellows
1.4 Bourdon Tube
1.5 Spiral Tube
1.6 Helix Tube
1.7 Manometer

Measurement
Primary elements:
2- For Flow rate measurements:
2.1 Differential Pressure elements
2.1.1 Concentric orifice plate
2.1.2 Segmental orifice plate
2.1.3 Venturi tube
2.1.4 Flow nozzle
2.1.5 Pitot tube and annubar
2.1.6 Target meter (No taps)

Measurement
Differential pressure taps:
1- Flange taps
2- Corner taps
3- Vena contracta taps
4- Full flow taps(pipe taps)
5- Radius taps
6- Elbow taps

Measurement
Non Differential pressure Elements:
Linear Elements:
1- Variable area rotameter
2- Turbine meter
3- Positive displacement meter
4- Magnetic flow meter
5- Thermal flow meter
6- Ultrasonic flow meter
7- Vortex flow meter

Measurement
Primary elements:
3- For Level measurements:
A- Direct Measurement
1- Tape level device
2- Sight glass - Level gauge
3- Displacer
4- Ball shape floater
5- Disk floater

Measurement
Primary elements:
3- For Level measurements:
B- Indirect Measurement
1- Head pressure
2- Radioactive system
3- Ultrasonic system
4- Capacitance probe

Measurement
Primary elements:
3- For Level measurements:
B- Indirect Measurement
5- Bubblers
6- Conductivity probe
7- Diaphragm level detector
8- Thermal level sensor

Measurement
Primary elements:
4- For Temperature measurements:
1- Bimetallic strip
2- Mercury-in-glass - Glass stem
thermometer
3- Pressure spring - Filled thermal
element
4- Thermocouples type J - K - S - R T
5- Resistance Thermal Detector RTD

Primary Element Examples

Primary Element Examples