PCI 6th Edition

Connection Design

Presentation Outline
Structural Steel Design
Limit State Weld Analysis
Strut Tie Analysis for Concrete
Corbels
Anchor Bolts
Connection Examples

Changes
New method to design headed studs (Headed Concrete
Anchors - HCA)
Revised welding section
Stainless Materials
Limit State procedure presented

Revised Design Aids (moved to Chapter 11)

Structural Steel Design Section
Flexure, Shear, Torsion, Combined Loading
Stiffened Beam seats

Strut Tie methodology is introduced

Complete Connection Examples

Structural Steel Design

Focus on AISC LRFD 3rd Edition
Flexural Strength
Shear Strength
Torsional Strength
Combined Interaction

Limit State Methods are carried through

examples

Structural Steel Details

Built-up Members
Torsional Strength
Beam Seats

Steel Strength Design

Flexure

fMp = fFyZs
Where:
fMp =
Fy =
Zs =

Flexural Design Strength

Yield Strength of Material
Plastic Section Modulus

Steel Strength Design

Shear

fVn = f(0.6Fy)Aw
Where:
fVp = Shear Design Strength
Aw = Area subject to shear

Steel Strength Design

Torsion (Solid Sections)

fTn = f(0.6Fy)aht2
Where:
fTp =
a =
h =
t =

Torsional Design Strength

Torsional constant
Height of section
Thickness

Torsional Properties

Torsional Constant, a
Rectangular Sections

Steel Strength Design

Torsion (Hollow Sections)

fTn = 2f(0.6Fy)t
Where:
fTp = Torsional Design Strength
= Area enclosed by centerline of walls
t = Wall thickness

Torsional Properties

Hollow Sections

= wd

Combined Loading Stress

Normal Stress

P Mc M
fn ,
,
A I S

Bending Shear Stress

fv

bending

Torsion Shear Stress

fv

torsion

VQ V

,
It A
Tc T
T

,
,
2
J aht 2At

Combined Loading
Stresses are added based on direction
Stress Limits based on Mohrs circle analysis
Normal Stress Limits
ffun f fy
f 0.90

Shear Stress Limits

ffuv f 0.60fy

f 0.90

Built-Up Section Example

Example

TC 0
A tF y A cFy 0

At Ac

Determine Neutral Axis Location, y

Tension Area

Compression Area

A t 4in y

A c 2 3 in 1in 3 in y 4in
8

8
A c 2.25 4 y
4 y 2.25 4 y

Tension = Compression

2.25
0.281 in
8

Define Plastic Section Modulus, Zp

Either Tension or Compression Area x

Distance between the Tension /
Compression Areas Centroids

Zp A t H y t y c

Determine Centroid Locations

Tension

y 0.281
yt
0.14 in
2
2

Compression
yc

__

Ay

0.683 in

Calculate Zp

Z 4 y H y y
4 0.2811.375 0.14 0.683
Zp A t H y t y c

Zp

Zp 0.62 in3

Beam Seats
Stiffened Bearing
Triangular
Non-Triangular

Triangular Stiffeners
Design Strength

fVn=fFyzbt
Where:
fVn = Stiffener design
strength
f = Strength reduction
factor = 0.9
b = Stiffener projection
t
= Stiffener thickness
z = Stiffener shape factor

Stiffener Shape Factor

b
0.75
2.0
a
2

b
b
b
z 1.39 2.2 1.27 0.25
a
a
a

Thickness Limitation

b 250

t
Fy

Triangular Stiffener Example

Given:
A stiffened seat connection
shown at right. Stiffener
thickness, ts = 3/8 in.
Fy = 36 ksi

Problem:
Determine the design shear
resistance of the stiffener.

Shape Factor
b
8

0.8 0.75 and 1.0

a 10
2

b
b
b
z 1.39 2.2 1.27 0.25
a
a
a

0.25 0.8

z 1.39 2.2 0.8 1.27 0.8

z 0.315

Thickness Limitation
b 250

t
Fy
8
21.3
0.375

250
36

21.3 41.7

41.7

Design Strength
fVn f Fy z b t

fVn 0.9 36 ksi 0.315 8 in 0.375 in

fVn 28.9 kips

Weld Analysis
Elastic Procedure
Limit State (LRFD) Design
introduced
Comparison of in-plane C shape
Elastic Vector Method - EVM
Instantaneous Center Method ICM

Elastic Vector Method (EVM)

Stress at each point
calculated by mechanics of
materials principals

fx
fy
fz
fr

Px
Aw
Py
Aw
Pz
Aw

Mz y

Mz x

Mx y

Ip
Ip
I xx

My x
I yy

fx 2 fy 2 fz 2

Elastic Vector Method (EVM)

Weld Area ( Aw ) based on effective throat
For a fillet weld:

Aw

lw

2
Where:
a = Weld Size
lw = Total length of weld

Instantaneous Center Method (ICM)

Deformation Compatibility Solution
Rotation about an Instantaneous Center

Instantaneous Center Method (ICM)

Increased capacity
More weld regions achieve ultimate strength
Utilizes element vs. load orientation

General solution form is a nonlinear integral

Solution techniques
Discrete Element Method
Tabular Method

ICM Nominal Strength

An elements capacity within the weld group is based
on the product of 3 functions.
Strength
Angular Orientation
Deformation Compatibility

Rn
j

f g h

Strength, f

f 0.6 FEXX A w
Aw - Weld area based on effective throat

Angular Orientation, g
Weld capacity increases as the angle of the force
and weld axis approach 90o
Rj R g

g 1.0 0.5 sin

Deformation Compatibility, h

r
u
u

rcritical
rcritical
1.9 0.9

h
0.32
0.32

0.209 2
a
0.209 2
a

0.3

Where the ultimate element deformation u is:

u 1.087 6

0.64

a 0.17a

Element Force

R n 0.6FEXX A w
j

1.0 0.5 sin

0.3

r
r

rcritical
rcritical
1.9 0.9

0.32
0.32

0.209 2
a
0.209 2
a

Where: r and are functions of the unknown location of

the instantaneous center, x and y

Equations of Statics
F

IC

Number of
Elements

R n Pn 0
yj

j1

Number of
Elements

j1

R n rj Pn e r0 0
j

Tabulated Solution
AISC LRFD 3rd Edition, Tables 8-5 to 8-12
fVn = CC1 Dl

Where:
D =
C =
C1 =
l =

number of 16ths of weld size

tabulated value, includes f
electrode strength factor
weld length

Comparison of Methods
Page 6-47:

Corbel Design
Cantilever Beam Method
Strut Tie Design Method
Design comparison
Results comparison of Cantilever
Method to Strut Tie Method

Embedded Steel Sections

Cantilever Beam Method Steps

Step 1 Determine maximum allowable shear
Step 2 Determine tension steel by cantilever
Step 3 Calculate effective shear friction coeff.
Step 4 Determine tension steel by shear
friction
Step 5 Compare results against minimum
Step 6 Calculate shear steel requirements

Cantilever Beam Method

Primary Tension Reinforcement
Greater of Equation A or B
a
h
Eq. A
Vu Nu
d
d

1 2Vu

Eq. B A s
Nu
ffy 3 e

1
As
ffy

Tension steel development is critical both in the column and

in the corbel

Cantilever Beam Method

Shear Steel

A h 0.5 A s A n
Steel distribution is
within 2/3 of d

Cantilever Beam Method Steps

Step 1 Determine bearing area of plate
Step 2 Select statically determinate truss
Step 3 Calculate truss forces
Step 4 Design tension ties
Step 5 Design Critical nodes
Step 6 Design compression struts
Step 7 Detail Accordingly

Strut Tie Analysis Steps

Step 1 Determine of bearing area of
plate
A pl

Vu
f 0.85 f`c

f 0.75

Strut Tie Analysis Steps

Step 2 Select statically determinate
truss
AC I provides
guidelines for truss
angles, struts, etc.

Strut Tie Analysis Steps

Step 3 Determine of forces in the truss
members
Method of Joints or
Method of Sections

Strut Tie Analysis Steps

Step 4 Design of tension ties
As

Fnt
ffy

f 0.75

Strut Tie Analysis Steps

Step 5 Design of critical nodal zone
fcu 0.85 n f`c
where:
n = 1.0 in nodal zones bounded
by structure or bearing areas
= 0.8 in nodal zones
anchoring
one tie
= 0.6 in nodal zones
anchoring
two or more ties

Strut Tie Analysis Steps

Step 6 Check compressive strut limits
based on Strut Shape
The design compressive
strength of a strut without
compressive reinforcement

fFns = ffcuAc
where:
f = 0.75

Ac = width of corbel
width of strut

Strut Tie Analysis Steps Compression

Strut Strength
From ACI 318-02, Section A.3.2:

fcu 0.85 s f`c

Where:
s function of strut shape / location
= 0.60l, bottle shaped strut
= 0.75, when reinforcement is provided
= 1.0, uniform cross section
= 0.4, in tension regions of members
= 0.6, for all other cases

Strut Tie Analysis Steps

Step 7 Consider detailing to ensure

design technique

Corbel Example

Given:
Vu = 80 kips
Nu = 15 kips
fy = Grade 60
fc = 5000 psi
Bearing area 12 x 6 in.

Problem:
Find corbel depth and reinforcement based on Cantilever
Beam and Strut Tie methods

Step 1CBM Cantilever Beam Method (CBM)

h = 14 in
d = 13 in.
a = lp = 6 in.
From Table 4.3.6.1
2

Vumax 1000 l A

cr

196 kips 80 kips

1000 12 14 14
1000

Step 2CBM Tension Steel

Cantilever Action
1
As
ffy

a
h
1
Vu Nu
d .75 60
d

1.18 in2

6
14
80 15
13
13

Step 3CBM Effective Shear Friction Coefficient

1000 l b h 1000 1 14 14 1.4

e

Vu
80
3.43 3.4
Use e 3.4

Step 4CBM Tension Steel

Shear Friction

1 2Vu
1

As

u
ffy 3 e
0.75 60
0.68 in2

2 80

15
3 3.4

Step 5CBM As minimum

A s,min

f`c

5
0.4 b d
0.4 14 13
ffy
60

0.61 in2

As based on cantilever action governs

As = 1.18 in2

Step 6CBM Shear Steel

15

A h 0.5 A s A n 0.5 1.18

0.75 60

0.42 in

Use (2) #3 ties = (4) (0.11 in2) = 0.44 in2

Spaced in top 2/3 (13) = 8 in

Step 1ST Strut - Tie Solution (ST)

Determination of bearing plate size and protection
for the corner against spalling
Required plate area:

A bearing

Vu

f 0.85f`c

80

0.75 0.85f`c

25.1 in2
Use 12 by 6 in. plate, area = 72 in2 > 25.1 in2

Step 2ST Truss Geometry

tan R=Nu / Vu = (15)/(80) = 0.19
l1 = (h - d) tanR + aw + (hc - cc)
= (14 - 13)(0.19) + 6 + (14 - 2.25)
= 17.94 in.
l2 = (hc - cc) ws/2
= (14 - 2.25) - ws/2
= 11.75 - ws/2

Step 2ST Truss Geometry

Find ws
Determine compressive force,
Nc, at Node p:

Mm = 0
Vul1+Nud Ncl2=0 [Eq. 1]

(80)(17.94) + (15)(13) Nc(11.75 0.5ws) = 0

[Eq. 2]

Step 2ST Truss Geometry

Maximum compressive stress at the nodal
zone p (anchors one tie, n = 0.8)
fcu = 0.85nf`c = 0.85(0.8)(5)= 3.4 ksi
An = area of the nodal zone
= bws = 14ws

Step 2ST Determine ws , l2

From Eq. 2 and 3
0.014Nc2 - 11.75Nc - 1630 = 0
Nc = 175 kips
ws = 0.28Nc = (0.28)(175) = 4.9in
l2 = 11.75 - 0.5 ws
= 11.75 - 0.5(4.9) = 9.3

Step 3ST Solve for Strut and Tie Forces

Solving the truss mnop by
statics, the member forces
are:

Strut op
Tie no
Strut np
Tie mp
Tie mn

=
=
=
=
=

96.0 kips (c)

68.2 kips (t)
116.8 kips (c)
14.9 kips (t)
95.0 kips (t)

Step 4ST Critical Tension Requirements

For top tension tie no

Tie no = 68.2 kips (t)

As

Fnt
ffy

62

0.75 60

1.52in2
Provide 2 #8 = 1.58 in2 at the top

Step 5ST Nodal Zones

The width `ws of the nodal zone p has been chosen in
Step 2 to satisfy the stress limit on this zone
The stress at nodal zone o must be checked against the
compressive force in strut op and the applied reaction, Vu
From the compressive stress flow in struts of the corbel,
Figure 6.8.2.1, it is obvious that the nodal zone p is
under the maximum compressive stress due to force Nc.
Nc is within the acceptable limit so all nodal zones are
acceptable.

Step 6ST Critical Compression Requirements

Strut np is the most critical strut at node p.

The nominal compressive strength of a strut
without compressive reinforcement
Fns = fcuAc
Where:
Ac = width of corbel width of strut

Step 6ST Strut Width

Width of strut np
Strut Width

ws
o

sin(54.4 )

6.03 in

4.9
sin(54.4 o )

Step 6ST Compression Strut Strength

From ACI 318-02, Section A.3.2:

fcu 0.85 s f`c

Where - bottle shaped strut, s = 0.60l

fcu 0.85 0.6 1 5 2.55 ksi

fFns f fcu Ac 0.75 2.55 14 6.03 161.5 kips

161 kips 116.8 kips

OK

Step 7ST Surface Reinforcement

Since the lowest value of s was used,

surface reinforcement is not required
based on ACI 318 Appendix A

Example Conclusion

Cantilever Beam Method

Strut-and-Tie Method

Embedded Steel Sections

Concrete and Rebar Nominal Design Strengths

Concrete Capacity

Vc

0.85 f`c b l e
1 3.6e

le

Concrete and Rebar Nominal Design Strengths

Additional Tension Compression

Reinforcement Capacity
2 A s fy

Vr

6e
1

le
4.8s
le

Corbel Capacity

Reinforced Concrete

fVn f Vc VR
f 0.75

Steel Section Nominal Design Strengths

Flexure - Based on maximum moment in
section; occurs when shear in steel section =
0.0
f Zs fy

fVn
a

0.5 Vu

0.85 f`c b

Where:
b = effective width on embed, 250 % x Actual
f = 0.9

Steel Section Nominal Design Strengths

Shear

fVs f 0.6fy h t
where:
h, t = depth and thickness of steel web
f = 0.9

Anchor Bolt Design

ACI 318-2002, Appendix D, procedures

for the strength of anchorages are
applicable for anchor bolts in tension.

Strength Reduction Factor

Function of supplied confinement reinforcement

f = 0.75 with reinforcement

f = 0.70 with out reinforcement

Headed Anchor Bolts

No = CbsANCcrbYed,N
Where:
Ccrb = Cracked concrete factor,
1 uncracked, 0.8 Cracked
AN = Projected surface area for a stud or group
Yed,N =Modification for edge distance
Cbs = Breakout strength coefficient
Cbs 2.22 l

f 'c
3

hef

Hooked Anchor Bolts

No = 126f`cehdoCcrp
Where:
eh = hook projection 3do
do = bolt diameter
Ccrp = cracking factor (Section 6.5.4.1)

Column Base Plate Design

Column Structural Integrity
requirements 200Ag

Completed Connection Examples

Examples Based
Applied Loads
Component Capacity

Design of all components

Embeds
Erection Material
Welds

Design for specific load paths

Completed Connection Examples

Cladding Push / Pull
Wall to Wall Shear

Wall Tension
Diaphragm to Wall Shear

Questions?