An implementation of digital MTI

system which suppress stationary

targets and a moving target with
slow speed

Presented by: Shady Deraz - Mohamed Ali

2016

What is the RADAR ?

Radar is the detection system that uses radio wave to

determine range, angle or velocity of target.

Radar transmits radio waves or micro wave that reflects
from any object in their path.
A receiver radar, which is typically the same system as the
transmit radar, receives and processes these reflected
wave to determine properties of that objects.

Presented by: Shady Deraz - Mohamed Ali /2016

The purpose of radar:

The purpose of radar to detect moving targets only and

neglect the stationary targets.

The detection during clutter is a huge challenge throughout
the history.
Through the evolution of radar systems a number of
techniques and methods are developed in order to increase
the target detection capability of the radar systems in strong
clutter.

Presented by: Shady Deraz - Mohamed Ali /2016

What is clutter ?
Clutter is any unwanted target seen by the radar

Clutter is the term used and includes ground returns, sea

returns, weather, buildings, birds and insects.

Clutter is often due to distributed targets .
These targets may be fairly uniform (ground, sea surface)
or non-uniform (buildings) .

Presented by: Shady Deraz - Mohamed Ali /2016

What is clutter ?
Clutter echo can be may orders of magnitude larger than

aircraft echo.
When an aircraft echo and clutter echo appear in the same
radar resolution cell, the aircraft may not be detectable.

Problem & Solution

The problem is detect targets without clutter interference

and using technique that eliminate the effect of stationary

targets .
The solution is using MTI technique .

Presented by: Shady Deraz - Mohamed Ali /2016

MTI Technique :
The first technique of MTI is analog delay line which

subtracts received echoes to improve the detection.

When using digital MTI it gets better performance than
analog MTI.
Design of the MTI processor is mainly based on the design
of filter structure for clutter attenuation.
For stationary clutter attenuation, simple high pass filters
provide sufficient attenuation .
The moving targets having Doppler frequencies which are
integer multiples of PRF are cancelled by the MTI filter
along with the background clutter.

Presented by: Shady Deraz - Mohamed Ali /2016

Doppler Radar :
The Doppler shift of a target is given by :

(fd = 2Vr / )
where Vr is the relative velocity between target and radar.
In terms of the target velocity magnitude Vr ,we may write:
fd = 2 v Cos ()/
where is the angle between the velocity vector of the
target and the line of sight to the radar.
If target moves tangentially with respect to line-of-sight
direction,
Vr = v Cos (90) = 0

Presented by: Shady Deraz - Mohamed Ali /2016

Doppler Radar :

Presented by: Shady Deraz - Mohamed Ali /2016

Doppler Radar :
An approaching target has || in the span 0- 90 and

produces a positive sign of Doppler shift, fd

A receding target has || in the span 90 -180and produces
a negative sign of Doppler shift, fd
A target moving tangentially has || = 90 and produces a
Doppler shift of zero
These moving targets are not seen by the radar.
Velocities that correspond to the undetected frequencies
are called blind speeds.
So we can use more one of PRF to eliminate this problem.

Presented by: Shady Deraz - Mohamed Ali /2016

Doppler Radar :
One of different approaches to solve blind speed is

staggering PRF .
That is the usage of different PRF instead of a single one.
The usage of staggered PRF improves the blind speed
performance in MTI radars.
Staggered MTI filter design comprises on the optimization
of two sets of parameters are the interpulse time durations
and the filter coefficients .
time durations are effect of the unambiguous range and
velocity specifications.

Presented by: Shady Deraz - Mohamed Ali /2016

Clutter Suppression :
Clutter spectrum is normally concentrated around DC (f=0)

and multiple integers of the radar PRF.

In CW radars, clutter is avoided or suppressed by ignoring
the receiver output around DC, since most of the clutter
power is concentrated about the zero frequency bands.
Pulsed radar systems may utilize special filters that can
distinguish between slowly moving or stationary targets and
fast moving ones.
This class of filters is known as the Moving Target Indicator
(MTI).
In simple words, the purpose of an MTI filter is to suppress
target-like returns produced by clutter.
Presented by: Shady Deraz - Mohamed Ali /2016

Clutter Suppression :
allow returns from moving targets to pass through with little

or no degradation.
In order to effectively suppress clutter returns, an MTI filter
needs to have a deep stop-band at DC and at integer
multiples of the PRF .

Presented by: Shady Deraz - Mohamed Ali /2016

Theory of MTI :
The MTI radar is a type of pulse radar that uses

the non-zero Doppler shift of moving targets for

their detection by cancelling the stationary
background clutter.
There are different types of MTI Radars classified

according to operation modes, environments and used

signal processing algorithms.

Types of MTI Radars :

1. Coherent MTI Radar .
2. Non-Coherent MTI Radar.
3. Airborne MTI or AMTI Radar.
4. Adaptive MTI Radar .
5. Area MTI radar .
Presented by: Shady Deraz - Mohamed Ali /2016

Coherent MTI Radar

Coherent MTI Radar is the type in which a moving target is

detected as a result of pulse-to-pulse change in echo phase

relative to the phase of a coherent reference oscillator.
In other words, it is a system that uses the phase difference
resulting from Doppler Effect to separate the moving targets
from stationary background clutter .
Pulses are transmitted and received echoes are compared
with the signal produced by the coherent reference
oscillator .
Due to Doppler shift, moving target component of the
received echo has a phase difference in comparison to the
reference oscillator signal and can be discriminated from
clutter.
Presented by: Shady Deraz - Mohamed Ali /2016

Non-Coherent MTI Radar :

Non-Coherent MTI radar or externally Coherent MTI uses

the clutter echo as the reference signal to discriminate the

Doppler-shifted information of target echo.
This type of MTI is simpler than coherent MTI but it
requires the presence of clutter for detecting the moving
targets.
Due to clutter dependence , Non-Coherent MTI
implemented as a mode and can be switched on or off
depending on the presence or absence of strong clutter
reference.

Presented by: Shady Deraz - Mohamed Ali /2016

Airborne MTI or AMTI Radar :

Airborne MTI or AMTI is MTI Radars used in airborne

applications.
Operation principle of this type is similar to the Coherent
MTI. however, compensation for the moving radar platform
is necessary.
The Doppler shift of the received echoes change
depending on the relative motion of the moving radar
platform and target.
After the compensation of relative motion between
platforms, moving targets can be detected by suppressing
the stationary clutter.

Presented by: Shady Deraz - Mohamed Ali /2016

Adaptive MTI Radar :

Adaptive MTI Radar is another type of MTI radar that

adapts itself to the clutter.

According to change in clutter characteristics, the
coefficients of the MTI filter are changed on time basis.
Adaptation to the clutter can be achieved by different
estimation techniques for clutter covariance matrix.

Area MTI radar :

Area MTI radar is Different from other MTI techniques .
it

does not use Doppler shift directly and compares the

envelope-detected outputs of successive scans to detect
the targets that move in range or azimuth between scans.
Presented by: Shady Deraz - Mohamed Ali /2016

Types of MTI Radars :

Delay Line Cancellers .
Finite-Impulse-Response (FIR) filters .
Recursive MTI Filters .

Delay Line Cancellers

The delay line canceller is an analog technique used in the

first MTI signal processor design. The operation is based

on subtracting two consecutive radar returns.
single delay line canceler

Presented by: Shady Deraz - Mohamed Ali /2016