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Chapter 3: Electricity
Goals of Period 3
Section
Section
Section
Section
Section
3.1
3.1:
3.2:
3.3:
3.4:
3.5:
Electric Charge
The world around us is full of electric charge. Evidence for the existence of
electric charge comes from the electric forces between charged objects.
Because
electric charges on two adjacent objects can cause the objects to move, we conclude
that a force must exist between the electric charges. An electric force can move
charged objects closer together (an attractive force) or move them apart (a repulsive
force). Since electric forces can move charged objects together or apart, we conclude
that two opposite types of electric charge must exist. We rarely notice electric charge
because most objects contain equal amounts of these two opposite types of electric
charge, which cancel one another.
A charged object results when a quantity of one type of charge is separated from
an equal quantity of the opposite type of charge. The sum of equal quantities of
opposite charge is zero. For this reason, the two types of electric charge are called
positive charge (+) and negative charge (). Objects with equal numbers of positive
and negative charge have a total net charge of zero and are electrically neutral.
Objects with more positive than negative charge have a net positive charge, and objects
with more negative than positive charge have a net negative charge. Charge is
measured in units of coulombs (coul). We will use the variable Q to represent charge.
Electrical Potential Energy and Voltage
Chapter 2 defined work as the product of the force applied to an object times
the distance that force caused the object to move: W = F x D. If we ignore wasted
energy, the joules of energy required to do this work is equal to the joules of work
done. Work and energy are likewise xx in electric charge.
When the attractive electric force between positive and negative charges pulls
charge together, work must be done against this attractive force to separate the
charges. When separated charges are allowed to come back together, we can get work
back out. On the other hand, since two positive charges or two negative charges repel
one another, we must do work against this repulsive electric force to bring the charges
together. We can get work out as the two charges move apart.
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E pot Q V
E pot =
Q
=
V
=
where
(Example 3.1)
Electric charge is placed on a metal surface. How much electrical potential
energy do 2 x 109 coulombs of electric charge have when maintained at a voltage of
2,000 volts?
Epot = Q V =
3.2
Electric Current
or
Q
t
current (in amperes)
with
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(Equation 3.2)
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(Example 3.2)
How much charge must flow to provide a current of 10 amps for 20 seconds?
Solve equation 3.2 for Q by multiplying both sides by t and canceling:
t
t
I t
b)
How long must a 5 amp current flow to provide 200 coul of charge?
_____________________
3.3
Generating Electricity
Moving Electric Charges and Magnetic Fields
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kinetic energy from the sources described below to turn the blades of turbines.
Turbines are wheels with blades attached, similar in principle to waterwheels. A shaft
attached to the rotating turbine causes the magnets to spin.
The most common mechanism for turning
turbines is steam pressure. In steam generating plants,
water is heated in a closed container. As the water
changes to steam, the volume and pressure increase.
The steam exerts pressure on the turbine blades, turning
them. In many generating plants, water is heated by
burning coal, oil, natural gas, or other fuels. In nuclear
power plants, water is heated by the thermal energy that
results from reactions in radioactive fuels.
3.4
Transmitting Electricity
Joule Heating
As electric current moves through wires, electrons collide with atoms of the wire
material and some electrical energy is converted into thermal energy. Conversion of
electrical energy into thermal energy in a resistor is known as joule heating. Unless the
purpose of transmitting current is to generate heat in a wire, such as in a toasters
filament, this thermal energy is wasted. The watts of joule heating power are the
product of the current squared times the resistance of the wire. Resistance is the
ability of a material to resist the flow of electric current. Resistance is measured in units
of ohms ( ).
(Equation 3.3)
P joule = I 2 R
with
P joule =
I
=
R
=
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P
I
V
=
=
=
Step-up transformers increase voltage and decrease current for long distance
transmission. While high voltage reduces joule heating, it poses a safety hazard for
consumers. Step-down transformers are used to decrease voltages to safe levels at
the point of use of the electricity.
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P
V
8
2 x 10 watts
5 x 105 volts
400 amps
Just 400 amps of current could supply 200 megawatts of power when
transmitted at a high voltage, compared to the 2.79 x 1012 amps of current required to
transmit at 120 volts in Example 3.4. Transmitting at high voltage and low current
greatly reduces the power wasted as joule heating of the wires.
Transformers make it possible to transmit electricity at high voltages, then step
the electricity down to lower voltages that are safer for consumer use.
A 400 amp current is transmitted through wires with a resistance of 0.8 ohms for
every mile of wire. How much power is wasted as joule heating of a
transmission wire 200 miles in length?
______________________
b)
If 200 megawatts (2 x 108 watts) is the total power input, what is the efficiency
of the transmission process?
_________________________
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3.5
Cost of Electricity
P = E = W
t
t
with
P
E
W
t
=
=
=
=
From Equation 3.5, you see that the faster energy is transferred or work is done, the
greater the power required.
(Example 3.6)
How many kilowatt-hours (kWh) of energy are required to operate a 1,000 watt
electric heater for 2 hours?
Find the energy used by an appliance by solving equation 3.5 for the energy
requirement, E.
E
t
or
Pt
1 kW =
1,000 watts
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2 kilowatt-hours = 2 kWh
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The total kilowatt-hours of energy used during a month is the sum of the power
requirement of each appliance multiplied by the hours that appliance operated.
(Example 3.7)
How many kilowatt-hours of energy are used when a 100 watt light bulb burns
for 7 hours, a 1,000 watt hair dryer operates for 15 minutes, and a 1,500 watt electric
heater operates for hour?
Light bulb:
100 watts x
1 kilowatt
x 7 hours
1,000 watts
Dryer:
1,000 watts x
Heater:
1,500 watts x
1 kilowatt
1 hour
x 15 min x
0.25 kilowatt hours
1,000 watts
60 min
1 kilowatt
1 hour
x 30 min x
1,000 watts
60 min
The total energy used is 0.70 kWh + 0.25 kWh + 0.75 kWh = 1.7 kilowatt-hours.
(Example 3.8)
If the power company charges $0.10 per kilowatt-hour of energy, how much
would you pay for the energy used by the light bulb, hair dryer, and heater in Example
3.7?
Energy Cost = number of kWh used x cost per kWh
1.7 kilowatt hours x
$ 0.10
1 kilowatt hour
$ 0.17
How many kilowatt-hours are required to use a 600 watt oven for 45 minutes?
________________
b)
If electricity costs $0.10 per kilowatt-hour, how much would you pay to operate
the oven for 45 minutes?
_________________
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Symbol
Metric
Units
Metric Unit
English Unit
Abbreviation
English Unit
N
2
(1 N = 1 kg m/s )
pound
lb
foot-pound
ft-lb
Abbrev.
Force
newton
Energy
joule
Work
joule
foot-pound
ft-lb
Power
watt
W
(1 W = 1 J/s)
horsepower
hp
(1 hp = 550 ft-lb/s)
J
2
(1 J = 1 kg m /s )
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Chapter 3 Summary
3.1
Electric charge Q is measured in coulombs. The voltage V is the energy per
charge. The electrical potential energy of charge Epot = Q V
3.2:
3.3:
Electric current is generated, or induced, when magnets and coils of wire move
relative to one another. In power generating plants, kinetic energy from steam,
flowing water, or wind turns turbines. The moving turbines spin magnets near
coils of wire.
Electric generating plants are often located far from heavily populated areas,
thus the electricity they generate must be transmitted long distances to its point
of use. To transmit electricity to consumers, the electricity is transmitted at high
voltage to minimize the power wasted as joule heating of the transmission wires.
3.4:
Joule heating (Pjoule = I2R) occurs when some electrical energy transmitted
through wires is wasted as thermal energy heating the wires.
Transformers trade current and voltage, while keeping the power nearly
constant. (P = I V). Step-up transformers are used to reduce the current and
increase the voltage for efficient long distance transmission of electricity.
Less current transmitted reduces power wasted as joule heating.
Near the point of electricity consumption, step-down transformers reduce the
voltage and increase the current for safer use of electricity.
3.5: Power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred.
P = W/t
or
P = E/t
Power is measured in joules/second, or watts, in the metric system and in footpounds/second, or horsepower, in the English system.
Electrical energy provided to homes is measured and billed to consumers in
units of kilowatt-hours. To find the cost of electricity for using an appliance:
1) Convert watts to kilowatts, by dividing watts by 1,000.
2) Find the total time of use in hours.
3) Multiply kilowatts times hours to find the total kWh.
4) Multiply kWh by the cost per kWh.
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I=Q
t
= 10 coul. = 2 amps
5 sec
b)
I=Q
t
or t = Q =
3.2
a)
b)
3.3
a)
b)
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