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An Educational Guide to Extract the Parameters

of Heavy Duty Gas Turbines Model in Dynamic
Studies Based on Operational Data
Mohammad Reza Bank Tavakoli, Behrooz Vahidi, Senior Member, IEEE, and Wolfgang Gawlik

AbstractIn this paper, the parameters of Rowens model for

heavy duty gas turbines in dynamic studies are estimated by use
of available operational and performance data. The work is aimed
to create insight into various parts of the model and to introduce
a simple and comprehensive procedure to derive the parameters
out of simple physical laws, focusing especially on trainers and
students who are interested in dynamic models and simulations.
A 172-MW simple cycle, single shaft heavy duty gas turbine and
its available operational data are also presented and studied for
deriving the parameters of the model. Gas turbine parameters
are approximated by using simple thermodynamic assumptions,
resulting in good correspondence with typical values. The step
response of the model is also simulated for few scenarios and is
presented.
Index TermsDynamic simulation, gas turbine, mathematical
model, thermodynamic process.

I. INTRODUCTION

AS turbines are one of the main sources for power generation in countries with natural gas resources and are
installed in numerous places in the world due to their special
characteristics. The needs of a power system analyst for a
mathematical representation of gas turbines in dynamic studies
lead to several publications in this area [1][3]. One of the most
commonly used simplified models was presented by Rowen
[1] taking into account the load-frequency and temperature
control as well as the turbines thermodynamic responses as a
linear function and inlet guide vane effects in a separate work
[2]. Several models with different degrees of simplification
for the representation of gas turbines in dynamic studies were
introduced, amongst which the IEEE model for combined cycle
power plants had deeper sight into internal processes [3]. A
good review of these models is given in [4].
From an educational point of view, there are excellent books
about dynamic studies and gas turbine performance, but few
works have been done on the model and its parameter extraction
for educational purposes [5][7]. Based on the authors experience, while many of electrical engineering students are keen in

Manuscript received October 16, 2008; revised December 10, 2008. First
published May 19, 2009; current version published July 22, 2009. Paper no.
TPWRS-00777-2008.
M. R. Bank Tavakoli and B. Vahidi are with the Department of Electrical
Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 1587-54413, Iran
(e-mail: banktavakoli@aut.ac.ir; vahidi@aut.ac.ir).
W. Gawlik is with Siemens AG, Erlangen 91058, Germany (e-mail:
wolfgang.gawlik@siemens.com).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRS.2009.2021231

performing dynamic studies, they are confused when facing a

real power unit without a prepared model. The original work of
Rowen [1] does not include parameter estimation and details of
each blocks physical behavior. Therefore, similar to a previous
work [8], our aim in this paper is to create a comprehensive approach for power engineers and students to describe how the
parameters of the turbine model can be derived from simple operational data which is available in general. It is also useful to
know at least which quantities are required to derive the parameters of the model and which features affect the parameters. As
a study case, the Rowens model parameters are approximated
for a 172-MW simple cycle, single shaft power unit by using
operational data of the gas turbine. Generally, the gas turbine
model is more complicated than the steam turbine model and
thus needs more features to be studied. This is done in four different categories: the gas turbine itself, valves and fuel system,
turbine dynamics and delays and temperature measurements.
The paper is organized as follows. After this introduction, in
Section II major components of a heavy duty gas turbine and
its thermodynamic cycle are described in brief. Section III summarizes the model of the gas turbine for dynamic studies and
the procedure for deriving the parameters from available data.
In Section IV, as a study case, the parameters for a Rowens
model for an 172-MW gas unit are estimated. In Section V the
step response of the derived model is simulated and shown. Finally, Section VI concludes the paper.
II. HEAVY DUTY GAS TURBINES AND BRAYTON CYCLE
Industrial heavy duty gas turbines (HDGT) are specially designed gas turbines for power generation which are specified by
their long life and higher availability compared other types of
gas turbines. HDGTs are composed of three major components:
multistage axial flow compressors, can-annular combustors and
axial flow turbines. Fig. 1 shows a typical HDGT with its components. Air with atmospheric conditions is drawn to the compressor after passing air filters at the entrance. The multi stage
compressor increases speed, pressure and temperature of the air
before it reaches the combustor and inlet to the high pressure
turbine parts.
Each compressor stage comprises a row of rotor blades
and stator vanes. Of importance is a row of stator vanes at
the inlet (variable inlet guide vanes, VIGVs) whose angle
may be changed by the control system during operation. As
illustrated in Fig. 1, the compressed air with high pressure
and temperature will follow its way to the combustor. The
combustor is in essence a heater in which fuel is burnt to

0885-8950/$25.00 2009 IEEE

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Fig. 1. Schematic view of a typical HDGT and its major components.

increase the temperature at more or less constant pressure.

Roughly one third of the compressor discharge air is mixed
with the fuel to be burnt, while the remaining air is mixed with
combustion products to become the turbine inlet flow which
is now at turbine inlet temperature (TIT) [7]. The flow is then
expanded in 24 turbine stages which drive compressor and
generator. Finally, the flow is guided through the exhaust duct
to a second environment which can be surrounding ambient
conditions or a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) in
combined cycle plants (CCP). In addition to air/gas dynamics
passing through major components of the gas turbine, there are
other equipments which are of interest in the gas turbine model
like exhaust gas thermocouple and its radiation shield and the
fuel valve system and valve positioner. An estimation of these
equipment parameters is done as well.
The gas turbines work with the Brayton cycle. Fig. 2 shows
a typical standard Brayton cycle in temperature-entropy frame.
Air is drawn from point 1 in ambient condition and is compressed by the compressor in an irreversible process to point
2. Input heat in the combustor will increase the temperature to
point 3 where the combustion product and compressor discharge
air will enter the turbine and expand to point 4. In this figure, the
pressure loss in the air filters and the combustion chamber is neglected, i.e., the processes 2-3 and 4-1 are assumed to be isobar.
The processes in the compressors and turbines are irreversible
and non-isentropic; however, in Fig. 2 the assumed isentropic
processes are shown as well. These ideal processes would be
used to define the compressor and turbine irreversible adiabatic
efficiency as follows:
(1)
(2)
where stands for the fluid mixture enthalpy (kJ/kg) and is
the absolute temperature in K. The subscript indicates the isenis more
tropic process. In operation, the turbines efficiency
affected by changes in load and speed than compressor effiis [7]. This is mainly because the compressor is operciency
ated in relatively constant thermodynamic conditions but the turbine condition greatly varies. In deriving the gas turbine model

Fig. 2. Typical Brayton cycle in temperature-entropy frame.

parameters, the above efficiencies are used and assumed constant in a limited range of operational conditions where the turbine response can be approximated to be linear [1], [3]. Therefore, in the next sections operational data are first used to derive
the above efficiencies to extract turbine parameters.
III. HDGT MODEL FOR STABILITY ANALYSIS
The mathematical representation of an HDGT in dynamic
studies by Rowens model is shown in Fig. 3. There are two
major controls which are shown in this figure. These are loadfrequency and temperature control (originally, in [1] acceleration control have been shown and in [2] inlet guide vanes (IGVs)
have been modeled which are not included here).
Variable IGV (VIGV) are to regulate the air mass flow drawn
into the compressor. Actually the VIGV are in operation in CCP
applications where they regulate the air flow to maintain the
efficiency of gas turbine during operation at partial load. The
VIGV control is mainly affected by exhaust gas temperature. If
this temperature is below the reference (near to rated temperature) then VIGV will open and, in fact, it will become fully
opened in normal operation of around nominal power. Nevertheless, in partial load and start up, the exhaust temperature is
not that high and the VIGV are partly closed. In simple cycle
operation, VIGV control is only active during start up. In this
paper, we do not consider the VIGV and acceleration control as

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Fig. 3. Rowens model for HDGTs for dynamic studies [1].

the model is to be tuned around nominal operation and VIGV

are considered fully open.
The fuel demand signal is the minimum value of temperature
and load-frequency control. The sequence of model blocks is:
fuel demand limitation, no load consumption, valve positioner
and fuel system dynamic, volume discharge delays, turbine
model (for output torque and temperature), temperature measurement system [1]. Apart from the control set-points, other
parameters of the models are based on physical behavior of the
HDGTs components.

temperature. One common approach is to use the hot end and

cold end air properties as follows [10]:

A. Turbine Parameters

and with (2) and (4), we get

In the HDGT model of Fig. 3, the turbine behavior is reflected

by two quantities. First, the output torque and second the exhaust
gas temperature. To see the turbine parameters in more details,
let us start with Fig. 2 and efficiencies of compressor and turbine. In the isentropic process of 12s, we have [9]

and
and

(5)
(6)

Using (1) and (3), temperature after the compressor is computed as follows:

(7)

(8)

(3)

Another process which affects the HDGTs behavior is the

process which takes place in the combustor, i.e., 23 in Fig. 2.
A constant pressure process in the combustor will lead to the
following expressions:

(4)

(9)

where
(pressure drop in combustor is
neglected) is the cycle pressure ratio.
and
are the cold end (compressor) and hot end (combustor, turbine) ratio of specific heats, respectively. The variable
is defined to make referencing simpler in the next equations.
where
is the specific heat of air at
Generally,
is the specific heat at constant volume.
constant pressure and
It is important to know that the specific heats and ratio vary with

(kg/s) is the air flow rate. The heat is produced by

where
extracting energy from the fuel as follows:
(10)
(kJ/s) is the heat absorption rate in the combustor,
is the combustor efficiency,
(kg/s) is the fuel flow
rate and (kJ/kg) is the lower calorific or lower heating value
where

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1369

of fuel in use. The combustor efficiency stands for the portion of

fuel that is injected into the combustor but is not burnt. For state
of the art designs, combustor efficiency is very high and near to
unity. Using (9) and (10) the temperature rise in the combustor
can be computed as follows:

(11)
is a simplifying symbol of a temperature rise cowhere
efficient. Actually, the internal temperatures and pressure ratio
and overall response of HDGT vary with speed. These responses
are nonlinear and further complicate the models. However, in
Rowens model, a linear model is assumed with respect to speed
by applying the speed constraint of 95% to 107% of nominal
speed; see Fig. 3. We also will assume a linear response with
respect to speed deviations, but first let us assume our HDGT
at nominal speed. In this point, the per unit output torque and
mechanical power would be the same. Then

(12)
By simple mathematics, the above equation is written in the
form of the power block in Fig. 3 using (7), (8), and (11), i.e.
(13)

(14)
(15)
where and are the coefficients of output torque in Fig. 3;
and
are the air and fuel nominal flow rates; and
is the per unit output power which is equal to the p.u. torque. It
is the
should be stated here that the turbine nominal power
base of p.u. for (13)(15).
At nominal speed, the exhaust temperature can be computed
by substituting (11) and (7) in (8). Therefore
(16)
(17)
where is the coefficient of the exhaust temperature block in
is the nominal exhaust temperature of the HDGT.
Fig. 3 and
To extract the parameters, a typical operational condition is selected to derive the turbine and compressor efficiencies and then
all above parameters are computed with available data out of
unit operation.
Now, let us consider the HDGT in nominal fuel flow rate
which corresponds to 1 p.u. output torque. Then the open loop
response of the turbine with respect to speed is

(18)

Fig. 4. Pneumatic valve positioner and valve actuator. (a) Schematic view.
(b) Internal feedback mathematical model.

where is a constant and depends mainly on the thermodynamic

cycle design and frictions. It is a tedious job to go through the
details of this parameter [9]. Fortunately, the design constraints
for HDGTs do not allow high variations in and values of 1.5
in power block of Fig. 3
to 2 are common. Therefore,
varies between 0.5 and 0.67. Note that all above concepts are
only valid when we are in the linear area of the turbine response
with respect to speed deviations. The same approach regarding
temperature changes versus speed will make the coefficient
in exhaust temperature block of Fig. 3 to vary in the range of
0.55 to 0.65 of rated exhaust temperature. The fact that HDGTs
need relatively high fuel consumption to operate even in no load
conditions is reflected in Rowens model by dividing the fuel
demand signal to positioner system into a constant part (constant
in Fig. 3) and the reducing gain multiplied by the demand
in Fig. 3).
can be extracted from
signal (block
available operational data.
There is also a fuel demand signal limiter in the HDGT model
of Fig. 3. The maximum extent of the limiter is not reached in
normal operation and may act as a backup to temperature control
where any increase in turbine exhaust temperature will lead to
activation of temperature control and decreasing fuel flow [1].
Anyway, the minimum extent is a negative value which shows
the gas turbine ability of transient power absorption. Its value
depends on minimum fuel flow required to maintain the flame in
combustor. A value of 1.5 p.u. is commonly used for maximum
extent while minimum value can be determined by available fuel
system data.
B. Valve Positioner and Fuel System Lag
The valve positioner moves the actuator to a valve position
corresponding to the set point. In Fig. 4, the valve positioner
and its connection to the valve actuator and valve system is presented. Due to the fact that HDGTs are able to operate with
liquid and gas fuel, the fuel system models are essentially two
different systems with similar blocks. In larger HDGTs both fuel
systems are supplied with inner loop feedback which senses the

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current position of the valve and eliminates the error between set
point and position signal, see Fig. 4. Therefore, only one time
constant will appear, which is in the valve positioner block of
Fig. 3.
The positioner time constant can be found in the manufacturer
data or similar available data for older units.
Moreover, in liquid fuel systems, there is a bypass way from
the fuel pump output to the pump section. Bypass path is pre. The
sented in Rowens model by the feedback loop gain
is explicitly calculated to force the overall valve
value of
positioner-fuel system loop gain to unity [1].
and (valve positioner block
As a result, the product of
value is zero for
in Fig. 3) should become zero, i.e., the
our large HDGTs if is not. Note that this is not always the
case, especially when inner loop feedback does not exist, see
[1] for more details. Assuming linear response actuators and
valves, the fuel flow will change directly with the output signal
of the valve positioner. However, there is a lag associated with
gas/oil flow in the pipes and fuel system manifold. This lag can
be approximated by the following expression [8]:

(19)
in s is the time constant of the lag associated with
where
the container of volume
in
,
is the average pressure
,
is the steady state mass flow out of the
in Pa
is the density
container in kg/sec and
change due to pressure changes at constant temperature where
is the specific volume. For gas fuels, the lag constant is considerably higher due to higher changes in the specific volume. Knowing the rough estimates of parameters in (19)
makes it possible to obtain rough values for the lag time constant; see Section IV.
C. Time Delays and Discharge Lag
The gas turbine behavior forces its dynamic model to have
small delays and lag time constants. Actually there is a small
time delay between the fuel injection and heat release in
the combustor which is called combustion reaction delay. In
modern systems it is on the order of some ms [10]. This time
delay is implemented in Rowens model as a time delay after
the valve systems. There is also a time delay between the fuel
combustion and exhaust temperature measuring system. This
delay is caused by the exhaust system and turbine to transport
the fluid to the measuring point; see Fig. 1, and is in the order
of some 10 ms depending mainly on the size of the HDGT and
the average fluid speed. A relatively higher time lag exists in
the compressor discharge path to the turbine inlet. It can also
be approximated by (19).
D. Temperature Measurement
Temperature control in HDGTs requires measurement of the
exhaust temperatures which may be composed of thermocouple
and radiation shield [1]. Generally, there are three ways of heat
transfer between materials: conduction, convection and radiation. Here, we are only interested in the exhaust gas temperature

Fig. 5. Radiation shield and thermocouple. (a) Schematic of radiation shield

and mounted thermocouple. (b) Simplified equivalent electric circuit for calculating the temperature at thermocouple position.

out of the turbine (a convective source) to control the temperature and avoid excessive heating. Nevertheless, the radiation
source, i.e., the turbine itself, will cause errors in the temperature measurement. The radiation shield is therefore used to overcome the problem. The radiation shield is a polished, highly reflective metal shield that is placed around the thermocouple and
reflects most of the radiation away from the thermocouple and
itself; see Fig. 5. This equipment will cause a lag based on its
heat transfer behavior to be presented in the model. Let us assume a simple model of the heat transfer paths of Fig. 5. The
temperature at the thermocouple tip will then be approximated
by
(20)
is the total active area for convection heat transfer
where
is the area effective for convection heat
to the shield head,
transfer to the thermocouple tip, (J/K) is the heat capacity of
the shield head and
is the convection heat transfer
coefficient [11].
Temperature measurement device is the thermocouple which
has a typical lag with a time constant based on its type and
design. Time constant of thermocouple can be easily extracted
from its time response documents.
IV. STUDY CASE: 172-MW HDGT
Operating data are always available in an existing power
plant. For land based engines, performance data are frequently
quoted at the single point ISO conditions (i.e., 1 atm ambient
and 60% relative humidity [10]). These data
pressure, 15
are given for our 172-MW turbine in Table I. The turbine is
a single shaft HDGT with natural gas as primary operating
fuel. It should be noted that in the following computations, the
pressure loss in the entrance air filters and also at the combustor
is neglected. Also, IGVs are not modeled based on the model
in Fig. 3.
Let us start with turbine model parameters using the procedure which is described in Section III. In all turbine parameters,
the values of
and are the values given in (5) and (6). In

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1371

Our combustor efficiency is near unity. Anyway, a value of

0.99 is assumed for combustion system.
And compressor efficiency is [(1)]

TABLE I
NOMINAL DATA OF HDGT SELECTED FOR MODELING

(27)
From now on, the parameters are computed for nominal opand
should be updated as
eration (Table I). Therefore,
follows:
(28)
TABLE II
TYPICAL OPERATING DATA FOR COMPUTING
TURBINE AND COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCIES

(29)
Now (14) and (15) can be used to extract the parameters of
turbine mechanical power blocks in Fig. 3 as follows:

(30)
advance, we need to know the turbine and compressor efficiencies. To do so, a typical operating point is selected and tabulated
in Table II. In advance, it is assumed that our model should be
designated to represent the HDGT at nominal point. Here we inherently assumed constant turbine and compressor efficiencies
in power output near nominal.
Turbine Efficiency: From (4), and the data in Tables I and II,
the temperature after turbine on an isentropic process
is
computed as follows:

In (15) nominal fuel flow is required. It is actually the p.u.

base of flow in our model. Nominal flow rate in HDGT model
of Fig. 3 is the fuel flow which creates nominal output power at
nominal speed. Hence, from (15)

(31)
and

(21)
(22)
where index stands for operating conditions of Table II. Note
that rated pressure ratio is decreased based on lower operating
is converted into K in (3). Turbine effimass flow. Also
ciency according to (2) is

(32)
Please note that we will need nominal flow to determine the
turbine exhaust temperature. From (17) exhaust temperature parameter is computed as follows:

(33)
(23)
Compressor Efficiency: The temperature after compressor in
isentropic process is calculated from (3)

Based on the discussion in Section III, speed sensitivity coefficients ( and ) are chosen to be
and
. The data for no load operation and minimum
fuel flow rate to maintain combustor flame are given at Table III.
Therefore

(24)
(34)
(25)
Here we need the compressor outlet air temperature which is
computed from (11)

and

(35)
(26)

Fuel System: The lag time constant of the fuel system can be
approximated if thermodynamic conditions of the fuel system

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TABLE III
ESTIMATED MINIMUM FUEL FLOW AND NO LOAD CONSUMPTION

TABLE VI
DATA OF RADIATION SHIELD

TABLE IV
OPERATIONAL DATA FOR FUEL SYSTEM LAG TIME ESTIMATION

TABLE V
OPERATIONAL DATA FOR COMPRESSOR DISCHARGE LAG TIME ESTIMATION

are provided there. An average temperature is then enough to

calculate the specific volume change due to pressure changes.
Using the geometrical and operational data of Table V and (19)
(39)

and using the geometrical and operational data of Table IV, we

will have

Please note that pressure and mass flow are taken from
Table I.
Temperature Measurement Blocks: The radiation shield
also has a dynamic behavior as described in (20). The data in
Table VI of the radiation shield can be utilized for modeling
purposes. The heat capacity and convection transfer coefficient
values are adopted form [11].
Let us assume convective heat transfer to the thermocouple
tip to be a cylinder with a length of 2 times the length of thermocouple tip inside shield in each side, then from (20), the following values are estimated for radiation shield in Fig. 3:

(37)

(40)

for a typical operating point are known. When operating with

gas fuel, the following approximation of Methane thermodynamic properties is used to calculate density variations due to
pressure changes [12] [see (19) and Table IV]:
(36)

Note the nominal flow is used for the calculation, and temperature is also required to find the specific volume changes of
Methane.
The operating time of the valve positioner based on manufacturer data is 200 ms. Based on our model and assuming 5
times (which is a typical value) integrating time constants for the
signal to reach steady state values, in Fig. 3 would be 40 ms.
Time Delays and Discharge Lags: We have assumed that
there is a time of 5 ms between the fuel injection until burning
in the combustor, i.e., a combustion reaction delay of 5 ms. A
relatively conservative value of 40-ms delay for air and combustion products transfer to the temperature measuring point is
.
assumed, i.e.,
There is also a lag time constant due to compressor discharge. Using the thermodynamic properties of air and the data
in Table V, (19) is used to approximate the lag time constant
[12] as follows:
(38)
An average temperature of 1050 K is assumed trough the path
to turbine inlet [see (28) and Table II]. It should be noted that the
approximation is inevitable when using the table and graphs of
thermodynamic properties because not all the operating points

(41)
According to manufacturer information, the time response of
thermocouple is 1.7 s. Therefore, thermocouple time constant in
it block of Fig. 3 should be 1.7 s.
Finally it is good to mention here that controller parameters
in the model of Fig. 3 may be extracted from the controller set
points. The values for load frequency control and temperature
controller blocks are only assumed for the simulations in next
section. All obtained values for the parameters are in the range
of the typical values which are usually used for HDGT dynamic
models [1], [13].
V. SIMULATION
The derived and assumed parameters in previous section are
used to simulate the behavior of 172-MW HDGT. In Table VII
all parameters of model in Fig. 3 are reviewed and listed again.
The model of our HDGT is simulated against two scenarios
of 0.1% and 0.3% speed step when operating in nominal
in
conditions. The speed-governor droop of 4% (i.e.,
Table VII) is assumed for the simulation. In Fig. 6, the mechanical output power of the model against 0.1% speed deviations

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TABLE VII
PARAMETERS OF HDGTS MODEL IN FIG. 3

Fig. 8. Mechanical output power of HDGT after speed step of

Fig. 9. Exhaust temperature of HDGT after speed step of

Fig. 6. Mechanical output power of HDGT after speed step of

00.1%.

00.3%.

00.3%.

However, 0.3% step in speed would cause the temperature

control to be activated, Fig. 8. Final value of 1.061 p.u. of mechanical power is reached for 0.3% speed step in Fig. 8. In this
figure, until temperature control activation in 70 s, the power
output remains constants. Exhaust temperature increases in this
70 s until it reaches the value of 545 (and temperature control
activation forces the exhaust temperature to decline to its rated
value of 522 at the expense of decrease the output power; see
Fig. 9.
VI. CONCLUSIONS

Fig. 7. Exhaust temperature of HDGT after speed step of

00.1%.

is shown. In steady state, for 4% droop, the final value of 1.021

p.u. is observed. Please note that different blocks of the model
in Fig. 3 are functions of speed and mechanical power in steady
state is affected by their values. Fig. 7 shows the exhaust temperature of the gas turbine which is measured by the thermocouple,
here also a final steady state of near 530 is observed where
the temperature control is not activated yet.

In this paper a simple procedure is shown for estimating the

parameters of Rowens model for HDGTs in dynamic studies
for educational purposes. It is explained in detail how to extract
the parameters of the model using the operational data. The parameters of Rowen model for a 172-MW HDGT is derived and
step responses are shown. The way of obtaining the parameters
and sole physical laws are explained to some extents to make
it useful for students of electrical engineering and trainers who
are involved in dynamic studies.
Rowens model was under focus in this paper and all the descriptions are directly applicable for this model. However, it
tried to use similar notations as in IEEE model [3], as far as
possible, to help the readers for creating similar sights into that
model, too.
The following hints are summarized with respect to educational concepts of the paper.
1) The paper provides background knowledge for the students who want to know more about the building blocks
of HDGT dynamic model.

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2) Simple physical law and simplifications can be used by

trainers to learn the concepts or make simple numerical
examples based on the data of existing units.
3) Among a lot of parameters and data which are provided by
manufacturer, the useful and most straight forward ones for
deriving the model parameters are used here which can be
invoked in any similar case.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank Mr. A. Mirzaee of Tehran
Regional Electric Company for his kind cooperation and
discussions.
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865869, 1983.
[2] W. I. Rowen, Simplified mathematical representations of single shaft
gas turbines in mechanical drive service, presented at the Int. Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congr. and Expo., Cologne, Germany, 1992, unpublished.
[3] IEEE Working Group Report, Dynamic models for combined cycle
plants in power system studies, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 9, no. 3,
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Mohammad Reza Bank Tavakoli was born in
Kerman, Iran, in 1981. He received the B.S. degree
in electrical engineering from Tehran University,
Tehran, Iran, in 2003 and M.S. degree in electrical
engineering from Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, in 2005. Currently, he is pursuing
the Ph.D. degree at the Department of Electrical
Engineering of Amirkabir University of Technology.
His main fields of research are power system
dynamics and power system component modeling
and simulation. He is also with the IGMC Company,
working on extensive analysis of the Iranian power system.

Behrooz Vahidi (M00SM04) was born in

Abadan, Iran, in 1953. He received the B.S. degree
in electrical engineering from Sharif University of
Technology, Tehran, Iran, in 1980, the M.S. degree
in electrical engineering from Amirkabir University
of Technology, Tehran, in 1989, and the Ph.D.
degree in electrical engineering from the University
of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology,
Manchester, U.K., in 1997.
From 1980 to 1986, he worked in the field of high
voltage in industry as a Chief Engineer. Since 1989,
he has been with the Department of Electrical Engineering of Amirkabir University of Technology, where he is now a Professor. His main fields of research
are high voltage, electrical insulation, power system transient, lightning protection, and pulse power technology. He has authored and coauthored 160 papers
and five books on high voltage engineering and power system.

Wolfgang Gawlik was born in 1971 in Landshut,

Germany. He received the Dipl.-Ing and Dr.-Ing.
degrees in electrical engineering and power systems
from the University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany,
in 1997 and 2004, respectively.
From 1997 to 1999, he was with the Power
Generation Group and the Generator Calculation and
Construction Department at Siemens AG, Erfurt,
Germany. In 1999, he joined the Institute for Power
Systems at the University of Erlangen as an Assistant
Professor. Since 2004, he has been with the Power
Transmission and Distribution Group and the Power Technology International
Department at Siemens AG in Erlangen. Among his fields of interest are system
dynamics and generator control.