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CaptuloV
TRANSFORMADA DE LAPLACE
TRANSFORMADA DE LAPLACE
TRANSFORMADA DE LAPLACE
{()} = ()
0
SOLUCIN
() = {()} = ()
0
{1} =
{1} = (1)
0
{1} = lim [ ]
0
{1} = lim
0
1
{1} = lim [
]
{1} =
Para > 0
EJERCICIO: Calcular {}
SOLUCIN
{} =
0
1
( ) +
As
1
1
= lim [
(
)] = lim [
( + )]
() 0
0
1
1
1
lim [
( + ) ( ) (0 + )]
=
0
1
32
Luego
{} =
1
32
EJERCICIO: Halle { 4}
Por el clculo elemental se tiene (integrado por parte dos veces o tabla de
integrales)
As =
(Sen Cos )
Sen =
+
2 + 2
=1 =4
(Sen 4 4Cos 4)
Sen 4 =
+
()2 + 42
(Sen 4 4Cos 4)
Sen 4 = lim [
]
2 + 16
0
(1)
= lim [ 2
(Sen 4 4Cos 4) 2
(4)]
+ 16
+ 16
Sen 4 =
0
4
2 + 16
Luego
{Sen 4} =
4
2 + 16
0 0 < 2
EJERCICIO: Calcular {()} Si () = {
4 2
SOLUCIN
{()} = 0 ()
0 () = 0 0 + 2 4
= 0 + 4
2
0 () = 4 [0
() =
0
4 2
>0
v) (Senh ) = 2 +2
vi) (Cosh ) = 2 +2
iii) {Sen } = 2 + 2
vii)( ) = +1
iv) (Cos ) = 2 +2
viii)
( 1/2 ) =
Demostracin (vii)
Poe el clculo elemental (tablas de integracin)
=
Cuando
1 ( 1) 2
!
[
+
(1) ] +
2
1 ( 1) 2
!
=
(
(1)
)+
2
()
()
()
Ahora
1 ( 1) 2
!
= lim [
(
(1)
)]
2
()
()
() 0
( 1) 2
1
= lim [
(
1 +
(1)
)
2
()
()
()
1
!
(
) ((1)
)]
()
()
1
!
= [0 (
) ((1)
)]
()
()
0
1 !
= ( )
0
=
0
1
+1
( ) =
!
+1
SOLUCIN
a) Segn la tabla bsica de Transformada de Laplace
{Cosh } =
32
Si = 3 entonces
{Cosh 3} =
{Cosh 3} =
2 9
b) De la tabla bsica
{ } =
{ 2 } =
1
2
Si = 2 tenemos
!
+1
Como = 3 se tiene
{ 3 } =
3!
3+1
{ 3 } =
6
4
b) De la tabla bsica
{Cosh } =
Si = 6 tenemos
{Cosh 6} =
{Cosh 6} =
2 62
2
36
Teorema: Sean las funciones y g adems c una constante donde > entonces:
i) {()} = {()}
ii) {() + ()} = {()} + {()}
Las propiedades (i) y(ii) del teorema anterior se pueden simplificar en la expresin.
{1 1 () + 2 2 ()} = 1 {1 ()} + 2 {2 ()}
Esta ltima expresin se puede extender en una suma infinita de forma:
{1 1 () + 2 2 () + + ()} = 1 {1 ()} + 2 {2 () + + { ()}}
Ejemplo:
1
1) (1 + 5) = {1} + 5{} = +
2) (4 3 102) = 4{ 3 } 10{2}
1
10
20
3) 4 3 102 = 4 +3 2 +4 = +3 2 +4
EEJRCICIO: Evaluar a){Senh 2}b){3 }
SOLUCIN
a) {Senh 2}
Senh 2 =
1 2
1
1
( 2 )Senh 2 = 2 2
2
2
2
1
1
{Senh 2} = { 2 2 }
2
2
1
1
{Senh 2} = { 2 } { 2 }
2
2
{Senh 2} =
1 1
1 1
(
) (
)
2 2
2 +2
1
1
1
{Senh 2} = (
)
2 2 +2
{Senh 2} =
2
+4
>2
b) {3 }
Sen3 =
3
1
Sen Sen 3
4
4
3
1
{Sen3 } = { Sen Sen 3}
4
4
3
1
{Sen3 } = {Sen } {Sen 3}
4
4
3
1
1
3
{Sen3 } = ( 2
) ( 2
)
2
4 + 1 4 + 32
3
1
1
3
{Sen3 } = ( 2
) ( 2
)
4 +1 4 +9
6
{Sen3 } = 2
( + 1)( 2 + 9)
EJERCICIOS: Evaluar a){3 2 }b) {5Sen 2 4Senh 3}
SOLUCIN
a) {3 2 }
{3 2 } = 3{ 2 } { }
{3 2 } = 3 [
2!
]
2+1
{3 2 } =
1
6
1
= 3
(1)
+1
3 + 6 + 6
3 ( + 1)
b) {5Sen 2 4Senh 3}
{5Sen 2 4Senh 3} = 5{Sen 2} 4{Senh 3}
2
3
= 5( 2
) 4( 2
)
2
+2
+ 32
=
10
12
2
+4 +9
{5Sen 2 4Senh 3} =
EJERCICIO: Evaluar a) {( 2 + 2)2 }
2 2 138
( 2 + 4)( 2 9)
b){(Sen Cos )2 }
SOLUCIN
a) {( 2 + 2)2 }
( 2 + 2)2 = 4 + 4 2 + 4
Lic. Luz Elizabeth Huanchi Mamani
{( 2 + 2)2 } = { 4 + 4 2 + 4}
{ 4 } + 4{ 2 } + 4{1}
4!
2!
1
{( 2 + 2)2 } = 4+1 + 4 ( 2+1 ) + 4 ( )
24 8 4
2
2}
{( + 2) = 5 + 3 +
4
2
4
+
8
+
24
{( 2 + 2)2 } =
5
2}
b) {(Sen Cos )
(Sen Cos )2 = Sen2 2Sen Cos + Cos2 = 1 Sen2
{(Sen Cos )2 } = {1 Sen2}
{1} {Sen2}
1
2
= ( 2
)
+ 22
1
2
= 2
+4
2 2 + 4
2}
{(Sen Cos ) =
( 2 + 4)
1
EJERCICIO: Evaluar a){27 2 + 9 + 6Cos 3 + 4}b) {3 3 + 4 1}
SOLUCIN
2
a) {27 + 9 + 6Cos 3 + 4}
{27 2 + 9 + 6Cos 3 + 4} = 27{ 3 } 9{} + 6{Cos 3} + 4{1}
3!
1!
1
= 27 ( 3+1 ) 9 ( 1+1 ) + 6 (
) + 4( )
2
+3
162
9
6
4
{27 2 + 9 + 6Cos 3 + 4} = 4 2 +
+
> 0
+9
1
b) {3 3 + 4 1}
1
1
{ 3 + 4 1} = { 3 } + { 4 } {1}
3
3
1 3!
1
1
= ( 3+1 ) +
3
(4)
1 3
2
1
1
{ + 4 1} = 4 +
+4
3
1 3
4
+ 2 + 8
{ + 4 1} =
3
4 ( + 4)
i) 1 { } = 1
1
ii) 1 {} =
iii) 1 {2 +2 } = Sen
iv) 1 {2 +2 } = Cos
v) 1 {2 2 } = Senh
vi) 1 {2 2 } = Cosh
!
vii)1 {+1 } =
viii)1 { } = 1/2
a) 1 {2 +1}
1 {2 +2 } = Cos
Recuerde
3
} = 3 Cos
2 + 1
b) 1 {+2}
1 {
} = Cuando = 2 se tiene 1 {
} = 2
(2)
Es decir 1 {+2} = 2
2
Luego 1 {
} = 21 {
+2
} = 2 2
+2
1 {
1
} = 2 2
+2
c) 1 {2 16}
4
1
}
=
Senh 4
2 16
4
d) 1 {3 }
!
2!
2!
2!
Ahora 1 {3 } = 1 {2!(3 )} = 2 1 {3 } = 2 2
1
1
1 { 3 } = 2
10
3 +2 ++1
= (+1)(2 +1)
1
(+1)(2 +1)
1
(+1)(2 +1)
Ahora
= +1 + 2 +1
+ =0
Asi{ + = 0
+ =1
(2 +1)+(+1)(+)
(+1)(2 +1)
Resolviendo tenemos
=2
= 2
=2
Luego
1
2 + 2
1
2
=
+
3 + 2 + + 1 + 1
2 + 1
3
3
1
1 1
1 + 1
= (
)+ ( 2
)
++1 2 +1
2 +1
1
1
1
1
1
1
= (
) + ( ) ( 2
) + ( ) ( 2
)
++1 2 +1
2 +1
2 +1
Finalmente
1 {
1
1 1
1
1
1
1
}
=
{
(
)
+
(
)
(
)
+
(
)
(
)}
3 + 2 + + 1
2 +1
2 2 + 1
2 2 + 1
1 {
1
1 1 1
1 1
1 1
1
}
=
{
}
{
}
+
{
}
3 + 2 + + 1
2
+1
2
2 + 1
2
2 + 1
1 {
1
1
1
1
} = Cos + Sen
++1
2
2
2
11
a) 1 {2 +23}
2 + 2 3 = ( + 3)( 1) Luego
(+3)(1)
= +3 + 1
( + ) + ( + 3)
+ =1
=
{
+ 3 = 0
( + 3)( 1)
( + 3)( 1)
3
Resolviendo tenemos = 4
3
4
As (+3)(1) =
+3
1
4
=4
3
1
1
1
1 { 2
} = 1 {
} + 1 {
}
+ 2 3
4
+3
4
1
1 {
3
1
} = 3 +
+ 2 3
4
4
1
1 { 2
} = ( + 3 3
+ 2 3
4
1
b) 1 {2 }
2 = ( 1)
Luego
1
(1)
= + 1
( + )
1
+ = 0 = 1
=
{
|
= 1
( 1)
( 1)
=1
1
1
1
=
+
2
1
1 {
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
}
=
{
+
}
=
{
}
+
{
}
2
1
1 {2 } = 1 + As
1 {2 } = 1
1)
() =
2 +23
Solucin
12
= 1 {
1
1
}
=
2
( 1)2 + 3
2
2) () = 2 +4+5
Solucin
(+2)2
= 1 {(1)2 +1}
+2
( + 1)
= 1 { (+1)}
1
(+1)
= + (+1) A=1
B=-1
+1
= 1 { } 1 {
4) F(S) = (+2)3
Solucin
Por la propiedad de teorema de traslacin
1
2!
{ } + 2
2 3
1
= 2 2 2
5) F(S) = (+1)2
Solucin
Por teorema de convolucin
1
=0 = 0 = () 0 =
6) f(s) = (2)(3)(6)
13
Solucin:
Transformadas inversas
+ 3 + 6
= (2)(3)(6)
= 2, = -1 , = 2
= 2 2 3 + 2 6
7) F(s) = (2 6+10)
Solucin:
Teorema de traslacin
1 {
( 2
1
1
} = 1{ 2
}
( 6 + 9 + 1)
6 + 10 1 + 1)
8) f(s) = 2 (+1)3
Solucin por teorema de traslacin
21
A 4 + 3 3 + 3 2 + + 2 + 3 + + 4 + 2 3 + 2 + 3 + 2 +
= 2 + = 0 = = 5
3 + + 2 + = 0
3 + 3 + + + = 0
+ 3 = 2 = 2 3 = 5
= 1
= 4
= 3
Lic. Luz Elizabeth Huanchi Mamani
14
21
2!
= s t - 5 4 - 2 2
9) F(s) =
2
3
Solucin:
Trasformadas inversas (2do teorema de traslacin)
= 1{
2
3
2!
} = 1 {3 } 2 = 2! 1 {3 } 2 = 2 2 2
1 2 2 1 2
= ( 2)
2
2
1
2
( 2)2 ( 2)
1
A ( 2 + 4) + ( + ) 2 = 1
2 + 4 + 3 + 2 = 1
+ = 0 = = 1/4
=0
4 = 1 = 1/4
1{
1
2 ( 2
+ 4)
1
1
1
1
1
1 { 2} = 1 { 2
} = 2
4
4
+4
4
8
}=
11) (, )
Solucin:
CON () = , () = (2 +2 )
=1
(. ) =
=
||
2
( 2
)
=
+ 2
( 2 + 2 )2
15
>+
b) { 2 2 }
a) { ()} = ( )
{ 2 Sen 3} = ( 2) Donde = 2 adems () = Sen 3
Ahora
{Sen 3} =
3
3
{Sen
3}
=
2 + 32
2 + 9
3
+9
( 2) =
() =
( 2) =
3
2 4 + 13
3
( 2)2 + 9
( 2) = { 2 Sen 3}
{ 2 Sen 3} =
3
2 4 + 13
b) { 2 2 } = { 2 2 }
{ 2 2 } = [ (2)] As
{ 2 2 } = ( + 2) donde = 2 adems () = 2
Ahora
{ 2 } =
() =
2
3
( + 2) =
2!
2+1
{ 2 } =
2
( + 2)3
{ 2 2 } =
2
3
( + 2) = { 2 2 }
2
( + 2)3
16
{ 2 ( 2)}
EJERCICIOS: Calcular
SOLUCIN
{ 2 ( 2)} = { 2 2 2 }
{ 2 ( 2)} = { 2 } 2{ 2 }
{ 2 ( 2)} = { 2 } 2 (
{ 2 ( 2)} = { 2 }
1
)
(2)
2
(1)
+2
Calculamos { 2 }
{ ()} = ( ) As { 2 } = [ (2)] donde = 2 y () =
{ 2 } = ( + 2)
1
Ahora
() = 1+1 () = 2
() =
Luego
1
2
( + 2) =
1
( + 2)2
{ 2 } = (+2)2
As en (1)
{ 2 ( 2)} = { 2 }
{ 2 ( 2)} =
2
+2
1
2
2
( + 2)
+2
{ 2 ( 2)} =
2 3
( + 2)2
128
12 8
2
4
= 12 (
) + 4(
)
2
2
( 2) + 4
( 2)2 + 42
4 + 20
17
128
12 8
2
4
} = 121 {
} + 41 {
} (1)
2
2
( 2) + 4
( 2)2 + 42
4 + 20
Separadamente
2
2
( 2)2 + 42
( 2) =
1 { 2
} = Cos 4
+ 42
1 {()} = ()
1 {( )} = ()
1 {
2 + 42
1 {( 2)} = 2 Cos 4
2
} = 2 Cos 4
( 2)2 + 42
() = Cos 4
=2
(2)
Volviendo a (1)
1 {
12 8
2
4
1
1
}
=
12
{
}
+
4
{
}
( 2)2 + 42
( 2)2 + 42
2 4 + 20
1 {
1 {
12 8
} = 12 2 Cos 4 + 4 2 Sen 4
4 + 20
12 8
} = 4 2 (3Cos 4 + Sen 4)
4 + 20
Coralario: Si 1 {()} = ()
1
( )
1
Entonces 1 {()} = ()
18
Hallar a) {(4)}
b) { (3)}
SOLUCIN
2
a) {()} = 2 +4 es decir () = 2 +4
1
Pero (4) =
{(4)} =
2
b) {()} = 2 +4
1
32
(4) = 2 +64
2
( ) +4
4
1
32
8
( 2
) {(4)} = 2
4 + 64
+ 64
2
as
() = 2 +4
{ (3)} = 3(3)
92 +4
{ ( )} = 3 (
) Luego
92 +4
{ ( )} =
es decir
(3) = 92 +4
3+4
() = 2 +16
4
() = 2 +16
Entonces
() = Senh 4
Entonces
1 {()} = Cosh 4 as
() = Cosh 4
= 3 adems
(3) = Senh 3
= 3 adems
(3) = Cosh 3
Ahora
3 + 4
3
4
3
4
4
3
= 2
+ 2
= (
)+ (
)
2
2
2
9 16 9 16 9 16 4 (3) 4
3 (3)2 42
1 {
3 + 4
3
4
4
3
} = 1 {
} + 1 {
}
2
2
2
9 16
4
(3) 4
3
(3)2 42
19
3 + 4
3 1
4 1
} = ( ( )) + ( ( ))
2
9 16
4 3 3
3 3 3
1 {
3 + 4
1
4
4
4
} = Senh + Cosh
2
9 16
4
3
9
3
0
1
<
La representacin de ( ) se da en la Fig.2
0
( )
<
20
>0
SOLUCIN
Sea = ()
La semirecta expresada como funcin es:
1 ()2
2
20
= 21Para 1
Fig. (5)
21
() = 2( 1)( 1)
PROBLEMA: De una representacin analtica en trminos de la Funcin Escaln unitario
de la funcin representada en figura Fig.7
Fig.(6)
SOLUCIN
La funcin 1 () = 1 se activa a partir de = 2
La semirecta est representada por la funcin
1 () = 1Para 2
Fig.(7)
Esta funcin, es una funcin trasladada 2 unidades
As 1 () = ( 2)
para 2
Donde () = 1
para 0
Luego ( 2) = 1
para 2
Fig. (7)
Corolario:
Sea
{( + )}
> 0adems
() = 1 {()}entonces
{( )( )} =
22
SOLUCIN
Sea = ()
La semirecta inclinada tiene representacin
1 ()2
2
21
21
As 1 () =
1 () =
( 1) = ( 1) + 1
Donde () = + 1
La funcin representada tiene como representacin en trminos de la funcin escaln
unitario.
() = ( 1)( 1)
{( 1)( 1)} = () Donde = 1
{( 1)( 1)} = () (1)
Ahora
() = {()} Como () = + 1
() = { + 1} = {} + {1}
() =
1 1
+
2
Luego
Lic. Luz Elizabeth Huanchi Mamani
23
{( 1)( 1)} = ()
{( 1)( 1)} = [
{( 1)( 1)} =
1 1
+ ]
2
+
2
3
2
3
2
) entonces (
3
2
) = Cos (
3
2
) para
3
2
3
2
) (
3
2
)} = { (
3
2
) (
3
2
)}Donde =
3
2
{( )( ) = ()}
Pero
De modo que
{Cos (
) (
2
)} = 2 (2 +1)
2
{Sen (
3
3
)} = 2 ( 2
)
2
+1
2
3
Solucin
2
1 {
} = 1 { 2 (3 )} Comparando 1 { 2 (3 )} = 1 { ()}
1
Donde = 2() = 3
() =
1
1
1 {()} = 1 { 3 }
3
1
2
1
1
1
1 { 3 } = 1 { 3 } = 1 { 3 } = 2
2
2
2
1
As () = 2 2 entonces ( 2) = 2 ( 2)2
Ahora 1 { ()} = ( 2)( 2)
2
1
{ 3 } = ( 2)2 ( 2)
2
24
Teorema: Si es una funcin contina por partes, la orden exponencial adems peridica
con periodo , entonces:
0 ()
{()} =
1
PROBLEMA: Para hallar la Transformada de Laplace de la funcin , representada en
figura, aplique el teorema de la Transformada de Laplace para una funcin peridica.
SOLUCIN
La funcin representada en la figura es peridica con periodo = 2
0 ()
0 ()
{()} =
{()} =
1
1 2
Donde () = {
1 ; 0 <
1 ; < 2
As
2
0 () 0 1 + 0 1
=
1 2
1 2
2
+ 0
1 2
[
=
] + [
0
1 2
Luego
{()} =
{()} =
12 + 2
(1 2 )
++
1 2
(1 )2
Luego {()} = (1 2 )
25
SOLUCIN
La funcin tiene u periodo =
0 ()
{()} =
1
()
As () =
{()} =
0
1
{()} =
1
= [
2 ] = (
2 ) (0 2 )
=
0
1
2 + 2
1
= [
2 + 2 ] = [
+ ]
0
1
= [ (1 ) ]
0
Luego
0
1
[ (1 ) ]
0
1
{()} =
Lic. Luz Elizabeth Huanchi Mamani
1
= [
]
1
1
1
[
]
1
1
1
[
]
1
26
LA CONVOLUCIN
() () = ( ) ()
0
SOLUCIN
Sea() = entonces ( ) = ()
() = entonces() =
() () = 0 ( ) () As () () = 0 ()
() () =
0 ()
0 ()
()
[ ]
0
()
() () = [
] =
0
() () =
27
() () = Cos
0
1 + Cos 2
+ Sen Sen Cos
2
0
2
2
() () = Cos [ +
] + Sen [
]
2
4
2
0
0
2
3
() () = Cos [ +
]+
2
4
2
() () =
Cos +
2
1
1
1
1
1
} = 1 {( ) ( 2
)} = 1 {( ) 1 ( 2
)}
+ 1)
+1
+1
( 2
1 {( ) 1 (2 +1)} = 1 Sea: {
() = 1
( ) = 1
() = () =
() () = 0 ( ) () Entonces
() () = 0 1Sen
() () = Cos + 1
Luego
1 {
1
= 1 Cos
+ 1)
( 2
( 2
} = 1 {( 2
)( 2
)} = 1 { 2
} 1 { 2
}
2
2
2
( + 1)
( + 1)
+ 1)
+1
+1
1 {
1
}
{
} = Sen Cos
2 + 1
2 + 1
28
Entonces () = Cos
() () = ( ) () = Sen( )Cos
0
1 {
Sen
}
=
( 2 + 1)2
2
1 { } 1 {
1
1
1
1
1
}
=
{(
)
(
)}
=
{
}
{
}
+1
()1
(1)!
( ) =
() = ( ) Entonces
() = ( )
1
( )1 ( )
( ) =
( 1)!
( 1)!
0
( )1 ( )
( )1
( ) ( )
=
= [
] =
( 1)!
!
!
0
0 ( 1)!
Luego
1 {
0 ; <
(
)
}
=
{
+1
; >
!
( )
{ +1 } =
( )
29
La ltima expresin que no es en absoluto una funcin se puede caracterizar por las
propiedades.
) ( 0 ) = {
, = 0
y
0, 0
) {0 ( 0 ) = 1}
El impulso unitario ( 0 ) se denomina funcin delta de Dirac es posible obtener la
transformada de Laplace de la funcin denta de Dirac mediante el supuesto formal de que:
{( 0 ) = { ( 0 )}
0
Teorema:
Para 0 > 0 ; {( 0 )} 0
Demostracin
Para comenzar podemos escribir ( 0 ) en trminos de la funcin escalar unitaria.
( 0 ) =
1
[( (0 )) ( (0 + ))]
2
1 (0 ) (0 )
[
] = 0 (
)
2
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PROBLEMAS PROPUESTOS
Aplique la definicin de Transformada de Laplace para calcular:
(08)
(09)
Calcule {()}
Calcule {()}
Calcule {()}
3 ; 0 4
0
; 4 < 10 Halle
(10)Si: {
2
; 10 <
{()}
1 ; 0 1
(11) Si: {
Halle
0 ; < 1
{()}
(12) Calcular { 2}
(15) {2 3 }
(18) {5
(16) {3 6}
1
2}
(20) { + 4 1 }
(23) {( 2 1)2 }
(26) { 4 }
(24) {
1+ 3
2
(21) {( + 1)2 }
}
(22) {2 }
(25) {5 2 + 6 2 }
(27) { ( + 4 )}
(28) { 2 }
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Transformada de Laplace
Determinar:
3+2
(29) 1 {2 +2+10}
3
2 +9+2
(30) 1 {3 710}
(31) 1 {3 +2 5+1}
62 13+2
(34) 1 {(1)(6)}
(36) 1 {(+1)2 }
1
(37) 1 {2 +6+10}
1
(38) 1 {2 +4+4}
(39) 1 {
(41) { 3 2}
(42) {( 2 ) } (43) { 2 }
(40) 1 {()2 }
(44) { (2)}
Funcin Escaln Unitario y Segundo Teorema de Traslacin
Determine:
(45) { 2 ( 1)}
(46) 1 {
(47) {( 1) ( 4)}
(48) { ( 1)}
Determine la Transformada de Laplace
(49)
(50)
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(51)
(52)
(53)
(54)
Convolucin
Encuentre la Transformada de Laplace
(55)
(56)
(57) 2 3
(58) 2 (2 +2)
(59)(2 +2+2)
(60)
(+1)(2 +4)
(61) (2 +1)2
33