KEJ.

GEOMATIK
ECV 3501

4c. Traversing
- Coordinate System and Adjustment

Outcomes:Understand and apply the concept measurement, traversing,

equipment used, plotting and accuracy

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmad Rodzi Mahmud

arm@eng.upm.edu.my
armcorp@gmail.com
Credit to Dr. Helmi Zulhaidi Mohd Shafri

Overview
In this lecture we will cover :
Rectangular and polar coordinates

Equipment and field procedures

Reduction and adjustment of data

Rectangular
Coordinate
Cartesian
Coordinate
System (X,Y)

Rectangular coordinates
(Easting, Northing)
North
Point B
(EB,NB)

N
B

N=NB-NA
NA

Point A
(EA,NA)

E=EB-EA

EA

E
B

East

Polar coordinates
North

Point B

Point A
~ whole-circle bearing
d ~ distance
East

Whole circle bearings

North
0o

4th quadrant

Bearing are measured

clockwise from NORTH
and must lie in the range
0o 360o

1st quadrant

West
270o

East
o
90
3rd quadrant

2nd quadrant

South
180o

Coordinate conversions
Rectangular to polar

E d sin

E
tan1

N d cos

d E N

Polar to rectangular

Computation sequence
1. Calculate angular misclose
2. Adjust angular misclose
3. Calculate adjusted bearings
4. Reduce distances for slope etc

Computation sequence (contd)

5.

Compute (E, N) for each traverse

line

6.

Calculate linear misclose

7.

Calculate accuracy

8.

Adjust linear misclose

Setesen

Bil. Setesen, N =

Garisan

Jarak

Bering
Cerapan

Perbezaan

Sudut Dalam
Permulaan

Pembetulan

Sudut Dalam
Dibetulkan

Jumlah Sudut

Jumlah Sudut Dalam

Jumlah Sepatutnya
(2N-4)90

Perbezaan = P

Pembetulan = P/N

untuk setiap sudut dalam

Bering Akhir

Calculate internal angles

Point

Foresight
Bearing

Backsight
Bearing

Internal
Angle

21o

118o

97o

56o

205o

149o

168o

232o

64o

232o

352o

120o

303o

48o

105o

=(n-2)*180

Misclose
Adjustment

Adjusted
Angle

Calculate angular misclose

Point

Foresight
Bearing

Backsight
Bearing

Internal
Angle

21o

118o

97o

56o

205o

149o

168o

232o

64o

232o

352o

120o

303o

48o

105o

=(n-2)*180

535o

Misclose

-5o

Adjustment

-1o

Adjusted
Angle

Calculate adjusted angles

Point

Foresight
Bearing

Backsight
Bearing

Internal
Angle

Adjusted
Angle

21o

118o

97o

98o

56o

205o

149o

150o

168o

232o

64o

65o

232o

352o

120o

121o

303o

48o

105o

106o

535o

540o

=(n-2)*180
Misclose

-5o

Adjustment

-1o

Compute adjusted bearings

Adopt a starting bearing
Then, working clockwise around the traverse
:
Calculate reverse bearing to backsight (forward
bearing 180o)
Subtract (clockwise) internal adjusted angle
Gives bearing of foresight

For example (bearing of line BC)

Adopt bearing of AB
23o
Reverse bearing BA (=23o+180o) 203o
Internal adjusted angle at B
150o
Forward bearing BC (=203o-150o)53o

Compute adjusted bearings

C

B
o

150

Line

Forward
Bearing

Reverse
Bearing

Internal
Angle

AB

23o

203o

150o

BC

53o

CD
DE
EA

AB

Compute adjusted bearings

C
65o

B
D

Line

Forward
Bearing

Reverse
Bearing

Internal
Angle

AB

23o

203o

150o

BC

53o

233o

65o

CD

168o

DE
EA

AB

Compute adjusted bearings

C

121o

Line

Forward
Bearing

Reverse
Bearing

Internal
Angle

AB

23o

203o

150o

BC

53o

233o

65o

CD

168o

348o

121o

DE

227o

EA

AB

Compute adjusted bearings

C

B
D

106

Line

Forward
Bearing

Reverse
Bearing

Internal
Angle

AB

23o

203o

150o

BC

53o

233o

65o

CD

168o

348o

121o

DE

227o

47o

106o

EA
AB

-59o

301o

Compute adjusted bearings

C

B
D

98

Line

Forward
Bearing

Reverse
Bearing

Internal
Angle

AB

23o

203o

150o

BC

53o

233o

65o

CD

168o

348o

121o

DE

227o

47o

106o

EA

301o

121o

98o

AB

23o (check)

(E,N) for each line

The rectangular components for each line
are computed from the polar coordinates
(,d)

E d sin
N d cos
Note that these formulae apply regardless
of the quadrant so long as whole circle
bearings are used

Vector components
Line

Bearing

Distanc
e

AB

23o

77.19

30.16

71.05

BC

53o

99.92

79.80

60.13

CD

168o

60.63

12.61

-59.31

DE

227o

129.76

-94.90

-88.50

EA

301o

32.20

-27.60

16.58

(399.70)

(0.07)

(-0.05)

Linear misclose & accuracy

Convert the rectangular misclose
components to polar coordinates
1 E

tan

N
2

d E N

Beware of quadrant when

calculating using tan-1

Accuracy is given by
1 : (traverse length / linear misclose)

Quadrants and tan function

N
+ +
positive
okay

negative
add 360o

+
+ E

positive
o
add 180

negative
add 180o

For the example

Misclose (E, N)
(0.07, -0.05)

Convert to polar (,d)

= -54.46o (2nd quadrant) = 125.53o
d = 0.09 m

Accuracy
1:(399.70 / 0.09) = 1:4441

Bowditch adjustment
The adjustment to the easting component
of any traverse side is given by :
Eadj = Emisc * side length/total perimeter
The adjustment to the northing component
of any traverse side is given by :

Nadj = Nmisc * side length/total perimeter

The example

East misclose
North misclose
Side AB
Side BC
Side CD
Side DE
Side EA
Total perimeter

0.07
0.05
77.19
99.92
60.63
129.76
32.20
399.70

m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m

EXERCISE 1

Vector components
Side

AB

30.16

71.05

BC

79.80

60.13

CD

12.61 -59.31

DE

94.90

-88.50

EA

27.60

16.58

Misc

(0.07) (-0.05)

Eadj

(pre-adjustment)

Nadj

Ecorr

Ncorr

The adjustment components

Side

AB

30.16

71.05

0.014 -0.010

BC

79.80

60.13

0.016 -0.012

CD

12.61 -59.31

0.011 -0.008

Eadj

Nadj

DE

94.90

-88.50

0.023 -0.016

EA

27.60

16.58

0.006 -0.004

Misc (0.07) (-0.05)

(0.070 ()
0.050)

Ecorr

Ncorr

Adjusted vector components

Side

AB

30.16

71.05

BC

79.80

Ecorr

Ncorr

0.014 -0.010

30.146

71.060

60.13

0.016 -0.012

79.784

60.142

CD

12.61 -59.31

0.011 -0.008

12.599

59.302

DE

-88.50
94.90

0.023 -0.016

94.923

88.484

EA

27.60

0.006 -0.004

27.606

16.584

0.070 -0.050

(0.000)

(0.000
)

Misc

16.58

(0.07
(-0.05)
)

Eadj

Nadj

Exercise 2
Calculate the adjusted coordinates for stations
B, C, D, E and F.

Adjust any misclosures by using the Bowditch

method.
The coordinates for station A is 500 E and 1000 N.
Whole Circle Bearing for line AF is 70 00 00

Angle Adjustment

Bearing Calculation

500

1000

Computation of Co-ordinate Difference

E D sin
N D cos

Misclosures

E N

linear misclosure e

fractional misclosure 1 in
e

Calculation of the Final Co-ordinates

E B E A E AB
N B N A N AB

End of lecture