University

of Athens, B. Ed. Greek Literature

University of Paisley, Scotland, MSc. Quality
Management and Control
University of Athens, Medical School, MSc.
Health Crisis Management and Global Health
edousia@gmail.com

 Humans

have always found animals

interesting, amazing companions and in
ancient times they were considered
messengers from the gods.

 Chinese

records dating to 4000-3000BC

record the use of herbs in both humans
and animals.

Egyptian

hieroglyphics (3500 BC) show

many types of domesticated animals.

 However, the

oldest account dealing with

the healing of animals dates back to
Mesopotamia in about 300 BC !

The

first person to be considered a

veterinarian is Urlagaldinna

 Alcmaeon, a

Greek scientist (500 BC) was

the first person known to dissect animals
for scientific purposes.
Records also show that animal hospitals
were established in India during the
reign of King Ashoka (273-232 BC)

 Aristotle

(384-322 BC) was instrumental

in the development of the scientific
classification of animals that we now
know as taxonomy.

Roman scholar, Columella, from the

first Century AD wrote 12 volumes on the
topic of animal care and breeding.
Columella was the first person to record
and use the term veterinarius for a
person who is a caretaker of pigs, sheep
and cattle.

 The

Middle Ages produced many

references to animal plagues and the
devastation caused to the farmers.

During

this time animal medicine was

approached from the human medicine
aspect.

 In

1762, the first veterinary school in the

world was established by Claude
Bourgelat in Lyons, France!!

After

the French school opened many

others followed during the 1770s
Sweden, Germany, Denmark and Austria.

 1844

saw the founding of the Royal

College of Veterinary Surgeons (RCVS)
in Great Britain.

The

first veterinary college in the United

States was established until 1879.

 Until

the 1770s the veterinary profession

consisted of self-declared practitioners,
farriers, blacksmiths, herdsmen and local
witch doctors.

People

also believed that animals were

put on earth to serve humans therefore
animals could not feel pain the way
humans could.

 However, a

Scotsman, John Hunter

changed the face of animal medicine. He
practiced surgery and dissection.

He

contributed more written work on

veterinary medicine than anyone had in
the previous 125 years!

 Animal

European

Care in the New World

cattle were brought to Florida

in 1520 by Ponce de Leon.
However, animals did not arrive in the
Virginia colonies until 1611.
There are references to an expert cow
doctor practicing in Virginia as early as
1625

 Records

show that dogs were present on the

Mayflower. Some scholars suspect that
goats and chickens were also on board.
However there were no cattle or horses
present.

The

larger animals were not brought to the

northern colonies until 1620.

 With

the advent of the microscope in the

1800s research exploded in the
identification of disease in both humans
and animals.

Knowledge

was spread through scholarly

journals and travel by the elite to Europe.
Gentlemen farmers tried the new
products and methods discovered during
this time period.

 British

surgeon, turned veterinarian,

George Dadd is considered the author of
the first two classics in American
veterinary literature
The Modern Horse Doctor (1854) and
The American Cattle Doctor (1851).

 The

Royal College of Veterinary

Surgeons was founded by a Royal
Charter in 1844.

The

school required 5 years of study:

Two years of veterinary sciences to understand

healthy animals, anatomy, physiology

Three years of clinical skills such as
examinations and diagnosis

 The

American Veterinary Medical

Association was founded in 1863.

The

U.S. Livestock Sanitary Association (now

the U.S. Animal Health Association) was
established in 1897.

The

first United States veterinary school was

established in 1879 at Iowa State University.
The program was graduate study course.

 The

20th century saw many advances in

veterinary medicine.
The USDA Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service began to employ
veterinary officers.
Duties included control and
eradication of major epidemic farm
animal diseases, animal welfare,
education, etc.

 After World War

I, horses were used less for

farm work due to the advent of automated
agriculture.

Many

veterinarians began to focus their

practice on dogs and cats. Until this period,
small animals had been a minor part in
veterinary medicine.

 Over

the next 30 years, veterinary medicine

grew quickly in the United States soon
reaching equal status with the medical
community.

Note:

In 1947, the Association for Women

Veterinarians was founded by Mary Knight
Dunlap in the United States. At that time, the
U.S. had about 120 women veterinarians,
mostly around New York City and East
Lansing, Michigan.

 Information

taken from

www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/VetHistory/vethist

ory.htm
Information Resources on Veterinary History at
the national Agricultural Library
AWIC Resource Series No. 29
February 2005

Animal Science

DEF: the study of the biology of animals that are

under the control of mankind (usually domestic
animals)

Breeding
Care
Feeding
Management
Products
Processing
Marketing

Behavior
Welfare
Nutrition
Genetics
Biotechnology
Reproduction
Agribusiness

4.5

What was the first form of life?

(as far as we can tell at the moment)

The oldest traces of

life date back:
3.4 to 3.5 billion
years.

BLUE-GREEN ALGAE
AND BACTERIA.

FLASH FORWARD A FEW BILLION

YEARS

VERTEBRATES
DEF: Animals that have a back bone.
(vertebrae)

Can you name any animals that dont have backbones?

Insects
Protozoa
Arachnids

VERTEBRATES

1st there were only dinosaurs, mammal-like

reptiles, and sea creatures.
When dinosaurs were most abundant, the
first birds and very small mammals were
seen.
Archaeopteryx = ancestors of
modern birds

Dinosaurs and marine reptiles reached

their period of greatest abundance
thenDisappeared.
The reason for their demise is still debated
by scientists.

ANCIENT FISH
Coelacanth: (cee-lo-cant) A living fossil

Were here more than 400 million years

ago!
Still around now, but critically

Coelacanth

Dinosaurs are gone!! But, the small animals

survived.
Mammals evolved, dispersed, and adapted to
new environments. Why?

What is the definition of Animal Science?

What are some fields within AnSci?
What was the first life on earth?
What is a vertebrate?
How did mammals survive when dinos
didnt?

WHY NO
GIANT
COWS?

Placental mammals have a placenta (fluid filled

sack inside the uterus of the animal) through which
the embryo and fetus are nourished while in utero.

Most of the animals we will discuss are

placental mammals and evolved during
this period.
How many non-placental animals can you name?

With the beginning of the Domestication of

animals.
Domestication = to tame for the use of
humans. It takes thousands of years.

What was the first domesticated animal?

The Dog/Wolf was the first domesticated companion animal.

A dogs jawbone was found in a cave in Siberia that dates back about
33,000 years ago.

Ancient dog skull unearthed in Siberia (BBC News 2011)

(http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14390679)

Hunters and gathers: A nomadic lifestyle, no

permanent settlements

Domestication allowed them to settle down-they

didnt have to go look for animals and plants.

Why was the wolf the first animal to be

domesticated?
-Warning/Guarding, Protection, Work

1.
2.

Breeding is controlled by humans for

many generations.
Appearance and/or behavior is
substantially different from wild ancestor.

Animals could not survive on their own.

Taming is a step of domestication, but a

tamed animal is not completely
domesticated.

 Probably

wouldnt
last long in the
wild

tame animal is
an animal which
tolerates the
presence of
humans.
Tameness is a
degree to which an
animal accepts
humans.
A

Wild- Full life without human intervention

Raised in captivity/Captured from wildNurtured by humans but indistinguishable

from wild relatives

Ex. Cobras used for show, Asia elephants, Zoo animals

Raised Commercially/Captive or
Semidomesticated-Ranched or farmed for
profit but indistinguishable from wild
relatives
Ex. Ostrich, deer, buffalo, oysters

Raised in captivity/Captured from wild

Raised Commercially/Captive or
Semidomesticated

Feral-once were under human control

but returned to the wild
Ex. Mustangs, cats & dogs

Hybrid- a combination of two animals,

can be wild, domesticated, or both.

o
o
o
o

What were some reasons that dogs were domesticated?

What are the requirements to be considered domesticated?
What the difference between tame and domesticated?
What does wild, raised in captivity, captive/farmed, feral, and
hybrid mean?
o What are some examples from each category?

Dinosaurs are gone!! But, the small animals

survived.
Mammals evolved, dispersed, and adapted to
new environments. Why?

What is the definition of Animal Science?

What are some fields within AnSci?
What was the first life on earth?
What is a vertebrate?
How did mammals survive when dinos
didnt?

WHY NO
GIANT
COWS?

Placental mammals have a placenta (fluid filled

sack inside the uterus of the animal) through which
the embryo and fetus are nourished while in utero.

Most of the animals we will discuss are

placental mammals and evolved during
this period.
How many non-placental animals can you name?

With the beginning of the Domestication of

animals.
Domestication = to tame for the use of
humans. It takes thousands of years.

What was the first domesticated animal?

The Dog/Wolf was the first domesticated companion animal.

A dogs jawbone was found in a cave in Siberia that dates back about
33,000 years ago.

Ancient dog skull unearthed in Siberia (BBC News 2011)

(http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14390679)

Hunters and gathers: A nomadic lifestyle, no

permanent settlements

Domestication allowed them to settle down-they

didnt have to go look for animals and plants.

Why was the wolf the first animal to be

domesticated?
-Warning/Guarding, Protection, Work

1.
2.

Breeding is controlled by humans for

many generations.
Appearance and/or behavior is
substantially different from wild ancestor.

Animals could not survive on their own.

Taming is a step of domestication, but a

tamed animal is not completely
domesticated.

 Probably

wouldnt
last long in the
wild

tame animal is
an animal which
tolerates the
presence of
humans.
Tameness is a
degree to which an
animal accepts
humans.
A

Wild- Full life without human intervention

Raised in captivity/Captured from wildNurtured by humans but indistinguishable

from wild relatives

Ex. Cobras used for show, Asia elephants, Zoo animals

Raised Commercially/Captive or
Semidomesticated-Ranched or farmed for
profit but indistinguishable from wild
relatives
Ex. Ostrich, deer, buffalo, oysters

Raised in captivity/Captured from wild

Raised Commercially/Captive or
Semidomesticated

Feral-once were under human control

but returned to the wild
Ex. Mustangs, cats & dogs

Hybrid- a combination of two animals,

can be wild, domesticated, or both.

o
o
o
o

What were some reasons that dogs were domesticated?

What are the requirements to be considered domesticated?
What the difference between tame and domesticated?
What does wild, raised in captivity, captive/farmed, feral, and
hybrid mean?
o What are some examples from each category?

History and
Mission of the
One Health
Initiative
Evolution
Application
Benefits

Not a new
concept.however.
A New Professional
Imperative!!

1986

20 mo. old male, severe,

chronic, watery diarrhea

Lasted over 6 weeks

Contagious: Mom got it,

Dad got it,

Pediatrician unable to identify cause, treated

symptomatically

Baby: dehydrated, losing weight

Both parents were DVMs. Took soiled diaper to

Vet School parasitologist

Protozoans: genus Cryptosporidium.

This hopefully would be quickly
identified today by pediatricians??

Can be deadly in AIDS patients

Major outbreaks often result from waterborne

transmission

Oocysts highly infectious and resistant to harsh

conditions / cleaners (chlorine)
Human-human, animal-human, fecal-oral, and
waterborne transmission
Cyclical life cycle!!!!!

Ecuador's Tungurahua volcano

Photograph by Guillermo Granja, Reuters
Amazon River

Travelled to Ecuador on assignment: Boated the

Amazon, climbed a volcano- Came home with many
Insect Bites
Two weeks later: swollen painful joints, fever, skin
lesions, discolored fingernails, shortness of breath
Radiographs = lung lesions, >10 CT scans =
granulamatous visceral lesions
Veterinary Medicine, Mind over Miller, July 2011

Two years and 76 specialists later:

tentative diagnoses of Hodgkins
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkins
Lymphoma, scabies,
scleroderma,
gastrointestinal
Anonymous Image

stromal tumors (GIST)

Scheduled for exploratory surgery for GIST, thought

most likely to be sarcoma

Blood sample to
Dr. Ed Breitschwerdt
at the NCSU
Vet School.found

Two years and 76 specialists later:

tentative diagnoses of Hodgkins
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkins
Lymphoma, scabies,
scleroderma,
gastrointestinal
Anonymous Image

stromal tumors (GIST)

Scheduled for exploratory surgery for GIST, thought

most likely to be sarcoma

Blood sample to
Dr. Ed Breitschwerdt
at the NCSU
Vet School.found

Bartonella vinsonii

 After surgery - the surgeon

reported to father - found no
evidence of malignancy.
Father answered, I never thought
she had a malignancy(I believe)
she has Bartonellosis.
Surgeon replied:
Im a surgeonI dont know
what bartonellosis is.
This is why we need to include One Health Education in
Graduate Medical Education for all specialties.
Veterinary Medicine, Mind over Miller, July 2011

The danger that the decline

of bees and other pollinators
represents to the worlds food
supply was highlighted ..
when the European
Commission decided to ban
a class of pesticides
suspected of playing a role in
so-called colony collapse
disorder.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk
Photo: PA , March 29, 2014

Monarch Migration
Plunges to Lowest
Level in Decades

The number of monarch butterflies that completed an

annual migration to their winter home in a Mexican forest
sank this year to its lowest level in at least two decades,
due mostly to extreme weather and changed farming
practices in North America, the Mexican government and a
conservation alliance reported on Wednesday.
By MICHAEL WINES NY Times: March 13, 2013

Human
Animal
Interactions:
Not always
our smartest
behaviors!!!

http://nationallinkcoalition.org/

Puccini Foundation

A vaccine developed in dogs is helping

dogs with malignant melanoma and the
findings have been applied to
create a similar vaccine for humans!

glioblastoma multiforme, GMB

~ in humans and dogs

Between animal and human medicine there

are no dividing lines Nor should there be.
Rudolf Virchow, MD, 1821-1902
(Father of Cellular Pathology)

1821-1902

Rudolf Virchow Between animal and human

medicine there is no dividing line..nor should
there be; coined term zoonosis.

1848-1932
Bernard Bang, Dutch MD / DVM, isolated
Brucella abortus from cows, natural reservoirs,
Bangs Dis. Is zoonotic.
Sir William Osler, MD: Father of modern
medicine: studied under Rudolf Virchow: may have
1st coined term One Medicine?

1849-1919

1850-1914

1854-1934

Daniel Salmon, DVM, early USDA APHIS; hired

human physicians to work across disciplines

Thiebold Smith, MD in Bureau of Animal Industry

found that heat killed pathogens could
immunizeled to vaccines against typhus and
to Jonas Salk producing the polio vaccine

1854-1941 John McFadyean, DVM, MD, challenged Robert

Koch assertion that bovine TB was of no concern to

humans
1884-1974 Karl Meyer, DVM, MD, UC Berkley, integrated fields
of veterinary and human medicine (typhoid, malaria,
influenza, brucellosis, anthrax, plagueetc)
1947
The Veterinary Public Health Division is established
at CDC led by James Steel

1984

2002

First annual One Medicine Symposium

is held in North Carolina (continues today)

Sept: The Wildlife Conservation Society

(WCS) publishes the 12 Manhattan Principles for
establishing a holistic approach to preventing
epidemic/epizootic disease and for maintaining
ecosystem integrity

2004

Calvin Schwabe uses the term

"One Medicine" in his 1984 text
Veterinary Medicine and Human Health

2003 International Union for Conservation

Of Nature (IUCM). Launched the

AHEAD Forum
(Animal Health for
the Environment And
Development)
Osofsky, S.A., Cleaveland, S.,
Karesh, W.B., Kock, M.D., Nyhus, P.J.,
Starr, L., and A. Yang, (eds.). 2005.

2004 (Nov), 2005, 2007, 2009 Wildlife Conservation Society holds One
Health Symposia in Bangkok, China, Brazil and Brazil respectively

2007: The AMA and AVMA partner in a One Health Initiative Task Force
between human and veterinary medicine

2007 One Health Initiative website team (Kaplan, Kahn, Monath,

Woodall) began grassroots web communications platform

2008

JAVMA, Vol 233, No. 2, July 15, 2008

2008: FAO, OIE, WHO, UNICEF, UNSIC, World Bank develop joint
pandemic flu response plan

We need a way to
communicate / learn
ACROSS disciplines

2009

The One Health Office is established at CDC

USAID establishes the Emerging Pandemic Threats program

One World, One Health Expert Consultation in Winnipeg, Manitoba

U.S. One Health Commission is chartered as a 501c3 non-profit

Ron Davis, MD and AMA One Health Champion, dies of pancreatic

cancer

IOM sponsors One Health Summit in Washington, D.C.

Why the environment and environmental change matter to One

Health, Meredith A. Barrett , Aaron H. Stoertz, Timothy A.
Bouley, One Health Initiative Website NEWS, September 23, 2010

2010

The Hanoi Declaration

The Tripartite Concept Note is published

FAO, WHO, OIE hosts Stone Mountain Meeting,"

defines specific actions to move the concept of One
Health forward

The United Nations and the World Bank recommend

adoption of One Health approaches

The European Union reaffirms its commitment to

operate under a One Health umbrella

2011

The 1st International One Health Congress is held in

Melbourne, Australia

The 1st One Health Conference in

Africa is sponsored by OCHEA
Tripartite organized a High
Level Technical Meeting
in Mexico City

2012
The Global Risk Forum sponsors the first One Health
Summit in Davos, Switzerland (also 2013, 2014)
USDA One Health Office is established

2013 The 2nd International One Health Congress is held in

conjunction with the Prince Mahidol Award Conference,
Bangkok, Thailand

We came from
generalists healers >>
to be very specialized
with amazing
capabilities ..
and in the process

lost our ability to see

and function
in the bigger picture.

News Bulletin:
Its up to us to create a true
paradigm shift.

There are many clusters or bubbles of One

Health activity around the U.S. and world trying
to do that.

NC State University College of Veterinary Medicine

Heal the Past

Live the Present.

Obesity: a
major
cause of
death
today

Hyperthyroid cats

Contribution to Childhood obesity? postulated

Environ Health Perspect. 2012; 120(7):1049-54.

Obesity: a
major cause
of death today
Could there
be links in
our
environment
??????

www.thescientist.com

Bacillus thuringiensis
(or Bt) is a Grampositive, soil-dwelling,
bacterium commonly
used as a biological
pesticide

Developed from a naturally

occurring bacteria,
Streptomyces griseoviridis,
Mycostop Biological
Fungicide thrives in the
root zone of plants.

Prince Mahidol Award

Conference - Jan, 2013
Bangkok, Thailand

All health professionals

DVMs, MDs, Environmental Health workers

Food Producers/Retailers, Lab Animal
professionals
Agricultural Researchers, Wildlife Managers
Architects, City planners and Lawmakers
The Lay Public, housewives, husbands

We are All in This

Together----- making
One Health very much
a Team sport.

Is up to us
the One Health
Stakeholders
Even when the
Odds are against
Us and the Path is
Steep

Is up to us
the One Health Stakeholders

The Charter of the One Health

Commission is

- to Educate and Create

networks to improve health
outcomes and well-being of
humans, animals and plants and
to promote environmental
resilience through a
collaborative, global One Health
approach.
- https://www.onehealthcommission.org/

Heal the Past

Live the Present.

Barrett et al. , Front Ecol Environ 2010; doi:10.1890/090159

Be Prepared!!!

Be a First Line of Defense.

Know what emerging diseases might look
like in Your arena.
Seek collaborations with colleagues in
other disciplines=> Make them aware of

One Health

Increased Interdisciplinary Programs/Teams

Increased Information Sharing / Networking

Improved Disease Prevention/Interventions

Improved Approaches to Therapy

Improved Public Health

Improved Environmental and Plant Health

More focused research on One Health issues

How can we implement

The One Health Dream / Movement / Concept?

One Health Educational Programs that prepare

experts on issues that fall at the interface of our
health disciplines

Include more education on One Health issues and on

the environmental impacts on animal and human health

Provide mechanisms for human, animal, plant, environmental

health disciplines to interact more directly

Go to / present at each others professional meetings

Create interdisciplinary (One Health) CE requirements

Publish in each others journals

Establish Health Care Teams - Ex: Orthopedist?

Arthritis? Test for Lyme, Brucella? Vector-Borne Dis

Bridge the Silos!

One Health thinking will lead us to the kinds of vision
and interactions the early One Health players had, with
the added benefits of all we have learned and are
learning
within our specialties,

The Charter of the One Health

Commission is
- to Educate and Create
networks to improve health
outcomes and well-being of
humans, animals and plants and
to promote environmental
resilience through a
collaborative, global One Health
approach.
- https://www.onehealthcommission.org/