................................................................................................

1
........................................................... 11
.............................................................................. 19
.................................................................................................. 37
.............................................................................................................. 48
.......................................................................... 64
.......................................................................................................... 69
...................................................................................................... 81
................................................................. 105
.................................................................................... 113
................................................................................................ 122
.................................................................... 133

205


1-1 68 1.2 ft/s 1.5in

t = 68= (6832)5/9=20
20
=100.5105Pas = 998.2kg/m3
Re =

dub

1.5 2.54 102 1.2 0.3048 998.2

100.5 105

=1.38410410000

1-2
1284
lg p 0 = 6.926
t + 219
0
p mmHgt
SI
SI T(K) p' (N/m2)
T = t +273Kp =133.3 p0
1284
lg p 0 = 6.926

t + 219
p
1284

= 6.926
lg
T 273 + 219
133.3
1284
lg p = lg133.3 + 6.926

T 54
1284
lg p = 9.051
T 54
1-3 r y
t A A ux =-

r y

d
< 0,
dr

d
>0
dy

d( c p t )
d( u )
, q / A =
,
dr
dr

jA = DAB

d A
dr

d( c p t )
d( u )
, q/ A =
,
dy
dy

jA = DAB

d A
dy

1-4 DAB
jA

q/ A
, =
, DAB =
=
d( u ) / dy
d( c p t ) / dy
d A / dy
DAB L2T1
MLT

[ ]
[MLT 2 L2 ]
[ ] =
=
= L2 T 1

[ ][u ] [ y ] [ML3 ][LT 1 ][L1 ]

[ ] =

[q ] [ A]
[MLT 2 LT 1 ][L2 ]
=
= L2 T 1
[ ][c p ][t ] [ y ] [ML3 ][MLT 2 LM 11 ][][L1 ]
[ DAB ] =

[ jA ]
[ML-2 T -1 ]
=
= L2 T -1
[ A ] [ y ] [ML-3 ][L-1 ]

DAB L2T1

1-5 1m 3m
4cm u0 z
u0 = 0.62 2 gz (m / s)
3

1m 1 m3
1000 kg/m3 800 kg/m3
A A0 z0 z1

z0=3m

z1= 3 1 ( 12 ) = 1.727m
4

dM
w2 w1 +
=0
1
d
w1 = 0
2

w2 = u0 A0 = 0.62 2 gz A0

M = Az

(2)(3)(4)(1)
dz
=0
d
1.727 dz
A0
3 2 gz = 0.62 A 0 d

0.042
2
( 3 1.727) = 0.62 4

2
2g
1
4

=190s

0.62 A0 2 gz + A

=190s
2

1-6 5% 1000kg 100kg/min

100kg/min
10min
= 1000kg/m3
A B = 0 , M0 = 1000 kgaA1= 0
aA1 = aA w1 = w2 =100kgM = M0 = 1000kg
A

d(MaA )
=0
d
d(aA )
w2 aA2 + M
=0
d
A da
w2 10
A
0.05 aA = M 0 d
a
100
ln A =
10 = 1
0.05
1000
aA = 0.05 e 1 = 0.0184 = 1.84%
w2 aA2 w1aA1 +

1-7 10% 2000kg 100kg/min

0.2% 60kg/min
1%
A B = 0 aA0 = 0.1M0 = 2000kg
w1 = 100kg/min, aA1 = 0.002
w2 = 60kg/min, aA2 = aA

aA2 = 0.01 2

= 2
A

d( MaA )
=0
d
da
dM
w1aA1 + M A + aA
=0
d
d

w2 aA2 w1aA1 +
w2 aA2

1
2

w2 w1 +

dM
=0
d

dM
= w1 w2 = 100 60 = 40kg/min
d
M = 40 + 2000kg

aA2 = aA

362

daA
+ 40aA = 0
d
da
100aA 0.2 + (40 + 2000) A = 0
d
2
0.01
daA
d
0 40 + 2000 = 0.1 100aA 0.2

60aA 100 0.002 + (40 + 2000)

1
1
0.01
[ln(40 + 2000)] | 02 =
[ln(100aA 0.2)] | 0.1
40
100
40 2 + 2000
100 0.01 0.2
ln
= 0.4ln
2000
100 0.1 0.2
40 2 + 2000
9.8 0.4
= ln( ) = ln 2.724
ln
2000
0.8
40 2 + 2000
= 2.724
2000
2 = 86.2min

1-8 50% Na2SO4 100kg

15% Na2SO4 12kg/min 10kg/min
10min Na2SO4

Na2SO4 A B
= 0
aA0 = 0.5M0 = 100kg
=
w1 = 12 kg/minaA1 = 0.15 w2 = 10 kg/min
2 = 10min aA2
A

d( MaA )
=0
d
da
dM
w1aA1 + M A + aA
=0
d
d

w2 aA2 w1aA1 +
w2 aA2

1
2

w2 w1 +

dM
=0
d

dM
= w1 w2 =12-10 = 2 kg/min
d
M = 2 +100 kg

3
4
5

aA2 = aA

362

10aA2 12 0.15 + (2 + 100)

daA
+ 2aA = 0
d

10
daA
d
=
0
12aA 1.8
2 + 100
1
1
aA 2
[ln(12aA 1.8)]0.5
= [ln(2 + 100)]10
0
12
2
12aA 1.8
2 10 + 100
ln
= 6ln
12 0.5 1.8
100
12aA 1.8
ln
= ln(100 /120)6
4.2
aA 2

0.5

12aA 1.8
= 0.8336 = 0.3348
4.2
aA = 0.267
0.267 /142
xA =
= 0.0442 = 4.42%
0.267 /142 + 0.733/18
1-9 1.379105N/m2 291.5K 2m/s

10m/s 1.379105N/m2
432K 15m
1.379 105 N/m 2 291.5K
77kJ/kg 1.379 105 N/m 2 432K 2793kJ/kg

ub2
+ g z + H = Q We
2
We = 0 = 1
2

u
Q = b + g z + H
2
=

102 22
+9.8115+279310377105
2

=2.716106 J/kg
1-10 20
30m 7.5cm 0.8m3/min
10kW t =1
20=998.2kg/m3cp=4183J/kg

ub2
+ g z + H = Q We
2
= 1, z = 30m , Q = 0

N
10 1000
= 751.4J/kg
We = e =
w
998.2 0.8 / 60
0.8 / 60
= 3.02m/s
ub1 0, ub2 =
( / 4) (0.075) 2
ub 2 = ub2 2 ub12 = 3.022 = 9.12 m 2 /s 2

9.12
+ 9.81 30 + H = 0 (751.4)
2 1
H = 452.5 J/kg

H = c p t ,

t =

cp

452.5
= 0.108 C
4183

1-11 293K
1.20105Pa 0.5kg/s 100mm
5

 1105J/s
1.01325105Pa
1.005 kJ/kgK

ub2
+ g z + H = Q We
2
We = 0 z = 0 1
Q = q / w = 1105/ 0.5 = 2105 J/kg
s

Vs
A
ws
pVs =
RT
M
w RT
Vs = s
M p
ws RT
ub =
M pA
ub =

2
2
2
ub2 1 ws R T2 T1

2
2 MA p2 p1

2
2
3 2
T2
1 0.5 8.314 10
293
=

2 29 0.12 1.01325 105 1.20 105
4

= 0.0162T22 994

H = c p (T2 T1 ) = 1.005 103 (T2 293)

(0.0162T22 994) + 1.005 103 (T2 293) = 2 105

T2 = 489K

1-12 1m 27 0.5m 1kg/s

2m
cp=4183J/kg=1000kg/m3
1 82
2 27
q = hA(tv t )
h =300W/m2
A =3 m2tv=110t

1
H1H2 H3
0
H1 = c p Az1 (t0 0)
H 2 = c p A( z2 z1 ) (t1 0)
H 3 = c p Az2 (t2 0)

H 3 = H1 + H 2

c p Az2 t2 = c p A[ z1t0 + ( z2 z1 )t1 ]

2t2 = 0.5 27 + (2 0.5) 82

t2 = 68.25 C

dM
w2 w1 +
=0
d
d( Mc p t )

w1c p t1 + hA(t v t ) =
d
w2 = 0

1
2

1
dM
= w1 = 1kg / s
d

M = w1 + M 0 = + 12 0.5 1000
4
M = + 392.5kg

2
w1c p t1 + hA(tv t ) = c p M

dt
dM
+ cpt
d
d

35
(t t1 )

dM
dt hA
+M
=
(tv t )
d
d c p

3
46
dt 300 3
(110 t )
=
d
4183
t2
2
dt
d
27 50.66 1.215t = 0 + 392.5

t -27) 1+( +392.5)

t
ln(50.66 1.215t ) 272 = ln( + 392.5) 02
1.215

50.66 1.215t2
+ 392.5
ln
= ln 2

50.66 1.215 27
392

1.215

1.215

50.66 1.215t2
+ 392.5
= 2

50.66 1.215 27 392

2
2
a z
1 1.5 1000
2 = 4
= 4
= 1177.5s
1
w1
50.66 1.215t2
1177.5 + 392.5
=

50.66 1.215 27
392

t2 = 39

1.215

= 0.1855

1-13
k
7

 1-13

dxdydz xyz
x
qx
t
qx = kdydz
x
qx+dx
t
t
qx + dx = kdydz + kdydz dx
x
x x
q x + dx q x = k

y
qx

2t
dxdydz
x 2

q y = kdxdz

t
y

qy+dy
q y + dy = kdxdz

t
t
+ kdxdz dy
y
y y

q y + dy q y = k

2t
dxdydz
y 2

z
qz
qz = kdxdy

t
z

qz+dz
qz + dz = kdxdy

t
t
+ kdxdy dz
z
z z

q z + dz q z = k

=0
8

2t
dxdydz
z 2

(qx + dx qx ) + (q y + dy q y ) + ( qz + dz qz ) = 0

2t
2t
2t
k 2 dxdydz + k 2 dxdydz + k 2 dxdydz =0
x
y

2t 2t 2t
+
+
=0
x 2 y 2 z 2

1-14 r z

1-14

dr dz r z

r
wr = ur 2rdz

wr + dr = ur 2rdz + 2dz ( rur ) dr

r

wr + dr wr = 2 ( rur ) drdz
r
z

w z = u z [ ( r + dr ) r 2 ] = u z [ r 2 + 2rdr + dr 2 r 2 ] = u z 2rdr
2

dr 2

u z
dz
z
u
- w z + dz wz = 2 r z drdz
z
=0

w z + dz = u z 2rdr + 2rdr

( wr +dr wr ) + ( wz + dz wz ) = 0

( rur ) drdz + 2 r z drdz = 0

r
z
u
1
( rur ) + z = 0
z
r r

1-15 k
9

 r k

1-15

r dr

qr
t
qr = k 4r 2
r
qr + dr
q r + dr = k

t
4r 2 + k 4 r 2 dr
r
r r

q
t

+=0
( qr + dr qr ) + q = 0
q = cP 4r 2 dr

4kdr

2 t
t
2
r
+ c p 4r dr = 0
r r

t
k 1 2 t
=
r

c p r 2 r r

10


2-1 101.3kPa293K

xi

Mi/(g/mol)

i / Pa s

CO2

0.133

44.01

1.462105

O2

0.039

32.00

2.031105

N2

0.828

28.02

1.754105

1.793 105 Pa s
2-5a2-5b
i

Mi /Mj

i / j

i j

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.375

0.720

0.730

1.571

0.834

0.727

0.727

1.389

1.394

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.412

1.158

1.006

0.637

1.200

1.370

0.876

0.864

0.993

1.000

1.000

1.000

xii j
i =1

0.763

1.057

1.049

2-5a
0.133 1.462 105 0.039 2.031 10 5 0.828 1.754 105
=
+
+
0.763
1.057
1.049
= 1.714 105 Pa s

2-2

20 ri

du
dr

r = ri

= 1000m /(m s)

20 = 1.005 103 Pa s

s =

du x
dr

= 1.005 103 (1000) = 1.005N/m 2

r =ri

2-3

1
2
3
4
11

+ ( u) = 0

1
uy u z
u

+ ux
+ uy
+ uz
+ x +
+
=0

x
y
z
y
z
x

= 0 u x = 0 u y = 0

u
( u z )

z + uz
= 0
=0

z
z
z
2
( u x ) ( u y ) ( u z )
+
+
+
=0

x
y
z

= 0 u z = 0

u y
u
( u x ) ( u y )

=0
+
= 0 = cons t x +
x
y
x
y
3

2
( u x ) ( u y )
+
=0

x
y
4
1
1

r ur ) +
u ) + ( u z ) = 0
+
(
(
r r
z
r

= 0 ur = 0
=0

( u z )
u
= 0 z = 0 =

z
z
5

1
1

+ 2
( r 2 ur ) +
( u sin ) +
( u ) = 0
r sin
r sin
r r

= 0 =
= 0
= 0

1 2
d
(r ur ) = 0 (r 2 ur ) = 0

2
dr
r r
2-4 3 1 u( x, y , ) = ( x 2 + 2 )i (2 xy ) j
2 u( x, y , ) = 2 xi + ( x + z ) j + (2 x + 2 y ) k 3 u( x, y , z ) = 2 xyi + 2 yzj + 2 xzk

u = 0
u x u y
+
= 2 x 2 x = 0
x
y
2 u = 2 + 0 + 0 = 2

1 u =

12

3 u = 2 y + 2 z + 2 x = 2 ( x + y + z )
2-5
C
ur = C
u = u z = 0
r

u
1
1 u
( rur ) + + z = 0
r r
r
z

1 C
r + 0 + 0 = 0
r r r

2-6 r-r ur = A cos / r 2

1
1

( rur ) +
( u ) + ( u z ) = 0
+
r r
z
r
u
r = u z = 0, z = 0
z
1
1 u
(rur ) +
=0
r r
r
u

A cos
A cos

= (rur ) = r
=
2

r
r
r

r2

A cos
A sin
d =
+ f (r )
2
r
r2
f (r ) f (r ) f (r ) = 0
u =

u
A sin
r2
2-7
A

ur = 2 B cos u = 2 + B sin u z = 0
r

u =

ur ur 1 u u z
+ +
+
=0
r r
r
z

ur
2A
A

= 2 B cos = 3 cos
r r r

13

1 u 1
=
r r

A
A B

r 2 + B sin = r 3 + r cos

2
31
ur ur 1 u u z
+ +
+
r
r r
z
2A
1 A

A B
= 3 cos + 2 B cos + 3 + cos + 0 = 0
r r
r
r

Du
2-8

u = ux i + u y j + u z k
Du y
Du z
Du Du x
=
i+
j+
k
D D
D
D
Du x u x
u
u
u
=
+ ux x + u y x + uz x
D

x
y
z

Du y
D

u y

u y
u y
u y
+ ux
+ uy
+ uz

x
y
z

Du z u z
u
u
u
=
+ u x z + u y z + uz z
D

x
y
z

2-9 u( x, y ) = 5 xi 5 yj

Du y
Du Du x
=
i+
j

D D
D
u
u
u
u
= x + ux x + u y x + uz x
x
y
z

u y
u y
u y
u y
i + + u x x + u y y + u z z j

= 25 xi + [(5 y ) (5)] j
= 25 xi + 25 yj

2-10
u( x, y , z , ) = xyzi + yj 3z k
2121

ux=xyzuy=yuz=3z
Du x
= xyz ( yz ) + y ( xz ) + (3z )( xy ) = xyz ( yz + 1 3 )

D
Du y
=y
D
14

Du
D

Du z
= 3z + (3z )(3 ) = 3z (3 2 1)
D
Du
= xyz ( yz + 1 3 )i + yj + 3z (3 2 1)k
D
Du
= 1 j + 12k
D ( 2,1,2,1)
2-11 x 2-35a

Du

x = X + xx + yx + zx
D
x
y
z

y z 2-35b2-35c
Du

y = Y + xy + yy + zy
D
x
y
z

Du

z = Z + xz + yz + zz
x
y
z
D
D( Mu)
Du
F=
=M
= Fi

D
D
==
M
Du
dF = dFi = dxdydz
D
Du y

dFy = dxdydz
= dFBy + dFsy =+
D

dFBy = Y dxdydz

xy
yy
zy

dFsy =
dx ( dydz ) +
dy ( dxdz ) +
dz ( dxdy )
x
y
z

xy yy zy
=
+
+
dxdydz
y
z
x

dxdydz

xy yy zy
= Y dxdydz +
+
+
dxdydz
y
z
D
x
Du

y = Y + xy + yy + zy
D
x
y
z

Du

z = Z + xz + yz + zz
x
y
z
D

Du y

2-12 2-35b
2-35c
2-42a2-42c2-43b2-43c
y z 2-44b2-44c2-44a

2-35b
2-42ab2-43b
Du

y = Y + xy + yy + zy
D
x
y
z

2-35b

15

 xy = (

u x u y
)
+
y
x

u y
y

yy = p + 2

zy

2-43b
2-42b

p u x u y u z u y
+
+
+
+
+
D
y x y
x z y
z
uy 2 u x u y u z

+
+
2

y
y 3 x
y
z
2ux 2u y
2u z 2u y
2 u y 2 u x u y u z
p
= Y
+
+
+
+
+

+
+

xy x 2
y z z 2
y
y
z
y 2 3 y x

2u y 2u y 2u y
2ux 2u y 2uz
2u x 2u y 2 u z
p
= Y
+ 2 +
+
+

+
+

+ 2 +

+
2
2
x
xy y 2 yz
x
y
y
z
y

y
z
y

1 u x u y u z

+
+

y
z
3 y x

Du y

2 u x u y u z
+
+

y
z
3 x
u y
u
= z +

z
y

2-42a

= Y

2u y 2u y 2 u y
p
= Y
+ 2 + 2 + 2

x
y
D
y
z

Du y

1 u
u y u z
+
+ x +

3 y x
y
z

2-44b

2-44c

2-13
u = 5 x 2 yi + 3xyzj 8 xz 2 k

= 0.144 Pa s 246 yy = 100N / m 2

u x = 5 x 2 y u y = 3xyz u z = 8 xz 2

u = 10 xy + 3 xz 16 xz
u y
u x
u
= 10 xy
= 3xz z = 16 xz
x
z
y
u
u
u
2 u
yy = p + 2 y ( x + y + z )
y 3
x
y
z
u y 2 u x u y u z
(
+
+
p = yy + 2
)
y 3
x
y
z

246

16

2
p = (100) + 2 0.144 (36) 0.144 236 = 67N / m 2
3
u
u
u
2 u
xx = p + 2 x ( x + y + z )
x 3
x
y
z

2
= 67 + 2 0.144 80 0.144 236
3
= 66.6N / m 2
u
u
u
2 u
zz = p + 2 z ( x + y + z ) = 34.4N / m 2
z 3
x
y
z
u
u
xy = yx = ( x + y ) = 0.144 [5 22 + 3 4 (6)] = 7.5N / m 2
y
x
u
u
yz = zy = ( z + y ) = 0.144 3 2 4 = 3.5N / m 2
y
z
u
u
zx = xz = ( x + z ) = 0.144 (8 36) = 41.5N / m 2
z
x
2-14 - r z 3
3
-

ur
u u u u 2
u
+ ur r + r + u z r

r
r
r
z
= Xr

1
2u
1 p
1 2u
2 u
+
( rur ) + 2 2r 2 + 2r
r
r
z
r
r r r

u
u
u u
uu
u
+ ur + r + u z

r
r
r
z
2u
1 1 p
1 2u
2 u
1
= X
+
( ru ) + 2 2 + 2 r + 2
r
r
z
r
r r r
u u z
u
u
u
+ uz z
z z + ur z +

r
r
z

1 p
1 u z 1 2 u z 2 u z
= Xz
+
+ 2
r
+ 2
2
z
z
r r r r

0
u
u u u u 2
u
1 p
r r + ur r + r + u z r = X r
r

r
r
r
z
u
u
u u
uu
u
1 1 p
+ ur + r + u z = X
r

r
r
r
z
u u z
u
u
u
1 p
z z + ur z +
+ uz z = X z
z

r
r
z
2-15
x = a y = a
uz =

2
2
a 2 p x y
1 1
4 z a a

x = a y = a u z = 0
x = y = 0

17

uz =

a 2 p
= umax
4 z

2-20 u x = u y = 0
u z
=0
z
2-45c
2u
2u
p
= 2z + 2z
z
y
x

x y
2
u z
a 2 p y 2 x
=
1
4 z a a 2
x
2
2uz
1 p y
=

3
1

x 2 2 z a
2
2uz
1 p x
=

4
1

y 2 2 z a
342 x 2 + y 2 = 2a 2

2-16
1
u x = ay u y = bx u z = 0 p = ab ( x 2 + y 2 ) gz
2
xy z
u x = ay u y = bx u z = 0
u x u y u z
+
+
=0+0+0=0
x
y
z

ux

2u
u x
u
u
u
2u
2u
p
+ u y x + u z x + x = + 2x + 2x + 2x
x
y
z

x
y
z
x
(ay 0 + bx a + 0 + 0) = (ab x )

yz

18


3-1

Qp B
up uB

3-1

up =

uB =

2Q
1 r 2 / a2
2
a 1 4 + 4 p / B

(b r a )

2
2
2
2
2Q 1 + ( p / B )( r / a )
1 4 + 4 p / B
a 2

(0 r b )

= b / a Q

p 4
a 3 s
4

1 +
B
4p

Q = Qp + QB =

1 b r a

dup
r
= p
a
dr

= s
r=aup=0
up =

sa r2
1
2 p a 2
2

Qp = up dA = d
A

a 3 s
=
(1 2 )2
4p

sa
r2
(1 2 )rdr
2 p
a

= b / a
2 0 r b

19

du
r
= B B
a
dr
r = b uB = up

= s

uB =

s
a
( a 2 2 r 2 ) + s (1 2 )
2a B
2p
2

QB = uB dA = d uB rdr
A

a 3 s
4 p

p 4
2
2
+ 2 (1 )
B

Q = Qp + QB =

p 4
a 3 s
4

1 +
B
4p

51
3 upuB s
2Q
1 r 2 / a2
up = 2
(b r a )
a 1 4 + 4 p / B
uB =

2
2
2
2
2Q 1 + ( p / B )( r / a )
1 4 + 4 p / B
a 2

(0 r b )

3-2 20 10kg/s 1m 0.1m

1 25mm
2
3 20 =1261kg/m3
=1499cP

ub = w/ ( A) = 10 /(1261 1 0.1) = 0.0793m/s

d e = 4rH = 4 A / B = 4 1 0.1/[2(1 + 0.1)] = 0.1818m
d u 0.1818 0.0793 1261
= 12.13 < 2000
Re = e b =

1499 103

2
2
1 ub = umax = u
3
3
3
u = ub = 1.5 0.0793 = 0.119 m/s
2
y 2
u = umax 1
y0
25 2
u y = 25mm = 0.119 1 = 0.0892 m s
50
2
20

p
dp 3 ub 3 1499 10 3 0.0793
=
= 2 =
= 142.6 Pa m
L
dx
y0
0.052

3 s =

y = y0

du
dy

y = y0

3 ub 3 1499 103 0.0793

=
= 7.13 N m 2
y0
0.05

3-3 ub

y 2 2 y 2
u = umax 1 = ub 1
y0 3 y0

u = ub
1=

2
3 y
1
2 y0

y
1
3
=
=
y0
3
3

ub

3
L = y0 1
0.423 y0
3

r 2
r 2
u = umax 1 = 2ub 1
ri
ri
u = ub

1
2
r
=
=
2
ri
2
ub

2
L = ri 1
= 0.293ri
2

3-4 U1
U2 2h

2h
d 2u
1 p
0=
+ 2x
1
x
x
dy
1 p
y
0 = g
2
y

2 y
3 x

p = gy + f ( x)

p df ( x)
=
dx
x

21

p x y
x 1
d 2 u x 1 p
=
x
dy 2

x y

d 2 u x 1 p
=
=
x
dy 2

ux =

1 p y 2
+ C1 y + C2
x 2

1 y = h , u x = U1 ; 2 y = h , u x = U 2
5
C1 =

U + U2
U1 U 2
1 p 2
h
C2 = 1

2
2 x
2h

ux =

2
h 2 p y U1 U 2 y U 1 + U 2
1 +
+
2 x h
2 h
2

3-5
1 1 h1 2 2 h2

3-5

d 2 u x 1 p
=
x
dy 2
1 p 2

ux =
y + C1 y + C2
2 x

1 p 2
u x1 =
y + C1 y + C2
2 1 x
ux 2 =

1 p 2
y + D1 y + D2
2 2 x

1 y = h1 , u x1 = 0 ; 2 y = h2 , u x 2 = 0 ;
22

1
2

3 y = 0 , u x1 = u x 2 ; 4 y = 0 , 1

du x1
du
= 2 x 2
dy
dy

4 12
1 p 2
h1 + C1h1 + C2 = 0
2 1 x
1 p 2
h2 + D1h2 + D2 = 0
2 2 x

C2 = D2
1C1 = 2 D1
1h22
1
h1 p 2 h12
C1 =
h
2 1 x
1+ 1 2
2 h1

1 h22
1
h12 p h12 p 2 h12
C2 =

= D2
h
2 1 x 2 1 x
1+ 1 2
2 h1

2 h12
1
h2 p 1h22
D1 =
h
2 2 x
1+ 2 1
1h2
2 h12
1
h p h p 1h22
D2 =

= C2
2 h1
22 x 22 x
1+
1h2
2
2

2
2

2
h p y 2
u x1 = 1
1+
2 1 x h12

ux 2

1h22
1

2
y

2 h1
1
1h2
h
+ 1 1
2 h1

2 h12
1

2
2

h p y
1h2 y
= 2

1
+
+
1

h h
22 x h22

1+ 2 1 2

h
1 2

3-6
2a
2b
x y z

u y = u z = 0 u x = u x ( y, z )

3-6

23


u x
=0

0=

1 p 2 u x 2 u x
+
+ 2
x y 2
z

y = a , ux = 0 ;

z = b , u x = 0

1
ux =

1 p 2
( y a 2 ) + Y ( y )Z ( z )
2 x

Y ( y ) Z ( z ) y z 1
Y Z
+
=0
Y
Z

Y ( a ) = 0
1 p 2
( y a 2 ) + Y ( y ) Z ( b) = 0
2 x
Y ( y ) Y ( y )
Y
= n2 , Y ( y ) = cos(n y )
Y

cos( a ) = 0

n = (2n + 1)

2a

Z
= n2 , Z ( z ) = cosh(n z )
Z

2
ux =

1 p 2
( y a 2 ) + An cosh(n z ) cos(n y )
2 x
n=0

1 p 2
( y a 2 ) + An cosh(n b) cos(n y ) = 0
2 x
n =0
cos(n y )
a
1 p a 2
( y a 2 ) cos(n y )dy + An cosh(n b) cos(n y )dy = 0

a
a

2 x

24

a ( y

a 2 ) cos(n y )dy =

(y
n a

a 2 )dsin(n y )

a
a
1 2
( y a 2 ) sin(n y ) 2 y sin(n y )dy
a
a

a
2
a
y cos(n y) a cos(n y )dy
2
a

4
3
n

sin(n a) = (1) n +1

n3

a cos(n y)dy = a 2 [1 + cos(2n y)]dy = a

1 p
4
(1) n +1 3 + An a cosh(n b) = 0
2 x
n

1 p
4
3
2 x an cosh(n b)

An = (1) n

2 n + 1
2n + 1
cosh
z cos
y
1 p 2
1 p 4 2 a
2a
2a

n
2

(y a ) +
ux =
(1)
2 x
2 x a n = 0
2n + 1
(2n + 1)3

cosh
b

2a
3

3-7 0.15kg/s 1m
1104m2/s 1000kg/m3
3-37
g 2
ub =
3

ub =

Vs
g 2
w
w
=
=
=
3
A A 1

3 w 3 3 w 3 3 1 104 0.15
=
=
= 1.661 103 m
2
1000 9.81
g
g

d e = 4rH = 4
du
4 w 4 w
=
=
Re = e b =

4 0.15
=6
1 104 1000

3-8 s
ub

r 2
r 2
u = umax 1 = 2ub 1
ri
ri

25

du
r = r = 4 ub ri
dr i
3-9

s =

x y y
u y = 0 x

X = g sin , Y = g cos

3-9

2-45
2u
1 p
+ 2x
x
y
1 p
0 = g cos
y

0 = g sin

x
y

1
2

2
p = gy cos + f ( x )

f ( x ) pa

y = , p = pa
3
f ( x) = pa + g cos

p = pa + g ( y ) cos

= 4 p x

p
x

= 0 x

d 2ux
g sin
=
2

dy

ux =

g sin 1 2
( y + C1 y + C2 )

1 y = 0 , u x = 0 ; 2 y = ,

du x
=0
dy

C1 = , C2 = 0
g sin
ux =
(2 y y 2 )
2

3-10

26

= 0 ur = u = 0 X z = g
3-10

1
1

( rur ) +
( u ) + ( u z ) = 0
z
r r
r
u z

=0

N-S
u z u u z
u
+
+ uz z

r
r

1 u z 1 2 u z 2 u z
p
= g
+
+ 2
r
+ 2
2
z
z
r r r r

ur

g +

1 u z
r
r r r

=0

u z
u
u z = u z (r )
= 0 z = 0
z

1 d du z
g +
=0
r
r dr dr

g 2
r + C1 ln r + C2
4v
du
1 r = r0 , u z = 0
2 r = R , z = 0
dr
uz =

C1 =

C2 =

g 2
R
2

g r02
R ln r0
2 2

uz =

g 2 r 1 2 2
R ln + ( r0 r )
r0 2
2

3-11

N-S
dp
1 d duL
1
L g L + L
r
= 0
dz
r dr dr
G g

dpG
1 d duG
+ G
r
dz
r dr dr

= 0

1 r = rw , uL = 0
2 r = ri , uL = uG = ui
du
duG
du
3 r = ri , G = L , G G = L L ;4 r = 0 ,
=0
dr
dr
dr
1
du
dp r 2
1
( L g L ) + C1
r L =
dr
dz 2
L

3-11

27

duL
dp r C
1
= L g L + 1
dr
dz 2 r
L

2
r

4 C2 = 0

duG
dp r 2
1
=
( G g G ) + C2
G
dr
dz 2
duG
dp r
1
=
( G g G )
dr
G
dz 2

343

1
1
dp r
dp r C
G
( G g G ) i = L
( L g L ) i + 1
dz 2
dz 2 ri
L
G
dp r 2
dp

C1 = ( L G ) g ( L G ) i
dz
dz 2 L

dp
dp
3
L = G
dz
dz
uL
r dr
dpL r r
ri2
1
d
u
=

)
d
r
+
0 L L L dz rw 2 2L ( L G ) g rw r
uL =

1
4L

( L g

dpL 2
r2
r
)( r rw2 ) + i ( L G ) g ln
dz
2L
rw

42
uG
dpG r
1
0 duG = G ( G g dz ) ri rdr
uG =

1
4 G

( G g

dpG
)(r 2 ri 2 )
dz

3-12 0 2kg/h 10mm

12
3 0 = 1.79 103 Pa s

= 1000kg/m3
ub =
Re =

w
= 2 /(1000 0.012 3600) = 7.08 103 m/s
A
4

du b

0.01 7.08 103 1000

= 39.5 < 2000
1.79 103

r 2
r 2
u = umax 1 = 2ub 1
ri
ri

1
umax = 2ub = 1.42 102 m s

s = 0
2
28

 r /2 3
3
u r = r / 2 = 2ub 1 i = ub = 7.08 103 = 1.06 102 m s
i
2
ri 2
du
=
= 4 ub r ri 2
dr
2 ub 2 1.79 103 7.08 103
=
= 5.07 103 N m 2
r =r / 2 =
i
ri
0.005
2

3
u r =r = 0
i

= s = 4 ub ri = 1.01 102 N m 2
3-13
a b u z

x2 y2
u z = A 1 2 2 A
b
a
z x y
x2 y2
+
=1
a 2 b2
u
u x = u y = 0 z = 0 u z = u z ( x, y )
z

pd
2u
2u
= ( 2z + 2z )
z
x
y

x2 y2
+
= 1 uz = 0
a 2 b2

u z

pd
=
z

x2 y2
)
a 2 b2
A 21
p
1
1
2 A( 2 + 2 ) = d
z
a
b
2 2
1 pd a b
A=
2 z a 2 + b 2
u z = A(1

uz =

1 pd a 2 b 2
x2 y2
(1

)
2 z a 2 + b 2
a2 b2

3-14 45 10m3/h
50mm 100mm12
34
5 r = r1r = r2
29

 45 = 1.935 105 Pa s = 1.11kg/m3

ub = Vs / A = 10 /[3600 ( / 4) (0.12 0.052 )] = 0.472 m s
4 A 4 (d 22 d12 ) / 4
=
= d 2 d1 = 0.05m
B
( d 2 + d1 )
d u 0.05 0.472 1.11
= 1353.8 < 2000
Re = e b =

1.935 105

d e = 4rH =

r22 r12
2 ln(r2 r1 )

1 rmax =

0.052 0.0252
= 0.0368m
0.05
2 ln
0.025
8 ub
dp
2
=
2
dz r22 + r12 2rmax
=

8 1.935 105 0.472

= 0.175 Pa m
0.052 + 0.0252 2 0.03682
1 dp r 2 r12
r
2
3 u =
ln
rmax

2 dz 2
r1
=

u r =( r + r
1

0.03752 0.0252
0.175
0.0375

0.03682 ln

5
2) / 2
2
0.025
2 1.935 10

= 0.717 m s
=

2
r
r12
1 dp rmax
2
ln max
rmax

2 dz
2
r1

4 umax =

0.03682 0.0252
0.175
0.0368

0.03682 ln

5
2
0.025
2 1.935 10

= 0.719 m s

5 s

r =r1

du
dr

r =r 1 =

rmax
1 dp
r

2 dz
r1

1
(0.175) (0.025 0.03682 / 0.025)
2
= 2.55 103 N / m 2
2

rmax
du
1 dp
r
s r =r =
=

r
=
r
2
2
2
dr
2 dz
r2
1
= ( 0.175) (0.05 0.03682 / 0.05)
2
= 2.0 103 N / m 2
3-15 r1 0
=

3-553-56
1 dpd 2
uz =
(r2 r 2 )
4 dz
30

3-553-55
r
1 dpd r 2 r12
2
ln
uz =
rmax

r1
2 dz 2
rmax =

r22 r12

2ln ( r2 r1 )

1 dpd
uz =
2 dz

r2 r 2 r2 r2 r
1

2 1 ln
r
r1
2
2 ln 2

r1

1 dpd r 2 r12 r22 r12 ln r ln r1

2 dz 2
2 ln r2 ln r1
1 dpd r 2 r12 r22 r12 ln r / ln r1 1
uz =

2 dz 2
2 ln r2 / ln r1 1
r1 0
=

1 dpd r 2 r12 r22 r12 ln r / ln r1 1

u z = lim

r1 0 2 dz
2 ln r2 / ln r1 1

2
r 2 lim r12 r22 lim r12 ln r / lim ln r1 1
1 dpd
r10
r10
r1 0

2 dz
2
2
ln r2 / lim ln r1 1
r1 0

2
2
r2 0 1
1 dpd r
=

2 dz 2 2 0 1
1 dpd 2
=
(r2 r 2 )
4 dz

3-16 r0

ur
u u u u 2
u
+ ur r + r + u z r

r
r
r
z

r
= Xr

2-47a

u
u
u u
uu
u
+ ur + + r + u z

r
r
r
z

= X

2
2
1
1 p
1 ur 2 u ur
+

+
(rur ) + 2

2
r
r 2
z 2
r
r r r

2
1
1 1 p
2 ur 2 u
1 u
+
+
+ 2
(ru ) + 2
2
r
r 2
z
r
r r r
u u z
u z
u
u
+ ur z +
+ uz z

r
r
z

2-47b

31

= Xz

1 u z
1 p
1 2u z 2uz
+
+ 2
(r
)+ 2
z
r 2
z
r r r

2-47c

=
=
= 0 ur = u z = 0
z

2-47
u2
p
=
r
r
2 u 1 u u
+

=0
r 2 r r r 2

u2
dp
=
dr
r

d 2 u 1 du u
+

=0
dr 2 r dr r 2

2
u = C1r + C2 r 1

r = r0 , u = r0
r = , u = 0

C1 = 0 , C2 = r02

u =

= 2r02
u =

r02
r

2r

p=

2
82 r 2

+C

r = , p = p0 C = p0
p = p0

2 1
82 r 2

3-17 0.1mm 30
0.01m/s
1 r = 0.3mm = / 4
2 3
30 = 1.165 g m3 = 1.86 105 Pa s
32


1 r = 0.3mm = / 4
3 r 1 r 3
ur = u0 cos 1 0 + 0
2 r 2 r
3
3 0.05 1 0.05
= 0.01 cos 1
+

4 2 0.3 2 0.3
= 5.32 103 m/s
3 r 1 r 3
u = u0 sin 1 0 0
4 r 4 r
3
3 0.05 1 0.05
= 0.01 sin 1


4 4 0.3 4 0.3
= 6.18 103 m/s
u = ur2 + u2 = 8.15 103 m/s

2
3u
r = 0 sin
2 r0
=

3 u0
sin = 1 r =
= ( r ) max
2
2 r0

( r ) max =

3 u0
3
0.01
=
1.86 105
2 r0
2 0.05 103

= 5.58 103 N/m 2

3

Fdf = 2 r0 u0 = 2 3.14 1.86 105 0.05 0.01

= 5.84 108 N

Fds = 4 r0 u0 = 2 Fdf = 2 5.84 108 = 1.17 107 N

Fd = Fdf + Fds = 5.84 108 + 1.17 107

= 1.75 107 N
3-18
= 1.33 10 5 m 2 / s 770

FFFd

4 3
4
r0 L g = r03 g + 6u0 r0
3
3
4 3
r0 g ( L ) = 6 u0 r0
3

33

u0 =

r03 =

18
9
4

Re g (

Re

2 L
(
1) 1
g

Re =

L
1)

2r0 u0

Re = 1.0
ut,max = 0.1773m / s
r0,max = 3.75 105 m

3-19 d
u0

4 3
4
r0 s g = r03 g + 6u0 r0
3
3
3
d ( s ) g = 3 u0 d

6
d 2 ( s ) g

=
18u0
Re 1

3-20 u x = 3x u y = 3 y

uy =

d =

= 3x
= 3 y u x =
y
x

dx +
dy = 3 ydx + 3xdy = 3( xdy + ydx) = 3d( xy )
x
y
= 3xy + C

3-21
= x 2 + y 2 ( m 2 /s )
2,4

ux =
= 2 y uy =
= 2 x
y
x
u x ( 2,4) = 2 4 = 8 u y
= 2 2 = 4
( 2,4 )
u (2, 4) = u x2 + u 2y = 82 + 42 = 8.94

3-22

u x = x 2 + 2 x 4 y u y = 2 xy 2 y 1

23

34

u x u y
+
= 2 x + 2 2 x 2 = 0
x
y
u y u x
2

= 2 y + 4 0
x
y
3

= ux = x2 + 2 x 4 y
y

= x 2 y + 2 xy 2 y 2 + f ( x)

= u y = 2 xy + 2 y
x
2 xy + 2 y + f ( x) = 2 xy + 2 y
f ( x) = 0 f ( x ) = C = 0

= x 2 y + 2 xy 2 y 2

3-23 = 3x 2 y y 3 r

= 3x 2 3 y 2 u y =
= 6 xy
u x =
y
x
u = u x2 + u 2y = [3( x 2 y 2 )]2 + (6 xy ) 2
= 3( x 2 + y 2 ) = 3r 2

= u x = 3x 2 3 y 2
x

= x3 3xy 2 + f ( y )

= u y = 6 xy
y
6 xy + f ( y ) = 6 xy
f ( y) = C = 0

= x 3 3xy 2
3-24

= 2 x 5 xy + 3 y + 4 2,5

= 2 x 5 xy + 3 y + 4

ux =

= 2 5y =

y
5 2
= 2 y y + g ( x)
2

g
uy =
= 3 5x =
=
y
x
x
5
g = x 2 3x + C
2

35

 = 2y

5 2 5 2
y + x 3x + C
2
2

22,5
Euler
u
u
1
ux x + u y x =
x
y

u y
u y
1
ux
+ uy
=
x
y

p
x
p
y

u
u y
u u y
p = u x x + u y x i + u x
+ uy
j
y
x
y
x
= [(3 5 x)(5)i + (2 5 y)(5) j ]
= 5[(3 5 x)i + (2 5 y ) j ]

2,5
p(2, 5) = (65i + 115 j )

3-25 = x + x 2 y 2

1
22,43,5

= x + x2 y2

ux =

= 2 y =
y
x
= 2 xy + g ( y )

g
uy =
= (1 + 2 x) =
= 2 x +
x
y
y
g

=1

g = y + C

= 2xy y + C

22,43,5
u
u y
u u y
p = u x x + u y x i + u x
+ uy
j
y x
y
x
= [(4 x + 2)i + 4 yj ]
=

p
p
i+
j
x
y
p
p
dx + dy
y
x
3
5
= ( 4 x + 2 ) dx + 4 ydy
4
2

p =

(3,5)

( 2,4)

= 38

36

dp =

(3,5)

( 2,4)


4-1 20 5m/s
xc
xc = Rexc /( u0 )

Rexc 2 105 ~ 3 106

20 = 998.2 kg/m3 = 100.5 103 Pa s

xc 0.040.60m

4-2

Le

Red < 2000 LLe Red > 10000 L > Le

4-3 u x = u0 (1 ecy ) u y = u y 0 (u y 0 < 0) c

4-13 c

u x = u0 (1 ecy ) u y = u y 0 (u y 0 < 0)
u y
u x
= 0
=0
x
y
u x u y
+
=0
x
y

u
u
u x x + u y x = u y 0u0 (cecy )
x
y

2u x
= (u0 c 2 )ecy
y 2

c
c=

uy0

4-4 30 10m/s
Rexc = 3.2 105 0.4m 0.8m
37

?
30 = 1.165 kg/m3 = 1.86 105 Pa s
x u 0.4 10 1.165
5
= 2.505 10 < Rexc
x1 0.4m Rex1 = 1 0 =

1.86 10 5

1 = 4.64 x1 Rex11/ 2 = 4.64 0.4 (2.505 105 ) 0.5 = 3.7 103 m

x 2 0.8m Rex2 = 2 Rex1 = 2.98 105 > Rexc

4-5 20 0.1 m/s 3m 1m 1

0.1m 2mm u x u y 2 CDx
CD 3 Rexc = 5 105

= 100.5 105 Pa s = 998.2 kg/m3

0.1m
u x 0.1 0.1 998.2
= 9932.3 < 2 105
Rex = 0 =

100.5 105

1 y 2mm u x , u y

x = 0.1m y = 0.002m ,4-15

=y

u0
0.1 998.2
= 0.002
= 1.993
x
100.5 105 0.1

4-1 = 1.993
f =0.6457, f =0.625, f =0.260

4-25
u x = u0 f = 0.1 0.625 = 0.0625 m/s

4-26
uy =

1 u0
( f ' f )
2 x

1 0.1 (100.5 105 / 998.2)

(1.993 0.625 0.6457)
2
0.1

= 3.01 104 m/s

2 CDx CD

CDx = 0.664 Rex1 2 = 0.664 (9932.3)1/ 2 = 0.00666

CD = 2CDx = 0.01332

3
u 2
998.2 0.12
Fd = CD 0 A = 0.0133
1 3 = 0.199 N
2
2
4-6 20 1m/s 1m 1
x 0.15m x 0.3m 2x =00.3m
38

 Rexc = 5 105
: 20 = 998.2 kg/m3 = 100.5 105 Pa s
1 x1 0.15m
Rex1 =

x1u0

0.15 1 998.2
= 1.49 105 < Rexc
5
100.5 10

1 = 5.0 x1 Rex11/ 2 = 5.0 0.15 (1.49 105 )1/ 2 = 1.94 103 m

x2 0.30m

Rex2 = 2 Rex1 = 2.98 105 < Rexc

2 = 5.0 x2 Rex21/ 2 = 5.0 0.3 (2.98 105 )1/ 2 = 2.75 103 m

CD = 1.328ReL1/ 2 = 2.43 103

u02

998.2 12
1 0.3 = 0.364 N
2
2
4-7 20 0.15m/s 25mm
20 = 1.205 kg/m3 = 1.81 105 Pa s
Fd = CD

bL = 2.43 103

= ri = 12.5 103 m

= 5.0 xRex1/ 2
2

u 1.205 0.15 12.5 103

x= 0

= 0.0624m
5.0
5.0
1.81 105

xu0 0.0624 0.15 1.205

=
= 623
Rex =

1.81 105
Le = x = 0.0624m
4-8
ux 3 y 1 y
=
u0 2 2

= 4.64 xRex1/ 2 y u y

ux =

3u0 x 1/ 2 y
2 4.64

u0

u0 x 3 / 2 y 3

2 4.64
u0

u x u y
+
=0
x
y

u x
3u x 1 y 3u0 x 1 y 3
3u
= 0
+
= 0
4
4x
x
4 3

1
y y 3

21
39

2
4
u x
3 u0 1 y 1 y
dy =
u y =

4 x 2 4
x
2
4
1.74u0 y 1 y
=

Re1/x 2 2

4-9 20 6m/s
b = 1 m
Rexc = 5 105
20 = 1.205 kg/m3 = 1.51 105 Pa s
xc = Rexc /( u0 ) = 5 105 1.81 105 /(1.205 6) = 1.25m

= 4.64 xc Rexc1/ 2 = 4.64 1.25 (5 105 ) 0.5 = 8.2 103 m

CDx = 0.646 Rexc1/ 2 = 0.646 (5 105 ) 0.5 = 9.13 104

3 y 1 y 3
u x = u0
2 2

w = u x bdy = bu0

3 y 1 y 3
dy
2 2
1

1
73
1
5
3
= bu0 z z 3 dz = bu0 z 2 z 4 = b u0
0 2
2
84
8 0 8

w 5
5
= u0 = 1.205 6 8.2 103 = 0.037kg/(s m)
b 8
8
4-10
u0
1

uys

u ys

ux ux
= s2
1 dy +

0
x u0 u0
u 0 u0

u
u
1 p 2 u x
+
ux x + u y x =
x
y
x y 2
p / x = 0
ux

u x
u
2u x
+ uy x =
x
y y 2

4-10

u x u y
+
=0
x
y

40

ux

u y
u y
u x
u
u
u
u
+ u y x = 2u x x u x x + u y x + u x
ux
x
y
x
x
y
y
y

u y
u
u x2 (u x u y )
+
ux x +

x
y
y
x
u x2 (u x u y ) 2 u x
+
=
y 2
x
y

2
u0

u y
u x
+ u0
=0
x
y

43
2u

[u x (u0 u x )] + [u y (u0 u x )] = 2x
x
y
y

y 0
y = 0 , u x = 0 , u y = u ys

y = , u x = u0 ,

0 x

[u x (u0 u x )]dy +

0 y

u x
=0
y

[u y (u0 u x )]dy =

ux
y 2

dy

0 y [u y (u0 ux )]dy = [u y (u0 ux )]0 = u ys u0

2ux
u x
dy =
2
y
y

=
0

u x (u0 u x )dy + u ys u0 = s

u ys

u
ux
(1 x )dy +
= s2

0
u0
u0 u 0
x u0

4-11 20 2m/s 0.2m

1 103 m = 1.006 106 m 2 /s Rexc = 5 105

xu0

0.2 2
= 3.976 105 < Rexc
1.006 106
= 4.64 xRex1/ 2 = 4.64 0.2 (3.976 105 ) 1/ 2 = 1.47 103 m
Rex =

3 1 1 1 3
ux = 2

= 1.726 m/s
2 1.47 2 1.47

4-12 20101.3kPa 15m/s Rex1.0105

41

1234

= 15.06 106 m 2 /s Rex c = 5 105

Rex < Rex c , x

x = Rex

u0

= 1.0 105

15.06 106
= 0.1004m
15

= 4.64 xRex1/ 2 = 4.64 0.1004 1000001/ 2 = 0.00147m

2
CDx = 0.646 Rex1/ 2 = 1.646 1000001/ 2 = 0.00204
CD = 2CD x = 0.00408

3
s =
du x
dy

=
y =0

CDx
du
u02 = x
2
dy

y =0

CDx u02 0.00204 152

=
= 15240 s-1
6
2
2 15.06

4
y
1
y
3

u x = 15 (
) (
)3
2 0.00147 2 0.00147
= 1.53 104 y 2.361 109 y 3

( m/s )

4-13 40 12m/s 0.15m 1m

Rex c = 5 105
40 = 1.128 kg/m3 = 1.91 105 Pa s
Lu 0.15 12 1.128
ReL = 0 =
= 1.063 105 < Rexc

1.91 105

CD = 1.292 ReL1/ 2 = 1.292 (1.063 105 ) 1/ 2 = 3.96 103

u02

1.128 122
2 1 0.15 = 0.0965 N
2
2
4-14 u0
Fd = CD

2bL = 3.96 103

y
1
ux = ux ( y)
2

dx

u x (u0 u x )dy =

du x
dy

y=0

1 =

42

du x
du
y x
dy
dy

u x = a + by y = 0 , u x = 0 y = , u x = u0

ux y
=
u0

s
d ux ux
1 dy =

0
dx u 0 u 0
u02
1
u

d ux
d
1 d
(1 x )dy = (1 ) d =
= s2

0
0
6 dx u0
dx u 0
dx
u0

s =

u x
y

= u0
y =0

u
y
= 0
( )
y y = 0

1 d

=
6 dx u0

d =

x = 0 , = 0

= 3.464
4-15

6
dx
u0

x
u0

= 3.464 xRex1/2

ux
= 1 e y /
u0

= ( x ) u0

u

d ux
(1 x )dy = s 2

0
dx u 0
u0
u0

1
ux
u

d
= s
(1 x )dy = (1 e )e d = 0.1998
x 0
dx 0 u0
dx u02
u0

s =

u x
y

= u0
y =0

0.1998

= 0
(1 e y / )
y

y =0

=
dx u0

0.1998 d =

dx
u0

x = 0 , = 0

= 3.164

x
u0

= 3.164 xRex1/2

Fd = s dx = 0.6321 u02bLReL1/ 2
0

CD =

Fd
= 1.2642 ReL1/ 2
1 2
u0 bL
2

43

4-16 u0
u x = a + b sin cy

1 ab c

1 y = 0 , u x = 0 y = , u x = u0 y = ,

0 = a + b sin(0)
u0 = a + b sin(c )
u x
= bc cos(c ) = 0
y

a=0 b = u0 c =

y
u x = u0 sin

du
d
(u0 u x )u x dy = x

0
dx
dy

y =0

ux
dy

u0

y y
= u02 1 sin
sin
dy
0
2 2

(u0 u x )u x dy = u0 1
0
2

ux
u0

1

= u02 1 sin sin d
0
2 2

1


= u02 sin sin 2 d
0
2

2
1
2

= u02 cos sin

4
2 4
0

1
2

2 1
= u02 ( 0 1) + 0 = u02
2

2
du x
dy

=
y =0

u0
u
y
= 0
cos

2
2 y =0 2

u
d 2 2 1
u0 = 0

dx
2
2

d =

44

dx
2 1
2 u0 ( )
2

u x
y

=0

1 2
x

= 11.46
= 11.46 x 2
u0
u0 x
2

= 4.79 xRex1/ 2
s = CDx

CDx

u02

u0
2

=
=
= 0.656 Rex1/ 2
u0 4.79 u0 xRex1/ 2

4-17 283K 0.5m/s 20mm

4-59

= 1.247 kg/m3 = 1.77 105 Pa s

Re =

du

20 10 3 0.5 1.247
= 705
1.77 105

14-59
Le = 0.0575 d Re = 0.0575 20 103 705 = 0.811m
2
= 5.0 xRex1/ 2 = d / 2

x = Le =

u0

3
0.5 1.247 20 10

= 0.141m

=
5
5.0 2 1.77 10
5.0 2

u0

4-18
k =

u x
y

y =0

1 p 2
y + ky
2 x
p / x y
ux =

u
u
1 p 2 u x
+
ux x + u y x =
x
y
x y 2

u x
=0
x

u x u y
+
=0
x
y
u y
=0
y

45

 u y

y =0

= 0 u y = 0 1

2 u x 1 p
=
x
y 2

y x
2 u x 1 p
=

x
y 2

u x 1 p
y + C1
=
y x
1 p 2
ux =
y + C1 y + C2
2 x

y = 0

u x
= k
y
C1 = k

y = 0 u x = 0
C2 = 0

ux =

1 p 2
y + ky
2 x

4-19
r0

u0

u
u
u

u z z + ur z =
( y + r0 ) z

y + r0 y
z
y
y
u z
1 [( y + r0 )ur ]

+
=0
z
y
y + r0

4-19

z u0
p
= 0
z

u = 0
=0

1 u z
u
u
2u
(r
) + 2z
ur z + u z z =
r
z
z
r r r

46

1 (rur ) u z
+
=0
z
r r
y = r r0 dy = dr x

y
u
u
u z
2uz

u z z + ur z =
(
y
r
)

+
+
0
z
y
y
y + r0 y
z 2
1 [( y + r0 )ur ] u z

+
=0
y
z
y + r0
/ L 1 ( L )
u z 2 u z
1

y
r
(
)
+
0
y
y + r0 y
z 2

u
u
u

u z z + ur z =
( y + r0 ) z

y + r0 y
z
y
y
u z
1 [( y + r0 )ur ]

+
=0
z
y
y + r0
4-20 u0 b 2 h b a
= 5.48 x / u0 x
Le
= h x
Le
h = 5.48

Le
u0

Le =

u h2
h 2
) = 0.033 0
5.48

Le
= 0.033Re
h
uh
Re = 0

u0

4-21

47

5-1

1
2

5
9697
5-2 u x u y u z p
u x =
=

1 0
1 0

u x d =
u x d

1 0
1 0

(u x ux )d
u x d

= ux ux = 0

u y = u z = p = 0

5-3 10cm

u x1 / ms 1

1.02

1.04

1.01

0.99

0.98

1.01

1.04

1.02

1.03

0.98

u x2 / ms 1

0.98

1.01

1.03

1.04

0.99

1.02

1.04

1.04

1.02

0.97

10

u x1 = u x 1 i /10 = 1.012m/s
i =1
10

u x2 = u x 2 i /10 = 1.014m / s
i =1

ux1 /ms 1
ux2 /ms

8103
0.034

0.028
3

410

(ux1 ) 2

64103

7.84104

(ux2 ) 2

1.156103

16103

2103
0.016
4103

0.022
0.026

0.032
0.024

4.84104 1.024103

2.56104 6.76104

5.76104

2103

0.028

8103

0.018

0.032

0.026

0.026

6103

0.044

4103

7.84104

64103

3.24104

1.024103

36103

6.76104 6.76104

36103

1.936103

610

1 = u x12 / u x1 = 0.0205
48

 2 = u x22 / u x2 = 0.02424
5-4 5-11a5-11b5-11c z

x 5-11a
u
u
u
ux x + u y x + uz x
y
z
x

xx u x2 +
yx u x u y + ( zx u x u z )
x
y
z

u z , u z u z = u z u z = 0 ,

= 0
z
1
u

u
ux x + u y x = X +
xx u x2 +
yx u x u y

x
y
x
y

= X +

y 5-11b
u y
u y

ux
+ uy
xy u x u y +
yy u y2
= Y +
x
y
x
y

5-11c
23 u y u x
5-5 Re 1/7

1/ 7

y
=
umax ri
ub umax ub =0.817 umax

ub =

1
1
udA = 2
A
ri

ri

1/ 7

y
umax
ri

2( ri y )d( ri y )

1/ 7

ri
2u
y
= max
(ri y ) dy
2

0
ri
ri
r
2
i
= 2 umax ( y1/ 7 ri6 / 7 y 3/ 7 ri1/ 7 )dy
0
ri

ri

2umax
ri2

7 8 / 7 6 / 7 7 15 / 7 1/ 7
8 y ri 15 y ri
0

2umax
ri2

7 2 7 2
7 7
8 ri 15 ri = 2 8 15 umax

= 0.817umax

5-6 ri y

49

l=

s /
du / dy

1 y / ri

s
3-7
r
y
r y

= s i
= s 1 r
ri
r
i
i

= s

du

dy

= + r l 2
y
ri

du

dy

s (1 ) = l 2
l=

s /
du / dy

1 y / ri

5-7 20 50mm 1500N/m2

1 y
2 y
20 998.2kg/m3 = 100.5 105 Pa s
p
1500
s = ri =
0.05 / 2 = 18.75 N/ m 2
2L
2
u =

s
18.75
=
= 0.137 m/s
998.2

ub = u (2.5 ln

ri u

+ 1.75)

0.025 0.137 998.2

+ 1.75 = 3.02 m/s

5
100.5 10

dub 0.05 3.02 998.2

=
= 1.5 105 > 1 104
Red =

100.5 105
= 0.137 2.5 ln

1
u+ = y+ = 5

u = u y + = 5u = 5 0.137 = 0.685 m/s

y+ =

u y

y = b =

5
5
5 100.5 105
5
=
=
= 3.67 10 m
998.2 0.137
u u

= 0
2
50

u + = 5.0lny + 3.05
= 5.0 ln30 3.05

13.956
u = 13.956 u = 13.965 0.137 = 1.912 m/s
30
y = m
6 b = 2.2 104 m
u
2.2 104
y

2
= s 1 = 18.75 1
18.58N/m
0.025
r

du
dy

du
dy

u + = 5.0lny + 3.05
u
yu
=
5.0ln
3.05

u
yu
u = 5.0u ln
3.05u

du 5.0u
=
dy
y
1

5.0u
y
=
=
y
5.0u
=

18.58 2.2 10 4

998.2 5.0 0.137

= 6.0 106 m 2 /s

5-8 5-7 r = ri / 2
y + = y u =

ri u 0.025 0.137 998.2

=
2
2 100.5 105

= 1.7 103 > 30

u + = 2.5ln y + + 5.5 = 2.5 ln(1.7 103 ) + 5.5
= 24.10

u = u + u = 24.10 0.137 = 3.30 m/s

r /2

= s 1 = s 1 i = s
ri 2
ri

1
18.75 = 9.375 N/ m 2
2

du 2.5u
=

dy
y
1

du
9.375
9.375 0.025 / 2
y
=
= 3.43 104 m 2 /s
= =

998.2 2.5 0.137

dy
998.2 2.5u
51

 = l2

du
dy

0.025 / 2
y
du
= 3.43 104
= 3.54 103 m
l= =

2.5 0.137
25u
dy

5-9 303K 0.1m3/s 100mm

303K = 1.165 kg/m3 = 1.86 105 Pa s

V
0.1
ub = s =
= 12.74 m/s
A / 4 0.12
du 0.1 12.74 1.165
4
= 7.9796 10
Re = b =

1.86 10 5

5 103 < Re < 2 105

f = 0.046 Re1/ 5 = 0.046 (79796)1/ 5 = 4.81 103

u = ub f / 2 = 12.74 4.81 103 / 2 = 0.625 m/s

b =

5 5 5 1.86 105
=
=
= 1.28 104 m
u u 1.165 0.625

m =

30 5 25
- =
5 b6.39 104 m
u u u

0.1
d
m - b -6 b = 0.050 6 1.28 10 4 = 0.0492m
2
2
5-10 1/7

c =

17

ux y
=
u0

y 0
du
s = u x
dy

d y
= u0
dy

1/ 7

y =0

1
1 7 6 / 7
y
= u0
y =0 7

y =0

= +

y 0
5-11

f = 0.079 Re 1/ 4

1/7
1/ 7

umax umax
s = f
52

ub2
2

= 0.079 Re1/ 4

ux
y
=
umax ri
= ub / 0.817
y ri

ub2
2

1/ 4

du
ub2 = 0.0332 ri1/ 4ub7 / 4 1/ 4
= 0.0395 b

2
s = u
ub

u

1/ 4

7/4

1 u ri

0.0332
1/ 7

u ri
ub
=
6.998

ub = 0.817umax

1/ 7

ur
umax
= 8.57 i

y ux
1/ 7

u y
ux
=
8.57

1/ 7

ux
y
=
umax ri
0.05m

5-12
1200kg/m3 0.01 Pa s 528N/m2

p d
0.05
= 528
= 6.6 N/m 2
L 4
4
Re > 4000

s =

s = f

ub2
2

= 0.046 Re 0.2

ub2

0.05 1200
= 0.046

0.01

du
= 0.046 b
2

0.2

0.2

ub2
2

1200 1.8
ub = 4.845u1.8
b
2

12
6.6
= 1.362
4.845
ub = 1.187m/s

u1.8
b =

Re =

dub

0.05 1.187 1200

= 7122
0.01

5-13 20 2m u x = 10 + 0.8 ln y
1/3 m 103Pa 20
998.2 kg/m3 1.005103 Pa s

53

du x
dy
du x
d
0.8
0.8
= (10 + 0.8ln y ) =
=
= 2.4 s 1
y
dy dy
0.333

yxt = ( + )

1
2

21

yxt

du x
dy

103
1.005 103

998.2 2.4
998.2

y = 0.333

= 4.30 102 m 2 /s

= / = 1.005 103 / 998.2 = 1.007 106 m 2 /s 1/3

r
yx

t
yx

du
= l x
dy
2

1/ 2

yxt
l=
2
(du x / dy )

=(

103
)1/ 2 = 0.1338m
998.2 2.42

13.4
5-14 10 10 m s 50mm
1/7

10 = 1.247 kg/m3 = 1.77 105 Pa s

du 0.05 1.247 10
4
= 3.5225 10
Re = b =
5

1.77 10

1
f = 0.046 Re1/ 5 = 5.67 103
u = ub
+
y
=

5.67 10 3
= 0.532 m/s
2

f 2 = 10
u ri

0.532 0.05 / 2 1.247

= 937.0

1.77 105
u + = 2.5ln y + + 5.5 = 22.61

uu + u = 22.61 0.532 = 12.03 m/s

2 1 7
1/ 7

y
u = umax

ub =

54

1
1
udA = 2
A
ri
A

ri

1/ 7

y
= u

1/ 7

y
u

2( ri y )d( ri y )

= 0.817u

ub
10
=
= 12.24 m/s
0.817 0.817
1 7
u =

y 0
5-15 20C 10mm
p :
1 50kg/h
2 500kg/h
20C = 998.2 kg/m3 = 100.5 105 Pa s
50
ub1 =
= 0.177 m/s
998.2 / 4 0.012 3600
ub2 = 10ub1 = 1.77 m/s
du 0.01 0.177 998.2
= 1760.5 < 2000
Re1 = b1 =

100.5 105
Re2 = 10 Re1 = 17605 > 10000
1 50kg/h
r
y = i r = y
2

r /2
r
u1 = 2ub1[1 ] = 2 0.177 [1 i ] = 0.266 m/s
ri
ri
4u 1
2 ub1 2 100.5 105 0.177
du
= 2b1 ri =
=
= 0.071 N/m 2
1 =
ri
dr r = ri / 2
0.010 2
ri 2

1 = s 1 = s
2
r

s = 2 1

p1 L = 4 s / d = 8 1 d =

8 0.071
= 56.8 P a/m
0.01

2 500kg/h
f 2 = 0.079 Re1/ 4 = 0.079 (17605)1/ 4 = 6.86 103
u = ub f 2 = 1.77 6.86 103 / 2 = 0.1036 m/s
y+ =

u y

u ri / 2

0.1036 0.005 / 2 998.2

= 257.3 > 30
100.5 105

u + = 2.5lny + + 5.5 = 19.38

u = u u + = 19.38 0.1036 = 2.00 m/s
2

s = u = 998.2 0.10362 = 10.71 N/ m 2

2 = s 1 = s = 5.36 N/ m 2
r
2

p2 L = 4 s d =

4 10.71
= 4284 P a/m
0.01

55

5-16 20 75mm
3.68N/m2

20: = 998.2 kg/m3 , = 1.006 106 m 2 /s

s
3.68
=
= 0.0607 m/s
998.2

u =

5 5 1.006 106
=
= 0.0829mm
0.0607
u

2
5-49

ur
ub = u 2.5ln i + 1.75

0.0607 0.0375

= 0.0607 2.5ln
+ 1.75
6
1.006 10

= 1.28 m/s

w = ub ri2 = 998.2 1.28 3.14 0.03752 = 5.64 kg/s

3
5-51
umax = u (2.5ln

u ri

+ 5.5)

= 0.0607 (2.5 ln
= 1.51 m/s

0.0607 0.0375
+ 5.5)
1.006 106

s
3.68 2
f =
=
= 0.0045
2
ub / 2 998.2 1.282
3-6

p
3.68
= 4 s = 4
= 196.3 Pa/m
L
d
0.075
5-17 20 1m/s 50mm

e
=0.0005 y =20mm
d
20 = 998.2 kg/m3 = 100.5 105 Pa s
du 0.05 1 998.2
= 4.97 104
Red = b =

100.5 105
Red e d 5-11
f = 0.0056

u = ub

56

f 2 = 1

0.0056
= 0.0529 m/s
2

eu

e du 0.0005 0.05 0.0529 998.2

=
= 1.3 < 5
d
100.5 105

u y

y+ =

5-43

0.02 0.0529 998.2

= 1.05 103 > 30
100.5 105

u = u (2.5lny + + 5.5) = 0.0529 [2.5 ln(1.05 103 ) + 5.5] = 1.21 m/s

s = u 2 = 998.2 0.05292 = 2.79 N/ m2

0.02

2
= s 1 = 2.79 1
= 0.558 N/ m
r
0.025

i
5-18
ub L ( p ) d
ub p/L

f = 0.046 Re 0.2
L ub2
du
p = 4 f
= 4 0.046 b
d 2

0.2

L ub2
d 2

0.8
= 0.092 0.2 d 1.2 u1.8
L
b

d 1.2 ( p / L)
=
0.8 1.8
0.092 ub

5-19 15 3m/s 0.1m 1m

Rexc = 5 105
15 = 1000 kg/m3 = 1 103 Pa s
x = 0.1m

Re1 =

x1u

0.1 3 1000
= 3 105 < 5 105
3
1 10

1 = 4.64 x1 Rex11/ 2 = 4.64 0.1 (3 105 )0.5 = 8.5 104 m

x = 1m

Re2 = 10 Re1 = 3 106 > 5 105

2 = 0.376 x2 Re

1/ 5
x2

= 0.376 1 (3 106 ) 0.2 = 0.019m

1m
3

1
1 3 y
1 y
w1 = u x dy 1 = u0 [ ]dy
0
0 2
2
1

2
4
3 y 1 y 3 y
3 y 1 y
5
= u01 ]d = u0 [ 1 = u01
0 2
2
4 8 0
8
1

5
= 1000 3 8.5 104 = 1.594 kg/s
8

57

1/ 7

2
2
7
y
w2 = u0 dy = u0 21/ 7 y 8 / 7
0
8
0
2
7
7
= u0 2 = 1000 3 0.019 = 49.88 kg/s
8
8
5-20 20 20m/s
2m 2m Rexc = 5 105

20 = 1.206 kg/m3 = 1.79 105 Pa s

Lu 2 20 1.206
ReL = 0 =
= 2.7 106 > Rexc

1.79 105

CD = 0.0736 ReL1/ 5 = 3.81 103

u02

1.206 202
(2 2 2) = 7.35 N
2
2
5-21 10 5m/s 1m
2m 2m Rexc = 5 105
Fd = CD

2 A = 3.81 103

10 = 1000 kg/m3 = 1.308 103 Pa s

Lu 2 5 1000
= 7.647 106
ReL = 0 =

1.308 103

= 0.376 LReL1/ 5 = 0.376 2 (7.647 106 )0.2 = 0.0316 m

CD = 0.0736 ReL1/ 5 = 0.0736 (7.647 106 )0.2 = 3.09 103

5-22

u02

1000 52
1 2 = 77.3 N
2
2
(5-43) y
Fd = CD

A = 3.09 103

= s 1 Re
r
ur

du
y

r s 1 = x
dy
ri

y du
= s 1 x
ri dy

u + = 2.5ln y + + 5.5

u x = 2.5u ln

du x
u
= 2.5
dy
y

21
u = s /

58

yu

+ 5.5u

= u 1
= 0.4u 1 y

r
u
2.5
i

ri

y
y
= 0.4 1
u ri
ri ri

u ri

y Re

5-23 5-22 l y

= l2

du x
dy

5-22
du x
u
= 2.5
dy
y
2

= u 1
= 0.4u 1 y

ri 2.5u
ri

231
1/ 2

l
y

= 0.4 1
ri
ri

y
ri

l y Re
5-24

u
u y
ue
= 2.5ln
+ 5.8 2.5ln 1 + 0.3

1
f

Re f
2.347
e
0.5 + 0.106 Re f
d

u
r
u y
y
= i

ri

= 1.768ln

u
y
= 2.5ln + B

ri
u

B = 5.8 + 2.5ln

u ri

2.5ln(1 + 0.3

ue

ri
ri
y
Vs = u 2rdr = u 5r ln( )dr + Bu ri 2
0
0
ri

ub =

ri
Vs
r y r
= u 5 ln d + Bu
2
0
ri ri r
ri

59

ri r
ub
V
y r
= s 2 = 5
ln d + B

0
ri ri r
u
ri
r = ri y = y / ri r = ri = 0 r = 0 = 1
1
ub
= 5 (1 ) ln d + B

0
u

= 5[ ln d ln d ] + B
0

= 5[( ln ) 0

1
1 2
( ln 2 / 2) ] + B
0
2

= 5 1 + + B

4
= B 3.75

ub
u ri
ue
=

+
2.5ln
2.5ln
1
0.3

+ 2.05

u
=
ub
u ri

u e

2
f

u ub d e
=
ub d

= 2.5ln

1
f

u ub d
=
ub 2

f
2
f Re
2
=
Re f
4
2 2

f e
2 e
Re =
Re f
2 d
2 d

2 Re f
+ 2.05 2.5ln(4 2)
0.3 e
1+
Re f
2d

= 1.768ln

Re f
1.614
e
0.5 + 0.106 Re f
d

5-25
x 1 7 y

u x u y
+
=0
x
y
u y
u
= x
y
x
1/ 7

1/7 5-65

60

ux y
=
u0

u x
1 1 d
= u0 y1/ 7 8 / 7
x
dx
7

21
u y
y

y
uy =

u0 1/ 7 1 d
y
7
8 / 7 dx

u y
y

dy =

u0 y8 / 7 d
8 8 / 7 dx

xu0

= 0.376

d
u
= 0.376 0

dx

1/ 5

1/ 5

u
x = 0.376 0

1/ 5

x4 / 5

4 1/ 5
u
= 0.3008 0
x
5
x

1/ 5

54
uy =

u0 y 8 / 7
u
(0.3008) 0
8/7
x
8

1/ 5

8/7

y
= 0.0376u04 / 5 ( x )1/ 5

5-26
1/7

du
u
s = x x
1
dy
y
5-56

s
u
= 0.023 0
2
u0

1/ 4

1/ 4

u02 u0
y

b ul
u x = 0.023

ul = 0.023

u02 u0

1/ 4

3/ 4

b
1 ul
=

0.023 u0
u0
1/7

1/ 7

ux y
=
u0

1/ 7

ul b
=
u0

61

b ul
=
u0

56
ul

= 1.875

u0
u0

xu
= 0.376 0
x

1/ 8

= 1.875Reb1/ 8

1/ 5

1/10

ul

= 2.12

u0
u0 x

= 2.12 Rex1/10

76

b
= 192.5Rex7 /10

= 0.376(

xu0

1/ 5

= b = (192.5Rex7 /10 ) (0.376 Rex1/ 5 ) = 72.4 Rex9 /10
x x
5-27 Re < 2 105
f = 0.046 Re 1/ 5
5
5
b = =
u
ub f / 2

b
d

5
5
5
=
=

du
dub f / 2 Re f / 2

b
5
5
=
=
= 33.0 Re9 /10
1/
5

d Re 0.023Re
0.1517 Re9 /10
5-28 5-40
1
u + = ln y + + C3
K

yu
u
=
f

u = s 1

u = f ( s , , , y )

f (u , s , , , y ) = 0
u y 3 532

1 = s y a1 u b1 c1
62

 2 = y a2 u b2 c2

1
a

1 = M 0 L0 T 0 = (ML1T 2 )(L) 1 (LT 1 ) 1 (ML3 ) 1

ML
0 = 1 + c1
0 = 1 + a1 + b1 3c1
0 = 2 b1

a1 = 0 b1 = 2 c1 = 1

1 = s 2 =
u u

2 =

yu yu u
1 = f ( 2 )

u
u
= f
u
yu u

u

= f
u
yu

yu
u
= f

u
5-29 130 50
800 1 6m/s
2 226.8kPa?

1 e / d

p m
Rep = Rem

p up lp m um lm
=
p
m

u m = up

p lp m
1 30 50
= 6

= 11.25 m/s
800 1 1
m lm p

2 Eu
p p
u 2 = u2

p
m

( p ) p = ( p ) m

2
p up
1 6
3
226.8
10
=

m um
800 11.25

= 80.64 Pa

63


6-1

U
Q

dxdydz =
dxdydz
1

dxdydz
dxdydz
6-1

q J /(m3 s)

(q A) x (q A) y (q A) z
x (q A) x dydz x

q
q
+ dx dydz
A x x A x

x
q
q
q
2t
q
d
y
d
z
d
x
d
y
d
z
d
x
d
y
d
z
k
dxdydz

+
=

=




A x
x A x
2 x
A x x A x
y
2t
q
dxdydz = k 2 dxdydz
y A y
y
z
2t
q
dxdydz = k 2 dxdydz
z A z
z

2t 2t 2t
k 2 + 2 + 2 dxdydz
y
z
x
qdxdydz 1

64

2t 2 t 2 t
Q
dxdydz = k 2 + 2 + 2

y
z
x

dxdydz + qdxdydz

2t 2t 2t
U
= k 2 + 2 + 2 + q

y
z
x
U
t
t

= cv
cp

t
k
q
2
=
t+
cp
c p

1 t
q
3
= 2t +

k
23
6-2
6-22

6-22 q =0

=0
u y u z
u
+
=0
x +
x
y
z
6-22

DU
= k 2t
D

U = cv t

cv cv cp cp
1
Dt
cp
= k 2t
2
D
Dt
= 2 t
3

D
k
=
cp
Dt
= 2 t
D

2t 2t
t
t
t
+ ux
+ uy
= 2 + 2

x
y
y
x

u z = 0

t
2t
=0 2 =0
z
z

65


ux

2t 2t
t
t
+ uy
= 2 + 2
x
y
y
x

6-3 L( x ) t0 x
ts x
6-27
6-27
1 t
q
= 2t +

k
q = 0
x

t
t
2t 2t
=0 2 = 2 =0
y
z
y
z

t
2t
= 2

= 0 , t = t0 x
x = 0 , t = ts > 0

x = L , t = ts > 0

6-4 6-31
z r
6-31
Dt
=
D

1 t 1 2 t 2 t
+ 2
r + 2

2
z
r r r r

t
=0

t
2t

=0 2 =0

t
t
2t
z r

0
z r
z 2
1 t
t
t

ur
+ uz
=
r
r
z
r r r

6-5 r1 r2
t1 t2
16-32

1 t
Dt
1

t
1
2t
= 2 r2 + 2
sin
+ 2 2

r sin 2
D
r r r r sin
t
Dt

=0
= 0, ur = u = u = 0

D
66

t
t
2t
2t
=
= 0, 2 = 2 = 0

2 t

(r
)=0
r
r

d 2 t
r
=0
dr r

r = r1 , t = t1
r = r2 , t = t2

t=

C
+ C1
r

C=

t=

t2 t1
t r t r
C1 = 2 2 1 1
1/ r1 1/ r2
r2 r1

t2 t1 1 t2 r2 t1r1 ( t2 t1 ) r1r2 t2 r2 t1r1

=
+
+
1 1 r
r2 r1
(r1 r2 ) r
r2 r1

r2 r1

6-6
2100 kcal 2000 kcal 100 kcal

1 20 3 W /(m 2 K)
2 33
33 1.8 m2
= 0.95 - 0 = 5.67 10 8 W /(m 2 K 4 ) = 994kg / m3
= 2421 kJ/kg

1
E = (2000 103 ) 4.184 /(24 60 60) = 96.9 W

E = hA(ts tb ) + 0 A(ts4 tb4 )

96.9 = 3 1.8 (ts 293) + 0.95 5.67 108 1.8 (ts4 2934 )

ts = 299 K=26
3235 20

2 33 33

E = m
E
96.9
m= =
2421 103
= 4 105 kg / s

67

 33 8h
4 105 8 3600 = 1.15 kg
3 1.8 (299 293) 1

1

96.9
3
2

3
2 1 8h 33 1.2 kg

68

7-1
x = 0t = t1x = bt = t2

dt
q / A = k
dx
q A =
1q
dt =
dx
k A
1q

t=
x+C
k A

x = 0 , t = t1 ; x = l , t = t2

q t1 t2
C = t1
=
kA
l
t1 t2
x + t1
t =
l
t t
= 2 1 x + t1
l
7-2 r
r = r1t = t1r = r2t = t2 L

dt
q / A = k
dr

dt
q = kA =
dr
dt
2krL = q

dr
q dr
dt =
2kL r

q
t=
ln r + C
2kL

r = r1 , t = t1 ; r = r2 , t = t2

69

t t
t t
q
= 2 1 C = t1 + 2 1 ln r1
r
r
2kL
ln 1
ln 1
r2
r2
t t
t t
t = 2 1 ln r + t1 + 2 1 ln r1
r2
r
ln
ln 1
r1
r2
t t
r
= t1 + 2 1 ln
r2
r1
ln
r1

7-3

r1 = 1m t1 = 200

r2 = 2m t2 = 100

k = k0 (1 + t )

k0 k0 = 0.138 W/(m K)

= 1.95 104 K 1

q
t
= k
1
r
A
k = k0 (1 + t ) A = 2rL L q =

1
q dr
(1 + t )dt =
2Lk0 r

r1 = 1 t1 = 200 r2 = 2 t2 = 100

t+

1 2
q
t =
ln r + C
2
2Lk0

1 2
q
C = t1 + t1 +
ln r1
2
2Lk0
1
= (200 + 273.2) + (1.95 104 ) (200 + 273.2)2 = 495 K
2

1
1
q = 2Lk0 t + t 2 495
2
ln r

1
q / L = 2k0 t2 + t2 2 495
2

ln r2
1
1

= 2 3.14 0.138 [(100 + 273.2) + 1.95 104 (100 + 273.2) 2 495]

2
ln
2

= 135.3 W/m
7-4 q = 1.2 106 J/(m3 s)

70

x 0.4m x 70
2
k=377 W/(m K) 1
0.1m

1
7-1
1 t 2 t 2 t 2 t q
=
+
+
+
x 2 y 2 z 2 k

t
=0

t
t
2t
2t
= 0 = 0 2 = 0 2 = 0
y
z
y
z

7-1
d 2t q
+ =0
dx 2 k

x = 0
x = 0.2 t1 = 70 x = 0.2 t1 = 70
1
1 q 2
x + C1 x + C2
2k
q k 2
t=

C1 = 0 C2 = 133.66

t = 1591.51x 2 + 133.66

2 0.1m
t x =0.1 = 1591.51 0.12 + 133.66 = 117.74

7-5 100 mm 20 mm
q = 1.0 107 J/(m3 s)
1
100 50 W/(m K)
2

17-2
1 t 1 t 1 2 t 2 t q
=
+
+
r +
r r r r 2 2 z 2 k
t
=0

t
t
2t
2t

= 0 = 0 2 = 2 = 0

1 d dt q
r + = 0
r dr dr k

71


t=

q 2
r + C1 ln r + C2
4k

r = 0.05 , t = 100 ; r = 0.05 q (r2 2 r12 ) L = k 2r2 L

dt
dr

C1 = 90 , C2 = 494.6
1 107 2
r + 90ln r + 494.6 = 5 104 r 2 + 90 ln r + 494.6
4 50
2
t r =0.03 = 5 104 0.032 + 90 ln 0.03 + 494.6 = 134

t=

7-6 q R
ts

7-3

1 t
1 2 t
1

t
1
2 t q
= 2
+
r
+ 2
sin
+ 2 2
r sin 2 k
r r r r sin
ts
t

=0

t
t
2t
2t

=0 2 =0 2 =0
= 0

7-3
1 d 2 dt q
r
+ =0
r 2 dr dr k

4
dt
r = R t = ts r = R R 3 q = 4R 2 k
3
dr
1
C
q
t = r 2 1 + C2
6k
r
2
q 2
C1 = 0 C2 = ts +
R
6k

q
q 2
t = r 2 + ts +
R
6k
6k
3 r = 0
q 2
t r =0 = ts +
R
6k

72

7-7 R

1
2 t0
T r
3
4 Nu = hR / k
1 ur , u , u r
t
t
2t
2t
t
= 0 2 = 0 2 = 0
= 0
= 0

6-32
1 2 t
r
=0
r 2 r r

d 2 dt
r
=0
dr dr

2
r = R t = t0
r = t = t

31
t=

C1
+ C2
r

t t
R
=
t 0 t r

4
q / A = k

dt
dr

=k
r=R

t 0 t
R

q / A = h(t0 t )
k
h=
R
hR
=1

Nu =
k
7-8
400K tb 300K

4 2t5 + t1 + t7 4t4 = 0
5 t2 + t4 + t6 + t8 4t5 = 0

t1 = t2 = t3 = 400 K

11

tb

h = 45 W /(m 2 K)
k = 45W/(m K) x = y = 0.2 m

10

X
1

400K

7-8

73

6 2t5 + t3 + t9 4t6 = 0
hx
hx
7 t4 + t8 2
tb
+ 1 t7 = 2
k
k

hx
hx

8 2t5 + 2t9 + t7 + t10 2 3 +

tb
t8 = 2
k
k

9 2t8 + t6 + t11 4t9 = 0

hx
h x
10 t8 + t11 2
tb
+ 1 t10 = 2
k
k

h x
h x
11 t9 + t10 2
tb
+ 1 t11 = 2
k
k

45 0.2
hx
300 = 120
2
tb = 2
45
k
hx 45 0.2
=
= 0.2
k
45
hx
hx

2 1 +
= 2.4 2 3 +
= 6.4
k
k

t1 = t2 = t3 = 400

4t4 2t5 t7 = 400

4t5 t4 t6 t8 = 400

4t6 2t5 t9 = 400

2.4t7 = t4 + t8 + 120

6.4t8 = 2t5 + 2t9 + t7 + t10 + 120

4t9 = 2t8 + t6 + t11

2.4t10 = t8 + t11 + 120

2.4t11 = t9 + t10 + 120

t1 = t2 = t3 = 400 K
t4 = 379.4 K, t5 = 379.4 K, t6 = 379.6 K
t7 = 357.7 K, t8 = 359.1 K, t9 = 360 K
t10 = 342.3 K, t11 = 342.6 K

7-9 0.2m 0.05 m = 0.0156m2 /h

k =20 W/(m K) 363 K 1473 K
100 W /(m 2 K) 1073
K
h k Bi
h(V / A)
Bi =
k
1
1
A = DL + D 2 2
V = D 2 L
4
4
74

1
D 2 L
DL
4
V /A=
=
= 0.0111
1
DL + D 2 2 4 L + 2 D
4
100 0.0111
Bi =
= 0.056 < 0.1
20

0.0156
=
= 126.6
Fo =
2
(V / A)
0.01112
t tb

= exp( BiFo)
t0 tb
Fo =

t tb
1
1
1073 1473
ln
=
ln
0.056
363 1473
Bi t0 tb

= 18.23
18.23
Fo
=
=
= 0.144 h
126.6 126.6
7-10 25 mm 433 W/(m K) 7849 kg/m3

0.4609 kJ/(kgK) 700 K 400 K

11.36 W /(m 2 K) 1 h

h k Bi
4
1
1
V / A = r03 / 4r02 = r0 = 25 103 = 8.3 103
3
3
3
h(V / A) 11.36 8.3 10 3
=
= 2.2 104 0.1
Bi =
433
k

k
Fo =
=
(V / A)2 c p (V / A) 2
433 3600
= 6.255 103
7849 460.9 (8.3 10 3 ) 2
4
3
t 400
= e2.210 6.25510
700 400
= 0.253
t = 0.253 (700 400) + 400
=

= 475.9 K
7-11 x = 0 ~ ) T0 = 0 x = 0

q0

1
6-26a2
3
x q

75

 u x = u y = u z = 0
t t
2t 2t
=
= 0 2 = 2 = 0
y z
y
z

q =0

t
2t
= 2

x
x k
t
2 t
k = 2 k
x
x x
q
2 q
= 2

= 0, q = 0 ; x = 0, q = q0 ; x = , q = 0
= x / 4 = q / q0
d 2
d
+ 2
=0
2
d
d

= , = 0 ; = 0, = 1

exp( )d
= 1 0
2
0 exp( )d
2

exp( 2 )d
dt

0
k
= q0 1

2
dx
exp( )d
0

exp( 2 )d

d + t
0
t=
1
0

2
4
0 exp( )d

kq0

7-12 4 10
1m 0
k = 0.5W/(m K) ,

= 1.36 107 m 2 /s
7-447-47
t0 = 4 ts = 10 x =1 m t = 0
7-44

t ts 0 (10)
x
=
= erf

t0 ts 4 (10)
4

76

x
erf
= 0.7143
4

x
4
1

= 0.76

= 0.76
4 1.36 107
= 3.183 106 s = 884 h

7-47
Q0

3.183 106
= 2k (ts t0 )
= 2 0.5 ( 10 4 )
A

1.36 107
= 3.82 107 J / m 2
7-13 600

300
= 1.47 105 m 2 /s k = 54W/(m K) 1
50mm 400 2

7-447-47
t0 = 600 ts = 300 t = 400 x = 0.05 m = 1.47 105 m2/s
k= 54W/(m K)
t ts 400 300
x
=
= erf

t0 ts 600 300
4

x
erf
= 0.333
4

x
4
0.05

= 0.31

= 0.31
4 1.47 10 5
0.052
x2
=
=
= 442.4 s
2
2
0.31 4 0.31 4 1.47 105
= 7.37 min
q
Q
= d
0
A
A
q
dt
dt d
= k
= k

A
dx x = 0
d dx x = 0

dt
d
= (t0 ts ) [erf ( )]
d
d
x
2 2
erf ( ) =
e d =

4
2
d
2 d
1
=
[erf ( )] =
e
x
d
d

77

q
2 2
1
= k
e (t0 ts )
A

4 x =0
k (t t )
= s 0

k (t t )
q
Q
s
0
= d =
d
0 A
0
A

= 2k (ts t0 )

= 2 54 (300 600)

442.4
3.14 1.47 105

= 1.0 108 J/m 2

7-14 0.3 m 30

600
100 k =1.125 W/(m K)
= 5.2 107 m 2 /s

2
t ts
4

= exp Fo cos L*
T =

t0 ts
2
2

3 2
1
3
exp Fo cos L* +
3
2
2

x
, L* = , l = 0.3m
l
l
*
L = 0, t = 100, ts = 600, t0 = 30

Fo =

2
100 600 4
= exp Fo = 0.8772
30 600
2

Fo = 0.151
3 2
1
exp Fo = 0.0117 0.8772
3
2

Fo = 2 = 0.151
l
Fol 2 0.151 0.32
=
=
= 26134 s = 7.26h

5.2 107
7-15 0.45 m 500 K 340
K 455 W/(m2 K)

470 K = 0.340m 2 /h
k = 208 W/(m K)

78

x1 = 0.225m
x=0

208
k
=
= 2.03
hx1 0.225 455

0.34
Fo = 2 =
= 6.716
x1
0.2252

m=

x
=0
x1

n=

Tb* =

t tb 470 340
=
= 0.8125
t0 tb 500 340

7-7 Fo = 0.9
= 0.9 / 6.716 = 0.134 h
7-16 12 cm 12 cm 200
90
h =570 W/(m2 K)
= 9.45 105 m 2 /s k =208 W/(m K) 1 min
x r
7-82
Tb* ( x, r , ) = Tb* ( x, ) Tb* (r , )
Tb* ( x, ) 7-7 Tb* (r , ) 7-8
x

x1 = 0.06mx = 0m

9.45 105 60
= 1.575
x
0.062
208
k
m=
=
= 6.0
hx1 570 0.06
x
n= =0
x1

Fo =

7-7
r

7-8

2
1

Tb* ( x, ) = 0.78
x1 = 0.06mx = 0m
k
m=
=6
hx1

n=0
Fo = 1.575
Tb* (r , ) = 0.6

Tb* ( x, r , ) = Tb* ( x, )Tb* (r , ) = 0.78 0.6 = 0.468

t 90
= 0.468
200 90
t = 141.5

79

7-17 60 mm 760 30
30 93
h=710 W/(m2 K) k =
45 W/(m K) = 9.027 106 m 2 /s
Bi
(V / A) (4 / 3) r03 h (4r02 ) hr0 710 30 103
=
=
=
= 0.158 > 0.1
Bi =
3k
3 45
k
k

x1 = 0.03
m=

45
k
=
= 2.113
hx1 710 0.03

n=0
Fo =
Tb* =

7-9 Fo = 1.9

2
1

9.027 106
= 0.01
0.032

t tb
93 30
=
= 0.086
t0 tb 760 30

= 1.9 / 0.01 = 190 s = 3.17 min

7-18 300 mm 293 K

2500 s 10 K 1 104 s
= 5.0 107 m 2 /s
x 2

=M =2

x = 2 = 2 5.0 107 2500 = 0.05m

n = 0.3/ 0.05 = 6

/s

t0 / K

t1 / K

t2 / K

t3 / K

t4 / K

t5 / K

t6 / K

293

293

293

293

293

293

293

2500

303

293

293

293

293

293

303

5000

313

298

293

293

293

298

313

7500

323

303

295.5

293

295.5

303

323

10000

333

309.25

298

295.5

298

309.25

333

80


8-1

8-2
h

u
u
2u
u x x + u y x = 2x
1

x
y
y
u x u y
+
=0
2

x
y
ux

t
t
2t
+ uy
= 2
x
y
y

h
1 f ( ) 12

u x = u0 f u y =

1 u0
y
Rex ff + 2 f = 0
[ f f ] =
2 Rex
x

2
t ts
3
3 T * =
t0 ts
4 hx =

k dt
t0 ts dy

y =0

hx

8-3 30 10m/s
10cm u x / u0 = 0.516 u x u y u x / y CDx
CD Rexc = 5 105
30

= 1.165kg/m3 = 1.86 105 Pa s

Rex =

xu0

0.1 10 1.165
= 6.26 104 < Rexc
1.86 105

81

 = 5.0 xRex 1/ 2 = 5.0 0.1 (6.26 104 )1/ 2

= 2.0 102 m

ux
= 0.516 4-1 = 1.6 f ( ) = 0.42032 f ( ) = 0.29667
u0

u x = 0.516u0 = 0.516 10 = 5.16m/s

uy =
=

1 u0
[ f ( ) f ( )]
2 Rex
1
10

(1.6 0.516 0.42032)

2
6.26 104

= 8.1 103 m/s

u x (u0 f )
u0
f Rex
=
= u0 f
=
x
y
y
y
10
=
0.29667 6.26 104 = 7422.7s1
0.1
394 K ts = 373K

8-4

u0 = 15m/s Rexc = 5 105 xc

t hx hm
394 + 373
= 383.5K
tm =
2
383.5K
= 0.922kg/m3 = 2.24 105 Pa sPr = 0.687k = 3.27 102 W/(m K)
Rexc 5 105 2.24 10 5
=
= 0.81m
xc =
0.922 15
u0

= 4.64 xc Rex 1/ 2 = 4.64 0.81 (5 105 )1/ 2

c

= 5.3 10 m

= Pr1/3
t

t = Pr 1/3 = 5.3 103 0.687 1/ 3 = 6.0 103 m

hxc = 0.332

k
3.27 102
Re1xc/ 2 Pr1/3 = 0.332
(5 105 )1 / 2 0.6871 / 3
0.81
xc

= 8.36W /(m 2 K)
hm = 2hxc = 2 8.36 = 16.72W /(m 2 K)

8-5
u = a1 + b1 y + c1 y 2
t ts = a2 + b2 y + c2 y 2

ai bi ci i = 1, 2
4-398-45
t hx 4-518-59
82

1 y = 0 u = 0
2 y = u = u0
u
3 y =
=0
y

a1 = 0
a1 + b1 + c1 2 = u0
b1 + 2c1 = 0
u
u
a1 = 0 , b1 = 2 0 , c1 = 02

u
y y
= 2
u0

4-40

d
du
u (u0 u )dy =

0
dx
dy

y =0

14-40
u0

dx 0

y =1

u
d
u
u
u y
1 d = 0

u0 u 0
y
d

2
y

=0

2
1
d
u0
=
15
dx

= 30 Rex1/ 2 =5.48 Rex1/ 2

x
4-51

1 y = 0 t = ts
2 y = t t = t0
t
3 y = t = 0
y

a2 = ts
a2 + b2 t + c2 t 2 = t0
b2 + 2c2 t = 0

83

a2 = ts , b2 = 2

t0 ts

, c2 =

t 0 ts

t2

t ts
y y
= 2
t 0 ts
t t

8-44

t
dt
(t0 t )u x dy =

x 0
dy

8-44
y =0

> t 148-44
2
d 1 t 1 t
2
= (t0 ts )
(t0 ts )u0 t
dx 6 30
t
2

t

< 1 t t

1
d t2
u0 t
=
12
dx
35

> t

t 36
Cx 3 4
=
45

x = x0 x = x0 t = 0 6
36 3 4
C=
x0
45
5

3/ 4 1/ 3

x
t
1
Pr 1/ 3 1 0
=
1.0772
x
x0 = 0
t
1
=
Pr 1 3
1.077

8-57
x hx 8-5

hx =

k dt
t0 ts dy

8-5
y=0

4
hx = 2

hx t 3 7 t

1/ 2
3/ 4 1/ 3

x Pr 1/ 3 x0

hx = 2k 5.48
1

u0 1.0772 x

84


1/ 2

Pr1/ 3

u0
hx = 0.394k

3/ 4 1/ 3 x
x0
1
x

3/ 4
k 1/ 2 1/ 3 x0
hx = 0.394 Rex Pr 1
x
x

1/ 3

x0 =0
1/ 2

u
hx = 0.394kPr1/ 3 0
x
k
= 0.394 Re1/x 2 Pr1/ 3
x
8-59

8-6 303K 20m/s 1 m 2 m

373K Rexc = 5 105
303 + 373
= 338K
2
338 K
= 1.045kg/m3 = 2.035 105 Pa sk = 2.93 102 W/(m K)Pr = 0.695
xu 2 20 1.045
Rex = 0 =
= 2.05 106 > Rexc

2.035 105

tm =

k 1/ 3
Pr [ Rex 0.8 A]
L
18.19 (5 105 )1/ 2

hm = 0.0365

A = Rexc 0.8 18.19 Rexc 0.5 = (5 105 )0.8

= 23376.7

2.93 102
0.6951/ 3 [(2.05 106 )0.8 23376.7]
2
= 42.0W/(m 2 K)
q = hm A(ts t0 )

hm = 0.0365

= 42.0 (1 2) (373 303)

= 5880W
8-7 Ts
T0

y y 2
1 u z = umax 2 umax

8-7

85

2 u z
3
4 T =

T T0
=
Ts T0

13

g

y =
T

9z

1
u x u y u z
+
+
=0
x
y
z

u x = 0 u y = 0 =

2uz
u z
=0
=0,
z
z 2
x

2u
u x
u
u
u
2u
2u
1 p
+ ux x + u y x + uz x = X
+ 2x + 2x + 2x
x

x
y
z
y
z
x
u
u x = 0 u y = 0 x = 0 x

1 p
=X
x
y

1 p
=Y
y
z
d 2uz
g
=
2

dy

y = 0 , uz = 0 ; y = ,
uz =

2
2g y y
2
2

umax =

du z
=0
dy

2g
2
2

y
y
2 y


gy
uz =

86

t
t
2t
= 0 u x = 0 u y = 0 x = 0 2 = 0

x
x
2
2
t
t
t
t
z y

y z
y
z 2

uz

t
2t
= 2
z
y

z = 0 , t = T0 ; y = 0 , t = Ts , y = , t = T0
4

T =

T T0
=
Ts T0

1/ 3

y
9z

t
T
T 1
= (Ts T0 )
= (Ts T0 )

z
z
3 z
1/ 3

t
T
T
= (Ts T0 )
= (Ts T0 )

y
y
9 z
2t
2T
= (Ts T0 )

2
y
2 9 z

2/3

2T
gy
T 1
(Ts T0 )

(
T

T
)

s
0

3 z
2 9 z

2/3

2T
2 T
+
3

=0

= T = 0 = 0 T = 1

T T0
T =
= 1
Ts T0

0 exp( )d

3
0 exp( )d
3

8-8 1m/s 293

K 353K Rexc = 5 105

= 750kg/m3 = 3 103 N s/m 2 k = 0.15W/(m K)

c p = 200J/(kg K) 1 hx

1 hx
xc =

Rexc

Pr =

u0

5 105 3 103
= 2m
1 750

c p 200 3 103
=
=
=4
0.15

k
hx = 0.332

= 0.332

k
Re1/xc 2 Pr1 3
xc

0.15
(5 105 )1/ 2 41/ 3
2

87

= 27.95 W/(m2 K)

8-53
dt
3
3
= (T0 Ts )
= (T0 Ts )
dy y =0, x = x
2 t
2 Pr 1/ 3
c

= (T0 Ts )

3
1
Pr1/ 3
1/ 2
2 4.64 xc Rexc

3
1
= (293 353)
41/ 3
2 4.64 2 (5 105 ) 1/ 2
= 10885.95 K / m

2
hm = 2hxc = 2 27.95 =55.9 W/(m2 K)
q
2
= hm (Ts T0 ) = 55.9 (353 293) = 3354 W/m
A m

8-9 8-8
x0 = 0.3m 8-8 8-8

1 hx
x 3 4
k
hx = 0.332 Re1x 2 Pr1 3 1 0
x
x
x 3 4
= hx x = 0 1 0
0
x

1 3

0.3 3 4
= 27.95 1

2

1 3

1 3

= 30.64 W(m 2 K)

2
hm =

1
xc x0

1
=
xc x0

xc

xc

hx dx
x 3 4
k
0.332 Re1x 2 Pr1 3 1 0
x
x

1 3

dx

1/ 2

u
0.332k 0

=
xc x0

Pr1 3

xc

1/ 2

x0 3 4
1
x

1 3

dx

1/ 2

u
0.332k 0

=
xc x0

88

Pr1 3

1/ 3
4 xc 3/ 4
x x03/ 4 dx3 / 4

x
3 0

1/ 2

u
0.443k 0

=
xc x0

Pr1 3

xc

x 34 x 34
0

1/ 3

d x3/ 4 x03/ 4

1/ 2

u
3
0.443k 0
2

=
xc x0

Pr1 3
x3/ 4 x03/ 4

2/3

= 54.72 W(m 2 K)

(q / A)m = hm (ts t0 ) = 54.72 (353 293) = 3283 W/m 2

8-10 hx
k
hx = 0.332 Re1/x 2 Pr1/ 3
x
k
hx = 0.0292 Rex0.8 Pr1/ 3
x
x = L hm

L
1 xc
hm = hx dx + hx dx

xc
L 0
L
1 xc
k
k

= 0.332 Re1/x 2 Pr1/ 3dx + 0.0292 Rex0.8 Pr1/ 3dx

xc
L 0
x
x

u
1 xc
0.332k 0
L 0

1/ 2

u0
xc 0.0292k
L

0.8

Pr1/ 3 x 1/ 2 dx +

Pr1 3 x 0.2 dx

1/ 2
0.8

u0
k u0
1
1 3 1/ 2
1/ 3
0.8
0.8

= 0.664k
+
0.0365
(

)
Pr
x
Pr
L
x

c
c
L
L

k
k
= 0.664 Re1/xc 2 Pr1/ 3 + 0.0365 Pr1 3 [ ReL0.8 Rex0.8
]
c
L
L
k
= 0.0365 Pr1 3 [ ReL0.8 A]
L
1/ 2
A = Rex0.8

18.19
Re
xc
c

8-11 333K 2 m/s 293

K 2 m 2 m
1 m

tm = (333 + 293) / 2 = 313 K

313 K
= 992.2 kg/m3 = 65.60 105 Pa s k = 63.38 102 W/(m K)
Pr = 4.32

89

ReL =

Lu0

2 2 992.2
= 6.05 106 > Rexc = 5 105
5
65.60 10

L = 2m

= 0.376 LReL 1/ 5 = 0.376 2 (6.05 106 ) 1/ 5 = 0.033 m

t = Pr 1/1.71 = 0.033 4.321/1.71 = 0.014 m
hm = 0.0365

k 1/ 3 0.8
Pr [ ReL A]
L

18.19 Rex0.5
= (5 105 )0.8 18.19 (5 105 )1/ 2
A = Rex0.8
c
c
= 23377

63.38 102
4.321/ 3 [(6.05 106 )0.8 23377]
2
= 4576.6 W/(m 2 K)

hm = 0.0365

q = h A(t t ) = 4576.6 2 1 (333 293)

m
0
s
= 366.1 kW

xc =

Rexc

u0

hm = 0.664

5 105 65.60 105

= 0.165m
992.2 2

k
Rexc 1/ 2 Rr1 3
xc

63.38 102
(5 105 )1/ 2 4.321/ 3
0.165
= 2937.3 W/(m 2 K)
= 0.664

q = hm A(t0 ts ) = 2937.3 1 0.165 (333 293)

q
q

kW
= 19.38

q q
q

100% = 1
100%

q
q

= 94.7%
=

8-12 333 K 35 kg/h 25 mm

363 K 4 m
345 K hm
t = (333 + 345) / 2 = 339K
339 K

= 980.5 kg / m3 = 43.75 105 Pa s k = 66.35 102 W/(m K) Pr = 2.76

ub =

90

ws

35

980.5 3600 0.0252

4

= 0.02 m/s

Red =

d i ub

0.025 0.02 980.5

= 1132.3 < 2000
43.75 105

Nu = Nu +

k1 ( Red Pr di L)
1 + k2 ( Red Pr d i L)n

8-1
k1 = 0.0668 k2 = 0.04 n = 2 3 Nu = 3.66

0.025

0.0668
1132.3 2.76
4

= 4.67
Num = 3.66 +
2/3
0.025

1 + 0.04
1132.3 2.76
4

2
Num k 4.67 66.35 10
hm =
=
d
0.025
= 124.0 W /(m 2 K)

8-13 40 1.2 m/s 25 mm

100 2m
hm
85 tm = (40 + 85) / 2 = 62.5
62.5

= 1.053 kg / m3 = 2.023 105 Pa s Pr = 0.695

k = 2.91 102 W /(m K) c p = 1017 J / kg

Re =

d i ub

0.025 1.2 1.053

= 1562 < 2000
2.023 105

Nu = Nu +

k1 ( Red Pr di L)
1 + k2 ( Red Pr d i L)n

Lt = 0.05RePrdi = 0.05 1562 0.696 0.025

= 1.36m < 2m

8-1
k1 = 0.104 k2 = 0.016 n = 0.8 Nu = 3.66
0.104 (1562 0.695 0.025 2)
Num = 3.66 +
1 + 0.016 (1562 0.695 0.025 2)0.8
= 4.91
Num k 4.91 2.91 102
hm =
=
= 5.72 W/(m 2 K)
di
0.025

91

 dL
dq = hm di dL(ts t )b

dL dtb

dq = di2 ub cp dtb
4
dq
hm (ts tb )dL =

di
ub cp dtb
4

tb 2

t
ln

b1

dtb
4hm
=
ts tb ub c p di

0 dL

ts tb2
4hm L
4 5.72 2
=
=
= 1.4243
ub c p d i
1.053 1.2 1017 0.025
t s tb1

ts tb2 = 14.4

tb2 = 85.6
2
d i c p (tb2 tb1 )
4
3.14
= 1.053 1.2
0.0252 1017 (85.6 40)
4
= 28.74W

q = ub

8-14

0.5 kg / s 65 35

1 4 12.5 mm
2 25 mm 20
65 + 35
=
= 50
2
50 = 988.1 kg/m3 = 54.94 105 Pa s Pr = 3.54
k = 64.78 102 W /(m K) c p = 4174 J/kg

1 4 12.5 mm
ub =

ws
0.5
=
3.14

d i2 988.1
0.01252
4
4

= 4.13 m/s

Red =
=

92

d i ub

0.0125 4.13 988.1

= 92747 ()
54.94 105

Re Pr 8-122a

di

8-122a h
n = 0.3
hm = 0.023

k
Red 0.8 Pr 0.3
di

0.6478
927470.8 3.540.3
0.0125
= 16398 W /(m 2 K)
= 0.023

dq = hm (ts tb )dL =
tb 2

b1

dt b
4hm
=
ts tb ub cp di

L1 =

ub c p d i
4hm

ln

di
ub c p dtb
4
L

0 dL

ts tb1 988.1 4.13 4174 0.0125 4 65

=
ln
4 16398
4 35
t s tb2

= 2.20 m

A1 = d i L1 = 3.14 0.0125 2.20

= 0.086 m 2

5-57

= 4 f = 0.0056 +

0.5
0.5
= 0.0056 +
0.32
Re
92747 0.32

= 0.0185
2.20 988.1 4.132
L ub2
p1 =
= 0.0185

di 2
0.0125
2
= 27.44 kPa

2 20 25 mm
ws
0.5
ub =
=
3.14

di2 988.1
0.0252
4
4
= 1.03 m / s
du
Re = i b

0.025 1.03 988.1

= 46311 ()
54.94 105

Re Pr 8-122a

di

8-122a h
n = 0.3

93

h = 0.023

k
Red 0.8 Pr 0.3
di

0.6478
463110.8 3.540.3
0.025
= 4704 W /(m 2 K)

= 0.023

dq = hm (ts tb )dL =
tb 2

b1

dt b
4hm
=
ts tb ub c p di

L2 =

ub c p d i
4hm

ln

di
ub c p dtb
4
L

0 dL

ts tb1 988.1 1.03 4174 0.025 20 65

ln
=
4 4704
20 35
ts tb2

= 6.20 m

A2 = di L2 = 3.14 0.025 6.20

= 0.487 m 2

5-57
0.5
0.5
= 0.0056 +
= 0.0056 +
0.32
Red
463110.32
= 0.0217
6.20 988.1 1.032
L ub2
p2 =
= 0.0217

0.025
2
di 2

=2.82 kPa

A1
p
= 0.18 1 = 9.73 1
p2
A2

2 18% 2 9.73

8-15 tb ub ri
ub
8-82
Nu = hd / k

1 t
1 t
=
(r )
z u z r r r

t ts
=0
z tb ts

t ts t ts tb ts

z z tb ts z z

94

=0

 d z
dq = hz di dz (ts tb ) = (q A)s di dz
d z dtb

dq = di2 ub c p dtb
4
dq
d
(q A)s dz = i ub c p dtb
4

tb
(q A)s
=4
d i ub c p
z
8-8
k dt
hz =
ts tb dr r = ri
hz =

k dt
ts tb dr

=
r = ri

k d t ts
ri d(r ri ) tb ts r = r
i

t ts
z z
tb ts

(q A)s hz
tb
=
z
h 8-1
ts tb =
ts tb

=
=
z z
2
t ts tb
=
=
=
z z z
z
2 uz 1
d dt u b t
r = r
d r d r z

t
q
t
2 r = ri = k =
=0
r
r
A
4
dt u r 2 t
r = b
+ C1
dr 2 z
1

C1 = 0

1 r = 0

5
95

ub r 2 t
+ C2
4 z
C2 tcr = 0
C2 = tc
t=

u
t
t tc = b r 2
6
4 z
t z 2
dt
hz tb ts
r = r 6 tb
dr i
8-87
u r 2 t
t b = tc + b i
7
8 z
dt
r = r 6 r
dr i
ub ri t
dt
8
r =r i =
dr
2 z
ts 6
u r 2 t
ts = t r = r = tc + b i
9
i
4 z
79 hz
k
hz = 4
10
ri

hz di
=8
11
k
8-16 u0 2b
Nu =

(q A)s
6-26a

t
t
t
2t
2t
2

= 0 u y = 0 u x = 0
x y

x
y 2
6-26
u0

t
2t
= 2
z
y

y = b (q A)s = y = 0

t
=0
y

t ts
t ts
y
= f
=0
tb ts
b z tb ts
96


ts t t ts ts tb

=0
z z t b t s z z

h=

k dt
tb ts dy

=
y=b

k
d t ts
=
y0 d( y b) tb ts b

(q A)s = h(tb ts ) =

tb ts =

ts t tb
=
=
z z z

u0 (2b 1)c p dtb = h (2dz 1)(tb ts )

dtb h(tb ts ) ( q A) s
=
=
=
dz
u0 bc p
u0bc p

ts t tb
=
=
=
z z z

t
d 2t
= 2
z
dy
u t 2
t= 0
y +C
2 z
C
u t 2
ts = 0
b +C
2 z

u0

c p u 0 d y 1 t = u0 t b 2 + C
tb = 0 b
0 c p u0dy 1 6 z
dt
dy

=
y =b

u0 t
b
z

h=

k dt
3k
=
tb ts dy b b

hb
=3
k
8-17 3 m/s 25 mm 283 K
Nu =

305 K-
3 m

1
t = 295K tm = ( 283 + 295 ) 2 = 289K
289K
= 998.8 kg / m3 = 112.6 105 Pa s Pr = 8.0
c p = 4186 J (kg K)

97

Re =

d i ub

0.025 3 998.8
= 6.652 104
5
112.61 10

f = 0.046 Red 1/ 5 = 0.046 6.652 104

0.2

= 5.0 103
hm
= f /2
ub c p
hm =

f
ub c p = 2.5 103 998.8 3 4186 = 31299.3 W (m2 K)
2

dq = hm (ts tb )dL =
tb 2

b1

dt b
4hm
=
ts tb ub c p di

di
ub c p dtb
4
L

0 dL

ln

ts tb1
4hm L
4 31299.5 3
=
=
= 1.2
ts tb2 ub c p di 998.8 3 4186 0.025

ln

305 283
= 1.2
305 tb2

tb2 = 298 K

t = 297K tm = ( 297 + 283) 2 = 290K

290K
= 998.65 kg / m3 = 109.6 105 Pa s Pr = 7.76 c p = 4185.4 J /(kg K)
Re =

d i ub

0.025 3 998.65
= 6.835 104 > 2000
109.6 105

f = 0.046 Red 1 5 = 0.046 (6.835 104 ) 1 5

= 4.96 103
h
f
St = m =
ub c p 2
= 2.48 103

ln

ts tb1 4 L hm
4L
St
=
=
ts tb2 di ub c p d i

43
2.48 10 3 = 1.19
0.025
305 283
ln
= 1.19
305 tb2
=

tb2 = 298K

98

t = 298K

2-
t = 290K tm = ( 283 + 290 ) 2 = 286.5K
286.5K
= 999.2 kg / m3 = 120.2 105 Pa s Pr = 8.64
c p = 4188.2 J /(kg K)
Re =

d i ub

0.025 3 999.2
= 6.236 104 > 10000
5
120.2 10

f = 0.046 Red 1 5 = 0.046 6.236 104

0.2

= 5.06 103
f /2
2.53 10 3
St =
=
1 + 5 f / 2 ( Pr 1) 1 + 5 2.53 103 ( Pr 1)
= 8.66 104

ln

ts tb1 4 L hm
4L
St
=
=
ts tb2 di ub c p d i

43
8.66 104 = 0.416
0.025
305 283
ln
= 0.416
305 tb2
=

tb2 = 290.5 K

t = 290K
hm = St c p ub = 8.66 104 999.2 4188.2 3 = 10872 W/(m 2 K)

3
t = 290K
St =

m = 0.817, = 0.96
St =

( m ) ( f / 2)

1 + m

5 Pr + 1

f / 2 5 ( Pr 1) + 5ln
6

(0.817 / 0.96) ( 0.00506 / 2 )

5 8.64 + 1

1 + 0.817 0.00506 / 2 5 ( 8.64 1) + 5 ln

= 7.22 104

ln

ts tb1 4 L hm
4L
St
=
=
ts tb2
d ub c p d i

43
7.22 104 = 0.3468
0.025
305 283
ln
= 0.3468
305 tb2
=

99

tb2 = 289.4K

t
hm = St c p ub = 7.22 104 998.65 4185.4 3 = 9053 W/(m 2 K)

4
t = 290K
1
f
Pr 2 / 3 = 5.06 103 8.64 2 / 3
2
2
4
= 6.00 10

St =

ln

ts tb1 4 L hm
4L
St
=
=
ts tb2 di ub c p d i

43
6.00 104 = 0.2884
0.025
305 283
ln
= 0.2884
305 tb2
=

tb2 = 288.5K

t
hm = St c p ub = 6.0 104 998.65 4185.4 3 = 7524 W/(m 2 K)

/ K

298

290.5

289.4

288.5

/Wm2K1

31299

10872

9053

7524

8-18
1
4-398-45
2
u = a1 + b1 y + c1 y 2 + d1 y 3
t = a2 + b2 y + c2 y 2

ai bi ci i =1, 2 d1

hx
dx z

8-18

AB udy u 2 dy

0 uc ptdy

CD udy +
0

100

udy dx u 2 dy +

0
0


2

u dy dx uc p tdy + uc p tdy dx

0
0

x
x 0
AD 0 0 0

BC udy dx = 0

x 0


u0 udy dx = 0 c p t0 udy dx = 0

x
x 0

AB pdy
0

CD pdy + pdy dx

0
0

x

p x + dx + p x
d
BC p
dx =
( x +dx
dx
2
AD s dx

gdydx
2
u dy dx

x 0

d
pdy dx + p
dx s dx gdydx

0
dx

x 0

( p )
2
d
u dy =
+p
s dyg

x 0
x
dx
p
2

u dy = s + g dy

0
0
x
x

2
u
u dy =
x 0
y

y =0

+ 0 g ( t t 0 ) dy
0

t0 0 1
(4-39)

t


0 uc ptdy k y dx + c p t0 x 0 udy dx = 0 uc ptdy + x 0 uc p tdy dx

d
dt
u ( t t0 ) dy =

0
dx
dy

y =0

28-45

u = a1 + b1 y + c1 y 2 + d1 y 3

101

 y = 0 u = 0 y = u = 0 y =

t t
u
2u
= 0 y = 0 2 = g s 0
y

3
a1 b1 c1 d1
g ( ts t0 )

y
y
u=

1
4

g ( ts t 0 ) 2

ux =
4

u
y
y
= 1
ux

t = a2 + b2 y + c2 y 2

y = 0 t = ts y = t = t0 y =

t t0
t
y
= 0
= 1
y
ts t0

t u 1
2
2
4
d 2 d u x 1 y
1 d(u x2 )
y y
d
1
d

u
y
=

0 105 dx

dx 0
dx

= -

u
y

y =0

+ 0 g ( t t 0 ) dy
0

2
2
1

y
y
y 1
y

= - u x 1 + 2 1 + 0 g ( ts t0 ) 1 dy
0



y =0

u + 0 g ( ts t 0 ) 3
x
d(u x2 )
1

= u x + 0 g ( ts t 0 ) 3
105
dx

2
1 d
1
( ux ) = 2
3 dx

u x 4

ux 2

x1/ 4

10

98

12

14

u x = C1 x = C2 x

7
8
C
C
5 2
C1 C2 x1/ 4 = g ( ts t0 ) 2 x1/ 4 1 x1/ 4
420
3
C2
1
2 1/ 4
C1C2 x 1/ 4 =
x
40
C2

102

 20
C1 = 5.17 +
21
1/ 4

20
C2 = 3.93 +
21

1/ 2

1/ 2

g ( ts t0 )

g ( ts t0 )

1/ 4

1/ 2

= 3.93Pr 1/ 2 ( 0.952 + Pr )

qw / A = k

t
y

y =0

1/ 4

Grx 1/ 4

11

= hx ( ts t0 )

6
k
1/ 4
= 0.5089 Pr1/ 2 ( 0.952 + Pr ) Grx1/ 4
12

x
8-19 2 m 19mm 2 mm 250
hx =

2k

20 101.3 kPa
tm = (ts + t0 ) 2 = (250 + 20) 2 = 135
101.3kPa135
k = 0.034 W /(m = 26.26 106 m2/s Pr = 0.687

= 1 Tm = 1 (135 + 273.2) = 2.45 103 K 1

Ra = GrPr =

g (ts t0 )d 3

Pr =

9.81 2.45 103 (250 20) 0.0193

0.687
(26.26 106 )2

= 3.78 104

8-3 b = 0.53 n = 1 4
Num = 0.53( Ra)1 4 = 0.53 (3.78 104 )1 4 = 7.39
0.034
k
hm = Num
= 7.39
= 13.22 W (m 2
do
0.019

q = hm d o L (ts t0 ) = 13.22 3.14 0.019 2 (250 20) = 362.9 W

8-20 10 15 cm 1.5m
15m 110
tm = (ts + t0 ) 2 = (110 + 10) 2 = 60
60
= 1.06 kg / m3 c p = 1005 J /(kg K) k = 0.029 W/(m) = 18.97 106 m 2 /s
Pr = 0.696

= 1 Tm = 1 (60 + 273.2) = 3.00 103 K 1

1
103

Ra = GrPr =

g (ts t0 ) L3

Pr

9.81 (3.00 103 ) (110 10) 1.53

0.696 = 1.92 1010
(18.97 106 )2
8-3 b = 0.10 n = 1 3
=

Num = 0.1( Ra )1 3 = 0.1 (1.92 1010 )1 3 = 267.8

0.029
k
hm = Num = 267.8
= 5.18 W/(m2)
1.5
L

q1 = hm d o L(ts t0 ) = 5.18 3.14 0.15 1.5 (110 10) = 365.8 W

2
Ra = GrPr =

g (ts t0 )d o 3

Pr

9.81 (3.00 103 ) (110 10) 0.153

0.696 = 1.92 107
(18.97 106 )2
8-3 b = 0.13 n = 1 3
=

Num = 0.13( Ra)1 3 = 0.13 (1.92 107 )1 3 = 34.8

0.029
k
hm = Num
= 34.8
= 6.73 W/(m2)
do
0.15

q2 = hm d o L (ts t0 ) = 6.73 3.14 0.15 15 (110 10) = 4755.6 W

q = q1 + q2 = 365.8 + 4755.6 = 5121.4 W

104


9-1 O2N2 CO2

O2N2 CO2 c O2
32 cN2 28 cCO2 44 c O2N2 CO2
32c
= 0.308
a =
1
32c + 28c + 44c
28c
= 0.269
a =
2
32c + 28c + 44c
44c
= 0.423
a =
3
32c + 28c + 44c
O2N2 CO2 m O2 m/32
N2 m/28CO 2 m/44 O2N2 CO2

m / 32
= 0.3484
m / 32 + m / 28 + m / 44
m / 28
= 0.3982
x =
2
m / 32 + m / 28 + m / 44
m / 44
= 0.2534
x =
3
m / 32 + m / 28 + m / 44
9-2 A12 980 kg/m3
x =
1

xA =

aA / M A
N

(ai / M i )

0.12 / 46
= 0.0507
0.12 / 46 + 0.88 /18

i =1

M = 0.0507 46 + 0.9493 18 = 19.42 kg/kmol

cA = C xA =

xA =

980
3
0.0507 = 2.558 kmol/m
19.42

9-3 A B
daA
M A M B dxA
1 daA =

2 dxA =

2
2
( xA M A + xB M B )
aB
aA
MAMB
+

MA MB
M A xA
M A xA
=

1 aA =
xA M A + xB M B xA M A + (1 xA ) M B
105

daA M A ( xA M A + xB M B ) M A xA (M A M B )
=
dxA
( xA M A + xB M B ) 2
=

M A M B ( xA + xB )
( xA M A + xB M B )2

MAMB
( xA M A + xB M B )2
M A M B dxA
daA =
( xA M A + xB M B ) 2
aA / M A
2 xA =
aA / M A + aB / M B
=

a
1
(aA / M A + aB / M B ) A (1/ M A + 1/ M B )
dxA M A
MA
=
daA
( aA / M A + aB / M B ) 2
1
(aA + aB )
MAMB
=
(aA / M A + aB / M B ) 2
=

1
M A M B (aA / M A + aB / M B )2

dxA =

daA
a
a
MAMB A + B
M
M
B
A

9-4 101.325kPa52K CO2 0.080O2 0.035

H2O 0.160N2 0.725 z 0.00024m/s 0.00037m/s 0.00055
m/s0.0004 m/s
2 um
1 u
3 CO2 jCO2
ACO2
1 u =

BO2

4 CO2 J CO2
CH2O

DN2

( A u A + B u B + C uC + D u D )

101325
p
=
= 234.37 mol/m3
RT 8.314 52
cA = yA C = 0.08 234.37 = 18.75 mol/m3

C=

cB = yBC = 0.035 234.37 = 8.20 mol/m3

cC = yC C = 0.16 234.37 = 37.50 mol/m3
cD = yD C = 0.725 234.37 = 169.92 mol/m3

A = cA M A = 18.75 44 = 825 g/m3=0.825kg/m3

B = cB M B = 8.20 32 = 262.4 g/m3=0.262kg/m3
106

C = cC M C = 37.50 18 = 675 g/m3=0.675kg/m3

D = cD M D = 169.92 28 = 4757.76 g/m3=4.758kg/m3
= A + B + C + D = 0.825 + 0.262 + 0.675 + 4.758 = 6.520 kg/m3
u=

1
(0.825 0.00024 + 0.262 0.00037 + 0.675 0.00055 + 4.758 0.0004) = 0.000394 m/s
6.520
1
2 uM = (cA uA + cB uB + cC uC + cD uD )
C
1
=
(18.75 0.00024 + 8.20 0.00037 + 37.50 0.00055 + 169.92 0.0004)
234.37
= 0.00041 m/s
3 jCO2 = jA = A (uA u )

= 0.825 (0.00024 0.000394) = 1.27 104 kg/(m2s)

4 J CO2 = J A = cA (uA uM )
= 18.75(0.00024 0.00041) 103 = 3.19 106 kmol/(m2s)

9-5 206.6kPa294K O2 A CO2 B

xA=0.25uA=0.0017m/suB = 0.00034 m/s
1cAcBC
3 A B

2aAaB
4 uA um uB um

5 uA u uB u

6NANBN

7nAnBn

1 C =

206.6 103
p
=
= 84.52 mol/m3
RT 8.314 294

cA = CxA = 84.52 0.25 = 21.13 mol/m3

cB = C cA = 84.52 21.13 = 63.39 mol/m3

2 aA =

xA M A
0.25 32
=
= 0.195
xA M A + xB M B 0.25 32 + 0.75 44

aB = 1 aA = 1 0.195 = 0.805
3
3
3 A = cA M A = 21.13 32 = 676.16 g/m = 0.676 kg/m

B = cB M B = 63.39 44 = 2789.16 g/m3 = 2.789 kg/m3

= A + B = 0.676 + 2.789 = 3.465 kg/m3
4 uM =

1
(cA uA + cBuB ) = xA uA + xBuB
C

= 0.25 0.0017 + 0.75 0.00034 = 6.8 104 m/s

uA uM = 0.0017 6.8 104 = 1.02 103 m/s

uB uM = 0.00034 6.8 104 = 3.4 104 m/s

5 u =

( A uA + BuB ) = aA uA + aBuB

107

= 0.195 0.0017 + 0.805 0.00034 = 6.05 104 m/s

uA u = 0.0017 6.05 104 = 1.095 103 m/s

uB u = 0.00034 6.05 104 = 2.65 104 m/s

6 N A = cA uA = 21.13 0.0017 = 0.0359 mol/(m2s) = 3.59 105 kmol/(m2s)

N B = cBuB = 63.39 0.00034 = 0.0216 mol/(m2s) = 2.16 105 kmol/(m2s)

N = N A + N B = 3.59 105 + 2.16 105 = 5.57 105 kmol/(m2s)

7 nA = A uA = 0.676 0.0017 = 1.15 103 kg/(m2s)

nB = BuB = 2.789 0.00034 = 9.48 104 kg/(m2s)
n = nA + nB = 1.15 103 + 9.48 104 = 2.098 103 kmol/(m2s)

9-6 4 4
DAB

(1)
J A = DAB
(2)
jA = DAB

(4)
nA = DAB

d A
+ aA (nA + nB )
dz

(2)
J A = DAB

dcA
dz

(1)
(2)
DAB
= DAB

J A = cA (uA uM ) = cA uA cA uM
c
= N A A (cA uA cBuB ) = N A xA ( N A + N B )
C
N A = J A + xA ( N A + N B )

3
(3)
J A = DAB

(3)
(1)
DAB
= DAB

jA = A (uA u )

(4)
(2)
DAB
= DAB

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
DAB
= DAB
= DAB
= DAB

108

dcA
+ xA ( N A + N B )
dz

jA = J A M A A = cA M A
(2) d(cA M A )
J A M A = DAB
dz

MA=

(3)
N A = DAB

dcA
dz
d A
dz

dcA
dz

9-7 AB N A N B
C DAB = DBA
dx
N A = CDAB A + xA ( N A + N B )

dz
dxB
+ xB ( N A + N B )
N B = CDBA
dz
1+2
dx
dx

N A + N B = C DAB A + DBA B + ( xA + xB )( N A + N B )
dz
dz

xA + xB = 1
dxA
dx

= B
dz
dz
3
dx
dx

C DAB A DBA A = 0
dz
dz

DAB DBA = 0

1
2

BAB = DBA

9-8 AB
N n
N

n
M

M = xA M A + xB M B

N = N A + N B = cA uA + cBuB

n = nA + nB = A uA + BuB
= cA M A uA + cB M BuB
M
n MA
=
cA uA + B cBuB
M
M
M
MA M
MB M
n
N
M

um AB

9-9
9-42

A
+=0
A x
(cA umx + J Ax )dydz

109

[(cA umx + J Ax ) +

(cA umx + J Ax )
x

dx]dydz

( c u ) J
( )
) xx = A mx + Ax dxdydz
(
x
x
A y
(cA umy ) J Ay
(
( )
) yy =
+
dxdydz
y
y

A z
(c u ) J
(
)
(
) zz = A mz + Az dxdydz
z
z

(c u ) (cA umy ) (cA umz ) J Ax J Ay J Az

(
( )
) = A mx +
+
+
+
+
dxdydz
y
z
x
y
z
x

cA
dxdydz

A R A
R dxdydz
A

(cA umx ) (cA umy ) (cA umz ) J Ax J Ay J Az cA

+
+
+
+
+
+
RA = 0
x
y
z
x
y
z

umy umz
u
cA mx +
+
y
z
x

DcA J Ax J Ay J Az
+
+
+
RA = 0
+
x
y
z
D

J Ax = DAB

cA

J Ay = DAB

xyz
J Ax
2 cA
= DAB
x
x 2

J Ay
y

= DAB

cA
y
2 cA
y 2

J Az = DAB

cA
z

J Az
2 cA
= DAB
z
z 2

umy umz
u
+
cA mx +
y
z
x

2 cA 2 cA 2 cA
DcA
+
=
+
+ 2
D

AB
2
y 2
z
D
x

+ RA.

DcA
= DAB 2 cA + R A
D
9-10
cA ( um) +

110

 1 cA
cA
c
c
u c
1 2 cA 2 cA
+ umr A + m A + umz A = DAB
+
(r
)+ 2
+ RA
r

r
z
r
r 2
z 2
r r
umr = um = umz = 0

cA
cA

z
r

cA
2cA
=0
=0

cA
1 cA
= DAB
r

r r r

2 cA
0
z 2

R A = kA cA

+ kA cA

9-11 r
A
r dr dz
A

( A ur + jAr )2rdz

( A ur + jAr )

dr (r + dr )2dz
( A ur + jAr ) +
r

9-11

A
( A ur + jAr )

()r = ( A ur + jAr ) +
dr ( r + dr )2dz ( A ur + jAr )2rdz
r

( A ur + jAr )
( A ur ) jAr
= ( A ur + jAr )2drdz +
+
2rdrdz +
(dr )2 2dz
r
r
r

( A ur ) jAr
+
()r = ( A ur + jAr )2drdz +
2rdrdz
r
r

M A A
=
2rdrdz

( A ur ) jAr
( A ur + jAr )2drdz +
+
2rdrdz + A 2rdrdz = 0

r

r

1 [r ( A ur + jAr )] A
+
=0
r

r

111

jAr = DAB

A
r

1 2 A
1 (rur )
+ ur A + A
= DAB
r

r
r
r r
r r

1 (rur )
=0
r r
32

1 A
+ ur A = DAB
r

r
r r r

4 r A

112


10-1 CH4 A He B
1.013105 Pa 298K CH4 He 0.02m
CH4 pA1 = 6.08 104 Pa pA2 = 2.03 104 Pa
2CH4 NA

1CH4 um JA
5
CH4He 1.01310 Pa 298K DAB = 0.675 104 m2/s
D

1 J A = AB ( pA1 pA2 )
RT z
0.675 104
=
(6.08 104 2.03 104 ) = 5.52 105 kmol/(m2s)
8314 298 0.02
D
p
p
2 N A = AB
( pA1 pA2 ) = J A
RT z pBM
pBM
pB2 pB1
pA1 pA2
pBM =
=
pB2
p pA2
ln
ln
pB1
p pA1
6.08 104 2.03 104
= 5.846 10 4 Pa
5
4
1.013 10 2.03 10
ln
1.013 105 6.08 104
1.013 105
N A = 5.52 105
= 9.565 105 kmol/(m2s)
5.846 104
10-2 298K 1atm He N2 5mm
0.1 m He 0.06atm 0.02atm
1He
2N2
DHe-N = 0.687 104 m2/s
=

3 He N2
He AN2 B
1 N A = N B
D
N A = AB ( pA1 pA2 )
RT z
0.687 104
=
(0.06 0.02) 101325 = 1.12 10 6 kmol/(m2s)
8314 298 0.1
2 N A = N B = 1.12 106 kmol/(m2s)
DAB
3 N A =
( pA1 pA ) = 1.12 106
RT z / 2
1.12 106 RT z / 2
pA = pA1
DAB
= 0.06

1.12 106 8314 298 0.1/ 2

1
= 0.04 atm

4
101325
0.687 10

113

pB = p pA = 1 0.04 = 0.96 atm

10-3 p T r0
DAB T pA0

NA =

DAB p p pA0
ln
RTr0
p

N B = 0
D p dyA
+ yA ( N A + N B )
N A = AB
RT dr
D dp
p
= AB A + A N A
RT dr
p
DAB
dpA
NA =
RT (1 pA / p) dr
GA = 4r 2 N A =
GA
DAB
dpA

=
2
RT (1 pA / p ) dr
4r
GA RT dr
dpA

=
2
4DAB r
1 pA / p
p pA0
GA RT 1 1
= p ln

p pA
4DAB r r0

r pA 0
p pA0
G RT 1

A
= p ln
p
4DAB r0
NA

r =r 0

GA
D p p pA0
= AB ln
RTr0
p
4r0 2

10-4 101.3kPa
20m 3mm 298K
2.8 105 m2/s1
2
3 5 kg/h

1
NH3
D
N A = AB ( pA1 pA2 )
RT z
10-4
5
2.8 10
(101.3 0) = 5.724 108 kmol/(m2s)
=
8.314 298 20
GA = N A AM A = 5.724 108 0.785 0.0032 17 3600 = 2.475 108 kg/h
2
N B = N A = 5.724 108 kmol/(m2s)
GB = N B AM B = 5.724 108 0.785 0.0032 29 3600 = 4.222 108 kg/h

114

3
4.222 108
aB =
= 8.444 10 9
5 + 4.222 108
10-5 1mm 297K 297K
1atm 0.002kg/kg
297K 997.2kg/m3 22.38 mmHg -
DAB = 0.26 104 m2/s 5mm
pA1 = 22.38 133.32 = 2983.7 Pa
0.002 /18
pA2 = cA2 RT =
8314 297 = 326.2 Pa
0.002 / 997 + 1/1.189
pB2 = p pA2 = 101325 326.2 = 100998.8 Pa
pB1 = p pA1 = 101325 2983.7 = 98341.3 Pa
p pB1 100998.8 98341.3
=
= 99664.1 Pa
pBM = B2
100998.8
pB2
ln
ln
98341.3
pB1

NA =

DAB p
( pA1 pA2 )
RT z pBM

0.26 104 101325 (2983.7 326.2)

= 5.69 106 kmol/(m2s)
8314 297 99664.1 5 103
N A A M A = A
=

NA M A

1 103 997.2
= 9736.4 s = 2.70 h
5.69 106 18

10-6 298K
200mm 298K1atm 5mm
298K1atm - DAB = 0.260 104 m2/s
d
dz
N A Ad M A = Adz
DAB p
( pA1 pA2 )
RT z pBM
DAB p

( pA1 pA2 )d M A = dz
RTz pBM

z2
RTpBM
0 d = DAB p( pA1 pA2 )M A z1 zdz
RTpBM
=
( z22 z12 )
2 DAB p( pA1 pA2 ) M A

NA =

298K 3168.4Pa
pA1 = 3168.4 Pa pA2 = 0
pB1 = 101325 3168.4 = 98156.6 Pa pB2 = 101325 Pa

pB2 / pB1 < 2

115

1
pBM ( pB1 + pB 2 ) = 99741 Pa
2
996.95 8314 298 99741
=
(0.2052 0.2002 ) = 461.2 h
4
18 2 0.26 10 101325 (3168.4 0) 3600

10-7 10-3 293K 5

1.10cm 2.05cm 750mmHg293K
180mmHg 0.79 g/cm3
RTpBM AL ( z 2 z02 )
10-19
DAB =
2 pM A ( pA1 pA2 )
pB1 = p pA1 = 750 180 = 570 mmHg
pB2 = p pA2 = 750 0 = 750 mmHg

pBM =

pB2 pB1 750 570

=
= 656 mmHg = 87.46 kPa
750
p
ln
ln B2
570
pB1

pA1 = 180 mmHg = 24 kPa

p = 750 mmHg = 100 kPa
DAB =

831429387.46103790(0.02052 0.0112 )
2
= 1.0 10 5 m /s
2100103 5853600(24103 0)

10-8 [10-2110-22]
A B 1atm 298K DAB
M A = 46, M B = 16

A = 16.5 2 + 1.98 6 + 5.48 = 50.36

B = 16.5 + 1.98 4 = 24.42
1
2

1
2

AB = ( A + B ) = (4.530 + 3.758) = 4.144

1/ 2

A B
1/ 2
= (148.6 362.6) = 232.13 K
k k
298
kT
=
= 1.284
AB 232.13

AB / k =

D = 1.28

10-21
1/ 2

DAB

1
1
+
1.0 107 T 1.75

MA MB
=
2
p ( A )1/ 3 + ( B )1/ 3
1/ 2

1
1
1.00 10 298 +
46 16
=
1 (50.361/ 3 + 24.421/ 3 ) 2
7

1.75

= 1.43 105 m2/s

10-22
1/ 2

DAB =

116

1.8583 107 T 3/ 2 1
1
+

2
p AB D
MA MB

1/ 2

1.8583 107 2981.5 1

1
+
46 16
1 4.1442 1.28

= 1.26 105 m2/s

10-9 278K NH3 A- B

NH3 NH3
2% 1 = 0.9917 g/cm3 4mm
NH3 10% 2 = 0.9617 g/cm3278K NH3

DAB = 1.24 109 m2/s

1NH3
2

1 MM
= 17,
= 17,
MM
= 18
= 18
A A
B B
0.1/17
xA1 =
= 0.105
0.1/17 + 0.9 /18
0.02 /17
xA2 =
= 0.0212
0.02 /17 + 0.98 /18
x xB1 xA1 xA2 0.105 0.0212
=
=
= 0.936
xBM = B2
1 xA2
1 0.0212
xB2
ln
ln
ln
1 0.105
1 xA1
xB1
M 1 = M A xA1 + M B xB1 = 17 0.105 + 18 (1 0.105) = 17.895
M 2 = M A xA2 + M B xB2 = 17 0.0212 + 18 (1 0.0212) = 17.979

1 991.7 961.7
1
3
+
Cav = 1 + 2 =
= 54.45 kmol/ m
2 M 1 M 2 2 17.895 17.979
D C
1.24 109 54.45
(0.105 0.0212)
N A = AB av ( xA1 xA2 ) =
xBM z
0.936 4 103
= 1.51 106 kmol/ (m2s)
2 N B = 0

10-10 - A B
283K

1-
283K B = 1.308 mPas

VbA = 3 14.8 + 6 3.7 + 7.4 = 74 cm3/mol

M B = 18.02, = 2.6

T
BVbA 0.6
283
= 7.4 10 12 (2.6 18.02)1/ 2
= 8.284 1010 m2/s
1.308 740.6
2
DAB = 7.4 1012 ( M B )1/ 2

VbA = 3 14.8 + 6 3.7 + 7.4 = 74 cm3/mol, VbB = 18.9 cm3/mol

3V 2 / 3
K = 8.2 1012 1 + bB
VbA

117

= 8.2 10

DAB =

12

3 18.9 2 / 3
11
1 +
= 1.507 10
74

KT
1.507 1011 283
=
= 7.766 10 10 m2/s
1/ 3
1/ 3
BVbA
1.308 74

10-11 30mm 5mm 5m 2atm

290K STP273K
1atm S = 0.051 cm3/cm3 atm

DAB = 0.103 109 m2/s

C
0.051
S
pA1 =
2 = 4.55 103 kmol(H2)/m3()
cA1 =
22.4
22.4
pA2 = 0 cA2 = 0
G
dc

N A = A = DAB A
A
dr
dcA
GA = DAB 2rL
dr
r2 dr
cA 2
= 2LDAB dcA
GA
r1 r
cA1
cA1 cA2
GA = 2LDAB
r
ln 2
r1
4.55 10 3 0
= 3.63 1011 kmol/s
15
ln
10
10-12 NH3 1.013
105Pa 300KNH3 1.58103Pa
NH3 2.2m 0.3 1.87
DAB = 0.198 104 m2/s
C 273K
DAB ( pA1 pA2 )
NA =
RT ( z2 z1 )
= 2 3.14 5 0.103 109

= 0.3 = 1.87 pA1 = 1.58 103 Pa pA2 = 0 T = 300 K z2 z1 = 2.2 m

1.5

1.5

T
300
2
4
DAB = DAB1 2 = 0.198 104
= 0.228 10 m /s
T
273

1
0.3 0.228 104 (1.58 103 0)
NA =
= 1.05 109 kmol/(m2s)
1.87 8314 300 2.2
10-13 50 0.4m A
B 1.013105Pa 273K
1.12105cm 7.0106cm
pA1 = 2.01 103 Pa pA2 = 1.05 103 Pa

1
2 DAB
118

3 N A

1 r = 2.5 109 m H2 = 1.12 107 m = 7.0 108 m

Kn
Kn

H2

H2

1.12 107
= 22.4 > 10
2r
2 2.5 109

7.0 108
= =
= 14 > 10
2r
2 2.5 109
=

1/ 2

2 DKA

T
= 97.0r

MA

1/ 2

DKH

273
= 97.0 2.5 109

3 N A =

1/ 2

273
2
7

= 7.44 10 m /s
29

2
5
= 6.61 10 m /s DKH 2 DK DAB

DK = 97.0 2.5 10

C DAB

= 2.83 10 6 m2/s

DKH2

( pA1 pA2 )
RT z
2.83 106
=
(2.01 103 1.05 103 )
8314 273 0.4
= 3.0 109 kmol/( m2s)

10-14 A 1 2

2A
B
B
B p
1 2 A pA1 pA2 DAB
1 2 z N A
2A

B
N A = 2 N B
D p dyA
+ yA ( N A + N B )
N A = AB
RT dz
D p d yA 1
= AB
+ yA N A
RT dz 2
D p d yA
1
N A 1 yA = AB
RT dz
2
2 DAB p dyA
N A dz =
RT 2 yA
2 DAB p 2 yA2
ln
N A z =
2 yA1
RT
2 DAB p 2 p pA2
ln
NA =
RT z 2 p pA1

10-15 101.3 kPa 278K A 0.012m

3B B
2A
119

 A 22.6 kPa A B
1.93105m2/s AB N A N B
2A 3B
3
N B = NA
2
NA
= 2
NA + NB

NA
c
A2
NA
CDAB N A + N B
C
NA =
ln
NA
cA1
N A + N B z

NA + NB C
2CDAB 2C + cA1
ln
NA =
2C + cA2
z
cA2 = 0
2CDAB 2C + cA1
NA =
ln
z
2C
cA1 pA1
p
C=
=
C
p
RT
2 pDAB 2 p + pA1
ln
NA =
2p
RT z
2 101.3 103 1.93 105
2 101.3 + 22.6
= 1.491 105 kmol/ (m2s)
ln
8314 278 0.012
2 101.3
3
N B = N A = 1.5 1.491 105 = 2.236 105 kmol/(m2s)
2
10-16 NO CO
2NO + 2CO
N 2 +2CO 2
=

NO cAW NO
cAL kW DAB
L NO NA

N A = DAB

dcA
dx

1 x = 0 cA = cAW N AW = kW cAW
2 x = L cA = cAL

N A = N AW = k W cAW = DAB

kW cAW x
dx
AW
DAB 0
k x
cA = cAW (1 W )
DAB

cA

c
(2)

120

dcA =

dcA
dx

kW L
)
DAB
k c
cAL
N A = W AL =
k L
1
L

1 W
DAB kW DAB
cAL = cAW (1

1 cAL
L=

DAB
kW N A
10-17 AB

CD
CH 4 + 2H 2 O
CO 2 + 4H 2
A

A N A
dy
N A = CDAM A + yA N i DAM A
dx

NB = 2NA
NC = NA
N D = 4 N A

N i = N A + N B + N C + N D = 2 N A

dyA
+ yA (2 N A )
dx
CDAM dyA
NA =
1 + 2 yA dx

N A = CDAM

10-17

CDAM yAL d(1 + 2 yA )

N A dx =
0
2 yA 0 1 + 2 yA
CDAM (1 + 2 yA0 )
NA =
ln
2L
1 + 2 yAL
L

121


11-1 2.026105Pa 298K A B
A pA1=0.40atm pA2=0.1atm
kG0 =1.26108kmol/(m2sPa) A B
kG NA
kG = kG0

p
pBM
5

p = 2.026 10 Pa = 2 atm
p pB1
p pA2
pBM = B2
= A1
pB2
p pA2
ln
ln
pB1
p pA1
0.4 0.1
=
= 1.746 atm
2 0.1
ln
2 0.4
2
8
kG = 1.26 10
= 1.44 108 kmol/(m2sPa)
1.746
N A = kG ( pA1 pA2 )
= 1.44 108 (0.4 0.1) 101325 = 4.4 104 kmol/(m2s)

11-2
2 kx kL k x0
1 kG0 kc k y0
DAB
( pA1 pA2 ) = kG0 ( pA1 pA2 )
RT z
DAB p ( pA1 pA2 ) DAB 1
NA =
=
(cA1 cA2 ) = kc (cA1 cA2 )
z yBM
RT z
pBM
D p
N A = AB ( yA1 yA2 ) = k y0 ( yA1 yA2 )
RT z
k y0
0
0
0 RT
0 RT
k y = kG p, k y
= kc yBM , kc = k y
=
p
pyBM cBM

1 N A =

122

k y0 = kG0 p = kc cBM

DAB
D C
(cA1 cA2 ) = AB ( xA1 xA2 ) = k x0 ( xA1 xA2 )
z
z
DAB C
NA =
( xA1 xA2 ) = k x ( xA1 xA2 )
zxBM
D
N A = AB (cA1 cA2 ) = kL (cA1 cA2 )
zxBM

NA =

k x0 = k x xBM

, k x = kL C

kx =

k x0
= kL C
xBM

11-3
kc0 h

u x
u
2u
+ u y x = 2x
x
y
y
u x u y
+
=0
x
y

ux

ux

cA
c
2 cA
+ u y A = DAB
x
y
y 2

kc0
1

=y

u0

, f ( ) =
x
u0 x

2
d 2 cA Sc dcA
f
+
=0
2 d
d 2
c c
cA = As A
cAs cA 0

3
4

kc0x = DAB

dcA
dy

= DAB f " (0)

y =0

= DAB

dcA
d

=0

u0

u0
D
= 0.332 AB Re1x 2
x
x

h
T * cA Pr Sc

= 0 , T = 0 cA* = 0

, T = 1 cA* = 1
uys=0 uys 0 uys 0
11-4 288.5 K 10m/s
DAB=0.01582104m2/s Rexc =3105 0.3m

288.5K =1.461 105 m2/s

xu
0.3 10
Rex = 0 =
= 2.05 105 < Rexc

1.461 105
= 4.64 xRex 1/ 2 = 4.64 0.3 (2.05 105 )1/ 2 = 3.07 103 m
123

 D = Sc 1/ 3 = (

DAB

) 1/ 3

1.461 10
) 1/ 3 = 1.46 103 m
4
0.01582 10
11-5 A
= 3.07 103 (

cA=a+by+cy2+dy3
abcd
cAs = a + b 0 + c 02 + d 03

y=0cA=cAs
2

y= D cA=cA0 cA0 = a + b D + c D + d D
dc
y= D A = 0
0 = b + 2c D + 3d D 2
dy
y=0

2 cA
=0
y 2

1
2
3

0 = 2c + 6 d 0

14
3
1
1
1
a = cAs b = ( cA0 cAs )
c = 0 d = ( cA0 cAs ) 2
2
D
2
D

cA = cAs +

y
3
( cA0 cAs )
2
D

1
y
( cA0 cAs )
2

cA cAs 3 y 1 y
=
cA0 cAs 2 D 2 D
11-6 45 3m/s 0.1m
1m 0.1mm 45 1atm
6.92106m2/s 0.555mmHg 1152kg/m3
128kg/kmol
45 =1.11kg/ m3 =1.935 105 Pa s
Lu 1 3 1.11
= 1.72 105 < Rexc = 5 105

ReL = 0 =
5

1.935 10
D
kc0m = 0.664 AB Re1L 2 Sc1 3
L

1.935 105
Sc =
=
=
= 2.52
DAB DAB 1.11 6.92 106

6.92 106
(1.72 105 )1 2 (2.52)1 3 =2.59 103 m/s
1
yBm 1
kc0m = 0.664

u ys 0

kcm kc0m
p

N A = kcm (cAs cA0 ) = kcm As 0

RT

0.555
101325

= 2.59 103
= 7.24 108 kmol/(m 2 s)
760 8314 318

124

N A A M A = As

NA M A

0.1 103 1152

= 3.45 h
7.24 108 128 3600

11-7 26 0.1m/s 1m
0.3m 0.6m D kcx
NA 26 1.24 109 m2/s 0.0295kmol/m3
26 =997 kg/ m3 =0.873 103 Pa s
x u 0.3 0.1 997
= 34261.2 < Rexc = 5 105
Rex1 = 1 0 =

0.873 103
Sc =

DAB

DAB

0.873 103
= 706.1
997 1.24 109

1 = 4.64 x1 Rex11 2 = 4.64 0.3 (34261.2)1 2 = 7.5 103 m

D1 = 1 Sc 1 3 = 7.5 103 706.11 3 = 8.4 104 m
kcx0 1 = 0.332

DAB 1 2 1 3
Rex1 Sc
x1

= 0.332
Rex2 =

x2 u0

1.24 109
34261.21 2 706.11 3 = 2.26 106 m/s
0.3

= 2 Re x1 = 68522.4 < Rexc

2 = 4.64 x2 Rex21 2 = 4.64 0.6 68522.41 2 = 0.0106m

D2 = 2 Sc 1 3 = 0.0106 706.11 3 = 1.20 103 m
kcx0 2 = 0.332

DAB 1 2 1 3
Rex2 Sc
x2

1.24 109
68522.41 2 706.11 3 = 1.60 106 m/s
0.6
Lu 1.0 0.1 997
ReL = 0 =
= 1.142 105 < Rexc

0.873 103
D
kc0m = 0.664 AB Re1L 2 Sc1 3
L
1.24 109
= 0.664
(1.142 105 )1 2 706.11 3 = 2.48 106 m/s
1
N A = kcm (cAs cA0 )
= 0.332

kcm kc0m

N A = kc0m (cAs cA0 )

= 2.48 106 (0.0295 0) = 7.32 108 kmol/(m 2 s)

11-8 5min
85 kca a

d dcA
125

d
(VcA ) = kc A(cAs cA )
d
k A
dcA
= c d = kc ad
cAs cA
V

= 0, cA = 0
= 300s, cA = 0.85cAs

cAs 0
cAs 0.85cAs
= 6.324 103 s 1
kc a =

300
11-9
Sh = 2.0

dc
GA = N A 4r02 = DAB 4r 2 A
dr

1 r = r0 , cA = cAs
ln

2 r , cA = cA
cA

dcA

D (c c )
= AB As A
dr
r0
r0 r 2
N A = kc0 (cAs cA )

D
N A = AB
r02

As

kc0 r0
=1
DAB

Sh =

kc0 d 0 kc0 2r0

=
= 2.0
DAB
DAB

11-10 298K 0.1m/s 10mm 2m

1.24 109 m2/s 0.028kmol/m3
kcm
298K =997 kg/ m3 =90.258 105 Pa s
du0

10 103 0.1 997

= 1104.3 < 2000

90.285 105
Le = 0.05 Red d = 0.05 1104.3 0.01 = 0.55m < 2m

Red =

Sc =

DAB

DAB

90.285 105
= 730.3
997 1.24 109
d

k1 Red Sc
x

Shm = Sh +
n
d

1 + k2 Red Sc
x

126

 cAs 11-2
Sh = 3.66 , k1 = 0.0668 , k 2 = 0.04 , n = 2 / 3

0.01

0.0668
1104.3 730.30
2.0
= 27.85
Shm = 3.66 +
23
0.01

1 + 0.04
1104.3 730.30
2.0

9
Sh D
27.85 1.24 10
kc0m = m AB =
= 3.45 106 m/s
d
0.01

dGA = ub d 2 dcA = kcm ddl (cAs cA )

4
4k
dcA
= cm dl
cAs cA ub d
ln
ln

cAs cA1 4kcm l

=
cAs cA2
ub d

0.028 0
4 3.45 106 2
=
0.028 cA2
0.1 0.01

cA2 = 7.6 104 kmol/m3

2
d (cA2 cA1 )
4
3.14
= 0.1
0.012 7.6 104 = 5.97 109 kmol/s
4
11-11 50mm 2m 25
0.5m/s kcm
GA = ub

=1.185kg/ m3 =1.835 105 Pa s

25
pAs = 3167.89Pa, D- = 0.26 104 m 2 /s
Red =

d u0

0.05 0.5 1.185

= 1614.4 < 2000
1.835 105

1.835 105
= 0.60
DAB 1.185 0.26 104
Le = 0.05Red d = 0.05 1614.4 0.05 = 4.04m > 2m

Sc =

k1 Red Sc
x

Shm = Sh +
n
d

1 + k2 Red Sc
x

11-2 k1 =0.104 k2 =0.016 n =0.8 Sh =3.66

0.05

0.104
1614.4 0.60
2
= 5.75
Shm = 3.66 +
0.8
0.05

1 + 0.016
1614.4 0.60
2

127

Shm DAB 5.75 0.26 104

=
= 3.0 103 m/s
d
0.05
p
3167.89
= As =
= 1.28 103 kmol/m3
RT 8314 298

dGA = d 2 dcA = kcm ddl (cAs cA )

4
4k
dcA
= cm dl
cAs cA ub d

kcm kc0m =
cAs

ln

ln

cAs cA1 4kcm l

=
cAs cA2
ub d

1.28 103 0
4 3.0 103 2
=
0.5 0.05
1.28 103 cA2

cA2 = 7.9 104 kmol/m3

2
d (cA2 cA1 )ub
4
3.14
=
0.052 (7.9 104 0) 0.5 = 7.75 107 kmol/s
4
11-12 293K CO2
GA =

0.65m 0.00032m 0.325m/s CO2

CO2 CO2 0.0342kmol/m3CO2
1.77 10 9 m2/s 4.46 105 m/s
293K =998.2 kg/ m3 =100.5 105 Pa s
CO2 CO2 y CO2
cA dy dcA
ub ( 1)dcA = kc0 (dy 1)(cA0 cA )

ub

cAL

cAi

CO2

L
dcA
= kc0 dy
0
cA0 cA

ub =

kc0 L
c c
ln A0 Ai
cA0 cAL

WA = ub ( 1)(cAL cAi )

12
WA = ub (cAL cAi ) = kc0 L(cA0 cA )in
(c c ) (cA0 cAL )
(cA0 cA )in = A0 Ai
c c
ln A0 Ai
cA0 cAL
cA0 = 0.0342 kmol/m3 cAi = 0

128

2
3

0.325 0.00032 (cAL 0) = 4.46 105 0.65

cAL = 0.00832 kmol/m3

cAL
0.0342
ln
0.0342 cAL

WA = ub (cAL cAi ) = 0.325 0.00032 (0.00832 0) = 8.65 107 kmol/s

11-13 7 1.5m/s
50mm Sc=2920-
kcm
7 =1000 kg/ m3 =145.3 105 Pa s
du 0.05 1.5 1000
= 5.162 104 > 1 10 4
Red = 0 =

145.3 105
f = 0.079 Red1 4 = 5.24 103

Stu' b =

kc0m f
= = 2.62 103
2
ub

kcm kc0m = 2.62 103 1.5 = 3.93 103 m/s

-
Stu' b =

kcm k

0
cm

kc0m
f 2
=
ub 1.22 + 5 f 2( Sc 1)

2.62 103
3

1.22 + 5 2.62 10 (2920 1)

= 3.50 106

= 3.50 106 1.5 = 5.25 106 m/s

St =

St =

kc0m
=
ub

( m ) f 2
5Sc + 1

1 + m f 2 5( Sc 1) + 5ln
6

m = 0.817, ' = 1.00

(0.817 1.00) 2.62 10 3

= 3.49 106
5 2920 + 1

3
1 + 0.817 2.62 10 5 (2920 1) + ln

kcm kc0m = St ub = 3.49 106 1.5 = 5.24 106 m/s

jD = St Sc 2 3 =

f kc0 2 3
=
Sc
2 ub

f
ub Sc 2 3
2
= 2.62 103 1.5 2920 2 3 = 1.92 105 m/s

kc0 =

129


0
c

k / ms

3.93 10

5.25 10

5.24 10

1.92 10 5

Sc 1
11-14

(kg m/s)/(m 2 s)

q A

J/(m 2 s)

NA

kmol/(m 2 s)

f
ub
2

m/s

( u b us )

(kg m/s)/m 3

cp

m/s

( c p t b c p ts )

J/m 3

kc0

m/s

(cAb cAs )

kmol/m3

11-15 15m 5m 0.5 2.2 m/s

298K 298K 0.023 kg/m3
0.2610-4m2/s 5105
298K =1.185 kg/ m3 =1.835 105 Pa s
Lu 15 2.2 1.185
= 2.132 106 > 5 105
ReL = 0 =

1.835 105
5 105 1.835 105
= 3.519m
2.2 1.185

1.835 105
Sc =
=
= 0.596
DAB 1.185 0.26 104
D
kcm kc0m = 0.0365 AB ( ReL0.8 A) Sc1 3
L
12
5 0.8
A = Rex0.8

18.19
Re
18.19 (5 105 )1 2 = 2.338 104
xc = (5 10 )
c
xc =

0.26 104
[(2.132 106 )0.8 2.338 104 ] 0.5961 3 = 4.91 103 m/s
15

M A = kcm A( As A0 )
kcm = 0.0365

= 4.91 103 15 5 (0.023 0.5 0.023) 3600 24 = 365.9 kg/d

11-16 283K 1m/s 20m/s

0.5m kcx 1atm283K
5.16 106 m2/s 0.6209mmHg
5105
283K =1.247 kg/ m3 =1.77 105 Pa s
x u 0.5 1 1.247
Rex1 = 1 0 =
= 3.523 104 < Rexc

1.77 105
u=1m/s x = 0.5m
Rex2 = 20 Rex1 = 7.046 105 > Rexc
130

 u=20m/s x=0.5m

1.77 105
Sc =
=
= 2.75
DAB 1.247 5.16 106
D
kcx0 1 = 0.332 AB Re1x12 Sc1 3
x
5.16 106
= 0.332
(3.523 104 )1 2 2.751 3 = 9.0 104 m/s
0.5
D
kcx0 2 = 0.0292 AB Rex0.8
Sc1 3
2
x
5.16 106
= 0.0292
(7.046 105 )0.8 2.751 3 = 2.01 102 m/s
0.5
kcx0 2 > kcx0 1

11-17 283K 10m/s 1m 2m

1mm Rexc =5105
1145kg/m3 11-16
Lu 2 10 1.247
ReL = 0 =
= 1.41 106 > Rexc

1.77 10
L = 2m
D
kc0m = 0.0365 AB Sc1 3 ReL0.8 A

A = Rex0.8
18.19Rex0.5
= 5 105
c
c
Sc = 2.75,

kc0m = 0.0365

0.8

18.19 5 105

0.5

=2.338 104

DAB = 5.16 106 m 2 s

5.16 106
2.751 3 (1.41 106 )0.8 2.338 104 = 7.87 103 m s
2
kcm kc0m = 7.87 103 m s

N A = kcm ( cAs cA0 ) = 7.87 103 As 0

RT

0.6209 / 760 101325

3
7
=7.87 10
= 2.77 10 kmol (m 2 s)
8314 283

N A AM A = A s
2
s
1 103 1145
=
= 4.49 h
=
2 N A M A 2 2.77 107 128 3600

11-18 NH3 1atm 288K

0.01s kcm

288K1atm NH 3 - DAB = 1.77 109 m 2 /s

kc = 2

DAB
1.77 109
= 4.75 104 m/s
= 2
3.14 0.01
c

131

DAB
=

kc =

2 DAB
c

kc = 3.4 104 m/s

2
11-19 u z = u0
kd
Sh = c = 8.0
DAB
u z = u0
=

11-58
c
1 cA
u z A = DAB
r

z
r r r
cA DAB 1 cA
r
=
z
u0 r r r
N As =

cA cAs cAb
=
=
=
z
z
z
dcA DAB 1 d dcA
r
=
z
u0 r dr dr

dcA
= 0 r = ri , cA = cAs
dr

1 dcA u0
cAs cA =
(ri2 r 2 )
4 z DAB

r =0,

ri

ri

uz (cAs cA )2rdr = 0 u0 (cAs cA )2rdr

cAs cAb = 0
r
r
0 u z 2rdr
0 u0 2rdr
i

1
cAs cAb =

u0 ri2 dcA
8DAB dz

1
u0 ri dcA
2 DAB dz
DAB dcA
kc =
r = ri
cAs cAb dz
dcA
dz

r = ri

2
3
4 DAB
ri
4 DAB
2ri
kc d kc 2ri
ri
Sh =
=
=
= 8.0
DAB
DAB
DAB
kc =

132


12-1 20mm
1.013105Pa 343K
ub = 6m/s
= 2.05 105 Pa s Sc = 2 Pr = 0.75
c p = 1005J/(kg K) c pA = 1500J/(kg K) A = 590 kJ/kg

M A = 77
/K

/kNm2

/K

/kNm2

/K

/kNm2

295

0.59

315

2.48

335

7.89

300

0.86

320

3.32

340

10.36

305

1.27

325

4.49

345

14.97

310

1.75

330

5.99

350

17.50

Sh =

kc0 d
= 0.023Re0.83 Sc1/ 3
DAB

343K = 1.029kg / m3

Re =

dub

20 10 3 6 1.029
= 6023
2.05 105

BNB = 0
NA
=1
N A + NB
12-512-10

p 1 pAs / p
ln
1
N A = kc0
1 0
RT
N A c pA M A
q
( ) t = (tb ti )
+ A N A M A = 0
N c M /h
A
1 e A pA A

(tb ti )

N A c pA M A
1 e

N A c pA M A / h

= A N A M A

133

Sh =

kc0 d
= 0.023Re0.83 Sc1/ 3
DAB

jD =

kc0 2 / 3
Sh
Sc = St Sc 2 / 3 =
ub
ReSc1/ 3

jD = 0.023Re0.17 = 0.023 6023

0.17

= 0.00524

kc0 = jD ub Sc 2 / 3 = 0.00524 6 22 / 3 = 0.0198 m / s

h
jH =
Pr 2 / 3 = jD = 0.00524
ub cp

h = jH ub cp Pr 2 / 3 = 0.00524 1.029 6 1009 0.752 / 3

= 39.54W /(m 2 K)

31

1.013 105 1 pAi / p

ln
8314 343
1 0
p

= 7.03 104 ln 1 Ai
p

N A = 0.0198

1500 77 N A
= 590 103 77 N A
1 exp[1500 77 N A / 39.54]
ti N A 56
(343 ti )

ti = 318K

pAi = 2.984 103 N/m 2

5
2.984 103
= 0.210 104 kmol/(m 2 s)
N A = 7.03 104 ln 1
5

1.013
10

N Ati 6
1500 77 ( 0.210 10 4 )
= 958 J/(m 2 s)
1 exp[1500 77 ( 0.210 104 ) / 39.54]
N A 6
(343 318)

590 103 77 0.210 104 = 954J/(m 2 s)

ti = 318K N A = 0.210 104 kmol/(m 2 s)

12-2 40 20
- Sc = 0.60 , Pr = 0.70
ps20 = 2334Pa ps40 = 7376Pa
134

A = 2.446 106 J/kg c p = 1005J/(kg K)

H=

pv
18

p pv 29

20
2334
18
Hi =

= 0.01463 kg /kg
101325 2334 29
40 H G 12-23
2/3
H i H G c p Sc
=

A Pr
tG twb

cp
H G = H i + (tG twb )
A

2/3

Sc

Pr
1005
0.6
= 0.01463 + (40 20) (
) ( )2 / 3
6
0.7
2.446 10
= 0.022 kg/kg

40 pv
HG p
0.022 101325
=
= 3466Pa
pv =
H G + 0.621 0.022 + 0.621

pv
3466
100% =
100% = 47%
40
7376
ps

12-3 55 20 0.26
kg/(m 2 s) 20 0.003kg /kg 0.817kg
/(m 2 s)
kG a = 8.21 108 kmol/(m 2 s Pa) Z

1
tL H i 12-28
I i =1.005 + 1.88H i 103 tL + 2.491 106 H i

I i 20 2334Pa H i
2334
18
Hi =

= 0.0146 kJ kg
101325 2334 29
I i =1.005 + 1.88 0.0146 20 + 2491 0.0146
= 57.0 kJ kg

tL I i
1
2
12-29a
I=

LcL
Lc

tL + I1 L tL1
G
G

135

 tL1 = 20
I1 = (1.005 + 1.88 0.003 20+2491 0.003
= 27.7 kJ kg

LcL G = 0.26 4.187 0.817 = 1.33

tL2 = 55
LcL
+ (tL2 tL1 ) + I1
G
= 1.33 (55 20) + 2.77 = 7.43kJ kg

I2 =

20, 27.755, 74.3 1

3 ( I i I ) (ti tL )
12-42
Ii I
hL a
=
ti tL
kG aM B p

ti tL = 0
Ii I
=
ti tL

1
4 N G
12-41
NG =

I2

I1

dI
Ii I

I ( I i I )1 2
0.65
NG =

I2

I1

dI
= 0.65
Ii I

Z = NG H G

H G 12-40
0.817
G
=
= 3.39m
HG =
M B kG ap 29 0.821 107 1.013 105
Z = 0.65 3.39 = 2.20m

12-3
/

136

I i / kJ kg

I / kJ kg

( I i I ) / kJ kg

( Ii I )

/ kg kJ 1

20

57

27.7

29.3

0.0341

25

75.9

34.4

41.5

0.0242

30

99.2

41

58.2

0.0172

35

128.5

47.7

80.8

0.0124

40

165.2

54.3

110.9

0.00908

I i / kJ kg

45

I / kJ kg

( I i I ) / kJ kg

( Ii I )

/ kg kJ 1

212.1

61.0

151.1

0.00662

50

275

67.6

703.3

0.00482

55

351.5

74.3

227.2

0.00361

12-3 1

12-3 2

12-4

u ys 0
u x = 0 u x > 0

12-5

t = Pr 1/ 3 , D = Sc 1/ 3 t
D

t D
CD

u
y

, h
y =0

t
y

, kc
y =0

cA
y

y =0

12-6 30m/s 670

1.01325105Pa 530 0.04m/s
137

 25mm 500mm hx
Rexc = 5 105
tm =670 + 5302 = 600
1atm600 = 0.04kg/m3 = 3.91105 Pa s
Pr = 0.699 , k = 6.22 102 W /(m K)
x u 0.025 30 0.404
Rex1 = 1 0 =
= 7749.4 < Rexc

3.91 105

x2 u0

Rex2 =

= 20 Rex1 = 1.55 105 < Rexc

hx01 = 0.332

k 1/ 2 1/ 3
Rex1 Pr
x1

6.22 102
7749.41/ 2 0.6991/ 3
0.025
= 64.53W /(m 2 K)
= 0.332

hx02 = 0.332

k
6.22 102
1/ 2
Re1/x2 2 Pr1/ 3 = 0.332
1.55 105
0.6991/ 3
0.50
x2

= 14.43W /(m 2 K)
Pr = 0.699 0.7
0.04
Rex1 =
7749.4 = 0.12
30

u ys
u0

u ys
u0

Rex2 = 0.52

12-8
hx1
0
x1

= 0.77

hx2
hx02

= 0.15

hx
hx01 hx1
hx01

hx02 hx2
hx02

100% = (1 hx1 hx01 ) 100% = 23%

100% = (1 hx2 hx02 ) 100% = 85%

12-7 500 10m/s

100 1m 50%
1atm 100
Rexc = 5 105
1
tm = (500 + 100) = 300
2

138

1atm300
= 0.615kg/m3 = 2.97 105 Pa sPr = 0.674k = 4.605 102 W /(m K)
xu 1 10 0.615
Rex = 0 =
= 2.07 105 < Rexc

2.97 105

k
hx0 = 0.332 Re1/x 2 Pr1/ 3
x
4.605 102
1/ 2
= 0.332
2.07 105
0.6741/ 3 = 6.10W/(m2 K)
1
1
hx = hx0 = 3.05W/(m 2 K)
2
6.1
q / A = hx (t0 ts ) =
(500 100) = 1220 W m 2
2
h
x0 = 0.5 Pr 0.7
12-8
hx
u ys
u0

Rex = 0.28

u ys = 0.28u0 Rex1/ 2 = 0.28 10 (2.07 105 )1/ 2

= 6.2 103 m s

12-8 768K 101.3 kPa 30m/s

x = 0.3m 278 K 90 K1atm
kmol/(m 2 s) 90278K
2.85 104 J /(kmol K) 6.8 106 J / kmol
Rexc = 3 103
1
tm = (768 + 278) = 523K = 250
2

= 0.674kg/m3 = 2.74 105 Pa s Pr = 0.677k = 4.286 102 W /(m K)

xu 0.3 30 0.674
Rex = 0 =
= 2.21 105 < Rexc
5

2.74 10

k
hx0 = 0.332 Re1/x 2 Pr1/ 3
x
4.286 102
1/ 2
= 0.332
2.21 105
0.6771/ 3
0.3
= 19.60W/(m 2 K)

G kmol/(m 2 s)
q / A = hx (t0 ts ) = hx (768 278) = 490hx

q / A = G 6.8 106 + G 2.85 104 (278 90)

= 1.2158 107 G = 490hx

139

G = 4.03 105 hx
p
GA=u ys A
RT
GRT G 8314 278
u ys
=
= 22.82G
p
1.013 105
G = 0.0438u ys = 4.03 105 hx

u ys

hx =1087.6u ys = 1087.6
Rex u0 Rex1/ 2
u0

u
ys

Rex 30 (2.21 105 ) 1/ 2

= 1087.6
u
0

u ys

Rex
= 69.4
u0

u ys
u0

Rex = 0.2 12-8 hx / hx0 = 0.63

hx = 0.63hx0 = 0.63 19.60 = 12.35W/(m 2 K)

hx0 hx = 69.4 0.2 = 13.88 hx / hx0

u ys
u0

Rex = 0.18 , hx / hx0 = 0.65

hx = 0.65 19.6 = 12.74 W (m 2 K)

hx = 69.4 0.18 = 12.49

u ys
u0

Rex = 0.18

hx = 12.49W/(m 2 K)

140

G = 4.03 105 hx = 4.03 105 12.49 = 5.0 104 kmol/(m 2 s)