POWER QUALITY MONITORING

Project Theme
Consider a power transformer station with transformation ratio U1 / U2 (110/20 kV being
equipped with a transformer having an apparent power Sn = 25 MVA.
Non-deforming consumers (Cnd) having Snd power demands, at PFnd power factor and
deforming consumers (Cd) having Sd power demands at PFd power factor are connected on U2
bars. The deforming consumers produce the following current harmonics I5 = 12%, I7 = 8%,
I11 = 3% relative to the fundamental current, I1, the short-circuit power on the bars section is
Sk.
I.Input data:
Transformer:
U1n = 110 kV
U2n = 20 kV
U2maxadm = 24 kV
Sn = 25 MVA
Deforming consumers:
Index, a = (serial number from presence sheet)

1
Sd 6 1
a 10 6
100

VA

PFd = 0,63
S k 150 a 10 6 VA
Non-deforming consumers:

1
6
S nd 4 1
a 10 [VA]
100

PFnd = 0,63
It requires:
1. Determination of characteristic parameters of deforming system.
2. Compensation with batteries of capacitors to achieve a PFneutral = 0.92 and studying
the influence of these batteries on the deforming system.
3. Study of possibility to mitigate deformations combined with the effects of battery of
capacitors and the determination of needed measures to reduce the voltage distortion
factor below 5%.
CALCULATION SUMMARY
1. Determination of characteristic parameters of deforming system
1.1. Calculate the needed reactances of system to achieve the equivalent diagramm of Fig. 1.
- system reactance, XS:
-

Xs

U 22
[]
Sk

- reactive power of non-deforming consumer, Qnd:

- Qnd sin nd S nd [Var]
- equivalent reactance of non-deforming consumer, Xend:
-

X end

U n2
[]
Qnd

1.2. Calculate the currents of deforming consumers:

- reactive power of deforming consumers, Qd:
- Qd sin d S d [VAr]
- equivalent reactance of deforming consumers, Xend:
-

X ed

U n2
[]
Qd

1.3 Evaluation of THDI (Total Harmonic Distortion for currents) to the

deforming consumers
1.3.1. Calculation of currents, I1, I5, I7, I11.
I1d

Sd
3 U n

[A]

I 5d 0.12 I1d
I 7 d 0.08 I1d
I11d 0.03 I1d

[A]
[A]
[A]

Fig. 1. Equivalent diagramm of Cd and Cnd consumers

1.3.2. Residual deforming current:
2
I rezd I 52d I 72d I11
[A]
d
1.3.3.The distortion coefficient of deforming consumers:
d

I rezd
100 [%]
I1d

1.3.4. RMS current for deforming consumer:

2
I d I12d I 52d I 72d I11
[A]
d
1.4.Evaluation of THDU (Total Harmonic Distortion for voltage) to deforming system
1.4.1 Calculation of harmonic deforming currents circulating to system, I5S, I7S, I11S:
2

I 5 S I 5d

X ed
[A]
X ed X S

I 7 S I 7d

X ed
[A]
X ed X S

I11S I11d

X ed
[A]
X ed X S

1.4.2. Determination of harmonic voltages, Ua5, Ua7, Ua11:

U a 5 5 3 I 5 S X S [V]
U a 7 7 3 I 7 S X S [V]
U a11 11 3 I11S X S [V]
1.4.3. The deforming residue of harmonic voltage:
U rezd U a25 U a27 U a211 [V]
1.4.4. Distortion coefficient of voltage:
d

U rezd
100 [%]
Un

1.4.5. RMS harmonic voltage:

U ef

U n2 U a25 U a27 U a211

[V]

2. Compensation with batteries of capacitors to achieve a PF neutral = 0.92 and studying the
influence of these batteries on the deforming system.
2.1 Determination of power of battery of capacitors, Fig.2.

Fig.2 Determination of power of battery of capacitors

- total apparent power:
St = Snd + Sd [VA]
- active power of non-deforming consumers:
Pnd

2
2
S nd
Qnd

[W]

- active power of deforming consumers:

3

Pd

S d2 Qd2

[W]

- total active power:

Pt = Pnd + Pd [W]
- total reactive power:
Qt = Qnd + Qd [VAr]
- apparent power for neutral power factor:
Sneutral

Pt
[VA]
PFneutral

- reactive power for neutral power factor:

Qneutral

2
S neutral
Pt 2

[VAr]

- reactive power needed for compensation:

Qnecesar Qt Qneutral [VAr]

- capacitance of battery of capacitors:

Qnecesar
[F]
2 f U n2

Cb

- total current produced by battery on fundamental:

Ib

U n Cb 2 f
3

[A]

- equivalent diagramm needed:

2.2. Reactances calculation from equivalent diagramm:

- total equivalent reactance:
Xe

X ed X end
[]
X ed X end

- reactance of battery of capacitors:

Xb

1
[]
Cb 2 f

- if harmonic rank, = (1, 5, 7, 11), results:

X e1

X b X e 1
[]
X b X e 12

X e5

X b X e 5
[]
X b X e 52

X e7

X b X e 7
[]
X b X e 72

X e11

X b X e 11
[]
X b X e 112

2.3. Calculate the equivalent reactances, XS1, XS5, XS7, XS11

X S1

X e1 X S 1
[]
X e1 X S 12

X S5

X e5 X S 5
[]
X e5 X S 52

X S7

X e 7 X S 7
[]
X e 7 X S 72

X e11 X S 11
[]
X e11 X S 112
- resonance harmonic, r:
X S11

Xb
Xe XS
Xe XS

2.4 Calculation of voltage harmonics of system based on XS(1-11)

U S 5 5 3 I 5 S X S 5 [V]
U S 7 7 3 I 7 S X S 7 [V]
U S 11 11 3 I11 S X S 11 [V]

- deforming residue of voltage: U rez X S U S25 U S27 U S211 [V]

- distortion coefficient: U

U rez X S
Un

100 [%]

- RMS harmonic voltage: U efA U n2 U S25 U S27 U S211 [V]

5

2.5 Calculation of current harmonics on battery of capacitors, Ib5, Ib7, Ib11:

Ib5

U S 5 5 Cb
[A]
3

I b7

U S 7 7 Cb
[A]
3

U S 11 11 Cb
[A]
3
- residue of current on battery of capacitors:
I b11

[A]
- distortion coefficient of battery current:
I rezb

I b25 I b27 I b211

I rezb
100 [A]
Ib
- RMS deforming current on battery of capacitors:

di

I bd

I b2 I b25 I b27 I b211

[A]

3. Study of possibility to mitigate the deformations combined with the effects of battery
of capacitors.
3.1. Determination of filter characteristic relative to 5th harmonic.
- coil reactance relative to 5th harmonic:
1
X bob 5
[]
Cb 5 2
- reactance of filter F for 7th and 11th harmonics:
1
[]
7 Cb
1
X bob 5 11
[]
11 Cb

X F 7 X bob 5 7
X F 11

- reactance of fundamental harmonic:

X F 1 X bob 5 1

1
[]
1 Cb

3.2 Distribution of harmonic currents produced by deforming consumers between power

system and filter. Harmonic current values are known (1.2).
X F7 X S 7
- X Fe 7
[]
X F7 X S 7
X F 11 X S 11
- X Fe11
[]
X F 11 X S 11
3.3 Determining of voltage drops of voltage harmonics on equivalent reactances for each
harmonic:
- U F 5 3 X bob 5 I 5 d [V]
- U F 7 3 X Fe 7 I 7 d [V]
6

- U F 11 3 X Fe11 I11d [V]

3.4 Calculation of current harmonics that circulate through the filter.
- for fundamental, IF1:
Un
I F1
[A]
3 X F1
U F 5
IF5
[A]
3 X bob 5
U F 7
IF7
[A]
3 X F7
U F 11
I F 11
[A]
3 X F 11
- current residue on filter, IrezF:
I rezF I F2 5 I F2 7 I F2 11 [A]
- distortion coefficient of current through filter, dF :
I
dF rezF 100 [%]
I F1
- RMS deforming current through on filter, IdF:
I dF I F2 1 I F2 5 I F2 7 I F2 11 [A]
3.5 Deforming characteristics of voltage through filter
- voltage deforming residue on filter, U F 5 0, U rezF
U rezF U F2 7 U F2 11 [V]
- distortion coefficient, U F
U
U F rezF 100 [%]
Un
- RMS harmonic voltage, U eF
U eF U n2 U F2 5 U F2 7 U F2 11 [V]