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    16.5 Divergence and Curl PDF

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    ‘r9n016 1 Analytic Geometry 2 Instantaneous Rate of (Change: The Derivative 3 Rules for Finding Derivatives 4 Transcendental Functions 5 Curve Sketching 6 Applications of the Derivative 7 Integration 8 Tes sques of Integration 9 Applications of Integration 10 Polar Coordinates, Parametric Equations 11 Sequences and Series 12 Three Dimensions 13 Vector Functions 14 Partial Differentiation 15 Multiple Integration 16 Vector Calculus 1. Vector Fields 2, Line Integrals 5. The Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals 4, Green's Theorem 5. Divergence and Curl 6, Vector Funetions for Surfaces 7, Surface Integrals 8, Stokes’s Theorem 9. The Divergence Theorem 17 Differential Equations 18 Useful formulas aw aun aaaw ba wand 165 Divergence and Gut Home » Vector Calculus » Divergence and Cur ‘Search the book 16.5 Divergence and Curl [ump to Divergence and curl are two measurements of vector fields that are very useful in a variety of applications. Both are most easily understood by thinking of the vector field as representing a flow of aliquid or gas: that is, each vector in the vector field should be interpreted as @ velocity vector. Roughly speaking, divergence measures the tendency of the fluid to collect, or disperse at a point, and curl measures the tendency of the fluid to swiel around the point. Divergence i a scalar, that is single number, while cutis iselfa vector. The magni pa> the curl measures how much the fluid is swirling, the direetion indicates the axis around which it tends to swirl. These ideas are somewhat subtle in practice, and are beyond the scope of this course. You can find additional information on the web, for example at bttp://mathinsight.org/curl_idea and butp://mathinsight.org/divergence_idea and in many books including Div; Grad, Curl, and All That: An Informal Text on Vector Calculus, by H. M. Schey. Recall that iff isa function, the gradient of f is given by Of OF af vs Ge oy" a) ‘A.useful mnemonic for this (and forthe divergence and eurl as it tums out) is to let aaa © \ 82 By' Bz)" that is, we pretend that V is a vector with rather odd looking entries. Recalling that (u,v, wha = (ua, va, wa}, we can then think of the gradient as ere (Se ap ae)! ~ Cae ap 9) that is, we simply multiply the f into the vector. ‘The divergence and curl can now be defined in terms of this same odd vector V by using the ross product and dot product. The divergence of a vector field F = (f,9,h) is (2.22) than) = 60% 4% VF b5" By’ Be Oe * dy * Oe ‘The curl of F is var 28, 80.88) By 8282 D2’ Oz By Fle fe Bou = ele ipsuhwenw titman edulmathematcslalculus_erlinelsectont6.05 hil us ‘wrano16 (Collapse menu 1 Analytic Geometry 2 Instantaneous Rate of (Change: The Derivative 3 Rules for Finding Derivatives 4 Transcendental Functions 5 Curve Sketching 6 Applications of the Derivative 7 Integration 8 Techniques of Integration 9 Applications of Integration 10 Polar Coordinates, Parametric Equations 11 Sequences and Series 12 Three Dimensions 13 Vector Functions 14 Partial Differentiation 15 Multiple Integration 16 Vector Calculus 1. Vector Fields 2, Line Integrals 5. The Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals 4, Green's Theorem 5. Divergence and Curl 6, Vector Funetions for Surfaces 7, Surface Integrals 8, Stokes’s Theorem 9. The Divergence Theorem 17 Different 18 Useful formulas Equations “aw aun aaaw ba wand 185 Divergonce and Cu Here are two simple but useful facts about divergence and curl. Theorem 16.5.1 V-(V x F) =O. In words, this says thatthe divergence of the cutl is zero. Theorem 165.2 V x (Vf) =0. ‘That is, the curl ofa gradient is the zero vector. Recalling that gradients are conservative vector fields, this says that the curl of a conservative vector field is the zero vector. Under suitable conditions, it is also true that ifthe eurl of F is O then F is conservative, (Note that this is exactly the same test that we discussed in section 16.3.) Example 165.3 Let F = (e?,1,2e"). Then V x F = (0,e" ~ e%,0) = 0, Thus, Fis conservative, and we can exhibit this directly by finding the corresponding f. en Since fe = €#, f = xe* + 9(y,2). Since fy = 1, it must be that gy = 1, s0 (v2) = y+ h(2). Thus f = ze* + y+ A(z) and fe ef 04N(2), so (2) = ic. h(2) = C,and f = ze" ty +0. We can rewrite Green's Theorem using these new ideas; these rewritten versions in tum are closer to some later theorems we will se. Suppose we write a two dimensional veetor field in the form F ~ (P,Q,0), where P and Q are funetions of « and y. Then UxF = (0,0,Q2 ~ Py), ty Rls Belem o ele and so (Vx F) ke = (0,0, Qz ~ P,} - (0,0,1) = Qe ~ Py. So Green's Theorem says [\F dr= [Pas + aay ff. Raa= ffiv~®) kdA. (16.5.1) Roughly speaking, the right-most integral adds up the curl (tendency to swirl) at each point in the region; the left-most integral adds up the tangential components of the vector field around the entire boundary. Green's Theorem says these are equal, ot roughly, that the sum of the "microscopic" swirls over the region is the same as the "macroscopic" swirl around the boundary, Next, suppose that the boundary @D has a vector form r(t), so that »”(4) is tangent to the boundary, and ‘T = ¥'(t)/ e'(t)| is the usual unit tangent veetor. Writing x = (2(t), y(¢)) we get {a'y') az] and then, ipsuhwenw titman edulmathematcslalculus_erlinelsectont6.05 hil 8 ‘wrano16 (Collapse menu 1 Analytic Geometry 2 Instantaneous Rate of (Change: The Derivative 3 Rules for Finding Derivatives 4 Transcendental Functions 5 Curve Sketching 6 Applications of the Derivative 7 Integration 8 Techniques of Integration 9 Applications of Integration 10 Polar Coordinates, Parametric Equations 11 Sequences and Series 12 Three Dimensions 13 Vector Functions 14 Partial Differentiation 15 Multiple Integration 16 Vector Calculus 1. Vector Fields 2, Line Integrals 5. The Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals 4, Green's Theorem 5. Divergence and Curl 6, Vector Funetions for Surfaces 7, Surface Integrals 8, Stokes’s Theorem 9. The Divergence Theorem 17 Different 18 Useful formulas Equations “aw aun aaaw ba wand 165 Divecgonce and Gut iy! lr] is a unit veetor perpendicular to TT that is, unit normal to the boundary. Now dy= lr) -[ Pdy—Qaz [94+ Pay bo hbo F Nas= [ (p,q) “Zhe iar = I, Py’ dt — Qe’ dt loo ‘v So far, we've just rewritten the original integral using altemate notation, The last integral looks just like the right side of Green's Theorem (16.4.1) except that P and Q have traded places and Q has acquired a negative sign. Then applying Green's Theorem we get [, aes rar [fr aaa- ff Fa. «~- ‘Summarizing the long string of equalities, F Nas= [| V+ F dA. (16.5.2) Ea Roughly speaking, the first integral adds up the flow across the boundary of the region, from inside to out, and the second sums the divergence (tendency to spread) at each point in the interior. The theorem roughly says that the sum of the "microscopic" spreads is the same as the total spread across the boundary and out of the region, Exercises 16.5 Fx 165.1 Let F = (xy, ~2y) and let D be given by 0 <2 < 1,0 < y <1, Compute F-drand [ F-Nds, (answer) lop leo Ex 16.82 Let F = (az*, by?) and let D be given by 0 < x < 1,0 < y <1, Compute F-drand [ F-Nads.(ansyer) loo loo Ex 1683 Let F = (ay*,2") and let D be given by 0 < = < 1,0 < y < 2, Compute F-drand [ F-Nds. (answer) lop leo Ex 1684 Let F = (sin 200s cos siny) and let D be givenby 0 <2 < /2,0

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