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    calcules 3 divergence theorem

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    29 views5 pages

    16.4 Green's Theorem

    Uploaded by

    Tigst Tigst Yzachew
    calcules 3 divergence theorem

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    s1ne2016 164.Groon's Theerem Home » Vector Caleulus » Grosn's Theorem ‘Search the book 16.4 Green's Theorem We now come to the fist of three important theorems that extend the Fundamental Theorem ulus to higher dimensions. (The Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals has already ddone this in one way, but in that ease we were still dealing with an essentially one- dimensional integral.) They all share with the Fundamental Theorem the following rather ‘vague description: To compute a certain sort of integral over a region, we may do a computation on the boundary of the region that involves one fewer integrations. of Note that this does indeed deseribe the Fundamental Theorem of Caleulus and the Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals: to compute a single integral over an interval, we do computation on the boundary (the endpoints) that involves one fewer integrations, namely, no integrations at all Theorem 16.4.1 (Green's Theorem) If the vector field F = (P,Q) and the region D are sufficiently nice, and if C is the boundary of D (C is a closed curve), then aq ap > WE yaa [Pa Ody direction, we usually write f. We also use the notation OD to mean the boundary of D conservative, we know tat the integral fF de ~ 0, because any integral of lc conservative vector field around a closed curve is zero, We also know in this case thet AP Oy = 8Q/0e, so the double integral in the theorem is simply the integral of the zero fanetion, namely, 0, So in the ase that F is conservative, the theorem says simply that 0=0. Example 16.4.2 We illustrate the theorem by computing both sides of ln i where D is the triangular region with comers (0,0), (1,0), (0,1). Starting with the double integral: Fipsuhwenw titman edulmathematcslalculus_erlinelsecton16 Ot hiel 4s s1ne2016 Fipsuhwenw titman edulmathematcslalculus_erlinelsecton16 Ot hiel [fo-vaa—[f [vtrac~ ff SB ac Oat There is no single formula to describe the boundary of D, so to compute the left side directly ‘we need to compute three separate integrals corresponding to the three sides ofthe triangle, and each of these integrals we break into two integrals, the "4x" part and the "dy’ three sides are deseribed by y = 0, y= 1 — 2, and 2 = 0. The integrals are then 1 ° 5 fztdesavay= [tac [oay+ [ode~ [ody Io A hb 5 1 1 iil = FtO-F tg t0+0=% 1 x a+ [ (l-yyay Alternately, we could describe the three sides in vector form as (¢,0), (I~ ¢,4), and {0,1 =). Note that in each case, as ¢ ranges from 0 to 1, we follow the corresponding side in the correct direction, Now [te zudy~ [vt oats aoptsa gears foo oat = [eae [aot sane F In this ease, none of the integrations are difficult, but the second approach is somewhat tedious because of the necessity to set up three different integrals. In different circumstances, either ofthe integrals, the single or the double, might be easier to compute. Sometimes it is ‘worthwhile to turn a single integral into the corresponding double integral, sometimes exactly the opposite approach is best Here is a clever use of Green's Theorem: We know that areas can be computed using double integrals, namely, fp computes the area of region D. If we ean find P and Q so that 8Q/82 — AP /@y = 1, then the area is also Pdr +Qdy. Itis quite easy to do this: P = 0, @ = x works, as do P = —~y, @Q = Oand P= -y/2,Q = 2/2 Example 16.4.3 An ellipse centered atthe origin, with its two principal axes aligned with the x and y axes, i given by We find the area of the interior ofthe ellipse via Green's theorem. To do this we need a vector equation forthe boundary; one such equation is (a.cos, sin), ast anges from 0 0 27 We can easly verify this by substitution: ‘r9n016 2 Instantaneous Rate of (Change: The Derivative 3 Rules for Finding Derivatives 4 Transcendental Functions 7 Integration 8 Techniques of Integration 9 Applications of Integration 10 Polar Coordinates, Parametric Equations 11 Sequences and Seri 12 Three Dimensions 13 Vector Functions 14 Partial Differentiation 15 Multiple Integration 16 Vector Calculus 1. Veetor Fields 2. Line Integrals Fipsuhwenw hitman edulmathematcslalculus_erlinelsectont6 Ot him 184 Groots Theerem 2 yt ateostt Bain? 2 yt aeostt | Wainte eRe = cos? t+ sin’ t = Let's consider the three possibilities for P and Q above: Using 0 and 2 gives fiode+edy lc Using —y and 0 gives * 4 cos(t)bcos(t) dt = [” abos*(t) at fives ody [ bsincor-asintey ae [ cbsnt(eya Finally, using —y/2 and 2/2 gives: 2 2 bin cos f Yasia f ESOC asint)) de + 28509 6 c09(¢) at 2 gbsin?t | abcostt 4, ab a setae [a= na ‘The frst two integrals are not particularly difficult, but the thd is very easy, though the choice of P and Q seems more complicated, - foo = Figure 1641.4 “sondar cps Proof of Green's Theorem. We cannot here prove Green's Theorem in general, but we can do a special case. We seek to prove that freon [ft aa Iti suficient to show that ap. fea f%2 pac= ff Pan ana ay ff 22 aa, £ i ay foo Noe 2 B ‘which we can do if we can compute the double integral in both possible ways, that is, using dA = dydz and dA = dz dy. For the fitst equation, we start with ‘p06 3. The Fundamental Theorem of Line integrals 4. Greens Theorem 5. Divergence and Curl 6. Vector Functions for Surfaces 7. Surface Integrals 8. Stoker's Theorem 9. The Divergence Theorem 17 Differential Equations 18 Useful formulas 2 Instantaneous Rate of (Change: The Derivative 3 Rules for Finding Derivatives 4 Transcendental Functions 5 Curve Sketching 7 Integration 8 Techniques of Integration 9 Applications of Integration 10 Polar Coordinates, Parametric Equations 11 Sequences and Seri 12 Three Dimensions 13 Vector Functions 14 Partial Differentiation 15 Multiple Integration 16 Vector Calculus 1. Veetor Fields 2. Line Integrals Fipsuhwenw hitman edulmathematcslalculus_erlinelsectont6 Ot him 3 3| auuw aun nau wan ‘seus Tre Is tam fi [0° Payde~ f° me,a4e))- Peale) Here we have simply used the ordinary Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, since forthe inner integral we are integrating a derivative with respect to y: an antderivative of OP /8y with respect to yis simply P(e, y), and then we substitute 9, and go for y and subtract. Now we nced to manipulate J, P dx. The boundary of region D consists of 4 pars, given by the equations y = gi (x), ¢ = b, y = g2(sx), and x = a, On the portions 2 = band = dx = Odt, so the corresponding integrals are zero. For the other two portions, we use the parametric forms 2 = t,y = oi(t), a

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