Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Setturu Bharath1
Subash Chandran M D1
Vishnu Mayananda2
Harish R Bhat1
G R Rao1
Akhil C A1
Vishnu D Mukri1
Vrijulal M V
Chaturved Shet
Gouri Kulkarni K1
Bharath H Aithal1
1Energy and Wetlands Research Group, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 (http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy)
2 R K Mission, Shivanahalli, Anekal Taluk (http:// http://www.rkmission-shivanahalli.org/)
Citation: Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57,
ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/T_V_Ramachandra/publications
Email: cestvr@ces.iisc.ernet.in,
energy@ces.iisc.ernet.in
sahyadri@ces.iisc.ernet.in
Note: The views expressed in the publication [ETR 109] are of the authors and not necessarily reflect the
views of either the publisher, funding agencies or of the employer (Copyright Act, 1957; Copyright Rules,
1958, The Government of India).
2016
Setturu Bharath
Subash Chandran M D
Vishnumayananda
Harish R Bhat
G R Rao
Akhil C A
Vishnu D Mukri
Vrijulal M V
Chaturved Shet
Gouri Kulkarni K
Bharath H Aithal
Citation: Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS
Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
Section Content
Executive Summary
1
Introduction
1.1 National Parks in Karnataka: An Overview
1.2 Bannerghatta National Park (BNP)
2.0
Floristic diversity, status and conservation aspect of Bannerghatta National Park
and buffer area
3.0
Flora of Bannerghatta National Park
4.0
Bird diversity
5.0
Faunal Diversity of BNP and Buffer area
6.0
Butterfly Diversity in Bannerghatta National Park
7.0
Common lands (gomala): status and significance
8.0
Land Use Dynamics in BNP
9.0
Eco-Sensitive Regions / Zones of BNP
9.1 Safe passage for elephants
10.0
Unplanned and Unrealistic Urbanization in Bangalore: BNPs Tragedy
10.1 Modeling and visualization of likely changes in BNP
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Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences,
TE 15, New Bioscience Building, Third Floor, E Wing,
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2016
Prime habitat for several species of mammals, amphibians, reptiles and birds
including the endangered Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus), Indian gaur (Bos
gaurus), Sambar deer (Cervus unicolor), Spotted deer (Axis axis), Leopard (Panthera
pardus), Wild dog (Cuon alpines), Wild pig (Sus scrofa), Sloth bear (Melurus
ursinus),
Common
mongoose
(Herpestes
vitticollis),
Pangolin
(Manis
crassicaudata), Slender loris (Loris lardigradus) and Black naped hare (Lepus
nigricollis), etc;
As a terminal point on the northern side of Mysore Elephant Reserve, movement path
for Asian Elephants Asian Elephants that migrate from the adjacent Cauvery wildlife
Sanctuary of Karnataka and Krishnagiri and Hosur Forest Division of Tamilnadu
which is in contiguam with the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve carved out of Western
Ghats forest at Nilgiris stretching through Malaimahadeshwara hills, Biligiri Ranga
Temple Sanctuary, Kollegal Forest Division and Sathyamangala Forests of
Tamilnadu;
Crucial watershed for streams such as Antaragange Hol , Rayatmala Hol, Amuthi
halla, Muthyala Madu halla, Shankarana halla, Bantana halla, Aane Maduvina halla,
Byaladakere halla, Maavina halla
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved
Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS
Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
SCR 57, ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc
2016
Sustains regional hydrology vital for maintaining the hydrologic regime in the river
Cauvery.
There are about 120 human settlements located within 5 km from the BNP boundary
and 5 human settlements within BNP. Some of the recently formed settlements are
through encroachment of forest lands. Scheduled tribes dominate the settlements
located close to the park boundary in the South-East, and South-West and depend on
agriculture and livestock rearing for livelihood.
Scope for research on wild animals and their habitat, the socioeconomic status of the
people and monitoring of the changes in flora, fauna, and people.
These regions (ESZ) are ecologically and economically vital and vulnerable to even
mild disturbances and hence demand conservation;
regions for conservation and community usage based on ecological and social /
cultural dimensions;
conservation of
particularly when habitats are fragmented, disturbed and are inadequate for their
usage as a passage;
Unplanned rapid urbanisation process at Bangalore would threaten the very existence
of BNP;
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved
Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS
Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
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2016
Supports cluster based developmental path based on the locally available resources;
prioritizes the regions in the BNP buffer regions of 5 km, considering attributes
(biological, Geo climatic, Social, etc.) as ESR1 (Regions of highest sensitivity or
Ecologically Sensitive Region 1), ESR2 (Regions of higher sensitivity), ESR3
(Regions of high sensitivity) and ESR4 (Regions of moderate sensitivity).
69 villages are in ESR 1, 78 villages in ESR 2, 79 villages in ESR 3 and the rest 176
villages are in ESR 4 (in the buffer region of 10 km).
ESR 1 and ESR 2 are no go area for any developmental activities involving
large scale land cover changes.
ESR 4 represents least diversity areas and the developments are allowed as per the
requirement by strict vigilance from regulatory authorities.
Ecologically Sensitive Regions (ESRs) are the ecological units that may be easily affected
or harmed. It is a bio-climatic unit (as demarcated by entire landscapes) wherein human impacts
have locally caused irreversible changes in the structure of biological communities (as evident
in number/ composition of species and their relative abundances) and their natural habitats
(Section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act 1986 (EPA)). This approach of conservation or
ecological planning considers spatially both ecological and social dimensions of environmental
variables. Ecological sensitive regions with exceptional biotic and abiotic elements are being
degraded or lost as a result of unplanned developmental activities. Landscapes sustainability
as a basic goal for development requires comprehensive picture of the biophysical and sociocultural information of a region and this approach provides an opportunities and constraints for
decision-making and sustainable management of natural resources. Conservation by
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved
Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS
Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
iii
SCR 57, ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc
2016
prioritisation of sensitive regions has been widely used to improve ecosystem by conservations
practices. This study prioritises the regions in the 5 km buffer region of Bannerghatta National
Park (BNP), considering attributes (biological, Geo climatic, Social, etc.) as ESR 1 (Regions
of highest sensitivity or Ecologically Sensitive Region 1), ESR2 (Regions of higher
sensitivity), ESR3 (Regions of high sensitivity) and ESR4 (Regions of moderate sensitivity).
Sustainable development of a region requires a synoptic ecosystem approach that relates to the
dynamics of natural variability and the effects of human interventions on key indicators of
biodiversity and productivity. Conservation has become challenging task as in the face of
increasing human pressures on ecosystem. An anthropogenic disturbance on landscape is of
much higher intensities compared to natural disturbance processes (such as wind and fire),
which alter abiotic and biotic environments across wide areas.
The spatial conservation planning considering both ecological and cultural dimensions will
results in as ecologically sensitive regions (ESR). Ecological sensitive regions treasure
sensitive natural elements that could be degraded or lost as a result of uncontrolled or
incompatible development. ESR will aid in demarcating regions for conservation and
community usage based on ecological and social / cultural dimensions. Ecological dimension
refers to the natural environment such as ecosystems and ecological processes. While, cultural
dimension refers to the human culture such as political, social, technological and economic
aspects. ESR are identified based on the quality, the scarcity, or the role they play in the
ecosystem and culture, to maintain essentially the ecological characteristics and integrity.
Section 5(1) of Environment (Protection) Act 1986 (EPA), Ministry of Environment and
Forests (MoEF), Government of India regulate the location of industries and carrying out
certain operations on the basis of considerations like the ecological sensitivity. The MoEF had
set up Committee to identify parameters for designating Ecologically Sensitive Areas in the
country to counter the rapid deterioration of the environment, both nationally and
internationally. The committee has defined ecological sensitivity or fragility as permanent
and irreparable loss of extant life forms from the world; or significant damage to the natural
processes of evolution and speciation. Eco-sensitive regions have been delineated based on
biological, economical, socio cultural values depending upon the context and the area or
location for conservation. ESRs are the areas that are ecologically and economically very
important but, vulnerable to even mild disturbances and hence demand conservation. These are
the `unique regions that are biologically and ecologically valuable and are hence irreplaceable
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved
Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS
Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
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2016
if destroyed. The delineation of ESR is done considering a set of variables, which are location
specific and represent entire system or mimic major systems functionalities.
Bannerghatta National Park (BNP)
Location
Area
Climate
Terrain
Bannerghatta National Park (BNP) was declared as national park in 1974 with an area of
106.83 sq. km by Government of Karnataka vide Notification No. AFD.61 FWL 74, dated 625/9-1974 published in the Karnataka Gazettee dated 9-1-75 in exercise of the powers
conferred by sub-section (1) of Section 35 of The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 (Central
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved
Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS
Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
SCR 57, ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc
2016
Act 53 of 1972). It had comprised 2 reserve forests spread over in the district of Bangalore
urban and Bangalore rural. The various plans and proposals were considered by forest
department, Government of Karnataka till 2009 to widen and develop the Bannerghatta
National Park. These plans were created for reducing the pressure of the people residing in the
periphery of the park, reducing human animal conflict as well as depredation of crop by
elephants, habitat improvement for increasing the carrying capacity of the park and the
restoration of entire ecosystem. The plan envisaged managing the BNP on sound principles of
latest wildlife management practices. Thus the management plan has approved in 2011 by an
effective administrative setup with the addition of Kodihalli Range from adjacent Ramanagara
Territorial Division for implementing the plan prescriptions. The total area of BNP now
encompasses an area of 260.51 sq.km comprising of 13 reserve forests spread over the districts
of Bangalore urban, Bangalore rural and Ramanagara as per Vide G. O. No. FEE 302 FWL
2011 (II), dated: 27.12.2011. The boundary of BNP is having highly irregular shape and it
measures about 59 km in length and the width varies from 0.3 km to 13.8 km. BNP regions has
31 Beats under 6 ranges for effective management and protection.
Bannerghatta National Park is located in the southern elevated plateau that extends from the
foot of the Western Ghats. The plateau receives less than 1000 mm annual precipitation with
natural climax vegetation of dry deciduous types and are broadly divided into:
1. Shorea talura-Terminalia sp-Anogiessus latifolia series tropical deciduous forest;
2. Chloroxylon swietenia-Anogiessus latifolia-Albizzia sp series tropical dry deciduous
forest;
3. Acacia thorn forest and
4. Riverine gallery forest.
The forest types cover moist deciduous, dry deciduous forests, thorny scrub and grass lands
with rich flora and fauna Historical vegetation of the district is in undisturbed parts such as the
core areas of Chikkaragalli betta are with dense jungle of Shorea talura-Terminalia spAnogiessus latifolia series forest. Shorea talura tree being a member of Dipterocarpaceae (all
other family members of Dipterocarpaceae occur in evergreen to semi-evergreen forest) is an
endangered tree as per IUCN category. The distribution of this forest type in less disturbed
areas highlights the ecological importance of the area. These forest types have disappeared in
most other areas with high anthropogenic pressure
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2016
are undergoing severe land cover changes due to anthropogenic pressures. The landscape
consists of fragmented forest patches, interspersed agricultural lands, pastures, habitations, etc.
BNP is one of the oldest habitats of Asian elephants, supporting 100-150 population and large
number of 200-300 migratory population also noticed from adjoining Tali reserve forest and
Kaveri wild life sanctuary.
The land use analysis has been carried out in BNP and in buffer region (5 km). Land use
changes within BNP region are minimal as compared to buffer region. The moist deciduous
forest covered 50.4% (1973) and now 28.5 % (2015) due to anthropogenic pressure in BNP
and its environs. Forests in Ragihalli, Manjunatha, Yelavantha, Bettahalli regions with good
protection measures show minimal disturbance. However, implications of unplanned
urbanization are evident in the buffer regions. Land use analyses in the buffer region (5 km)
analysis highlights of urban sprawl in peri-urban regions has fragmented, dispersed urban
patches in periphery accounting to 5462 ha (built-up area). The region has lost moist deciduous
cover from 26.1 to 13.8 % with an increase in horticulture 8.5 to 11% (1973-2015). The region
had lost the large tracts of deciduous cover in Kanakapura taluk, Anekal taluk regions due to
intensified horticulture activities and deforestation. The current study prioritizes the regions in
the BNP buffer regions of 5 km, considering attributes (biological, Geo climatic, Social, etc.)
as ESR1 (Regions of highest sensitivity or Ecologically Sensitive Region 1), ESR2 (Regions
of higher sensitivity), ESR3 (Regions of high sensitivity) and ESR4 (Regions of moderate
sensitivity).
As per the analyses, 69 villages are in ESR 1, 78 villages in ESR 2, 79 villages in ESR 3 and
the rest 176 villages are in ESR 4 (in the buffer region of 10 km). The ESR 1 represents zone
of highest conservation, no further degradation allowed. The ESR-1 reflects all villages within
1km of BNP which are to be treated as high sensitive region of conservation. ESR 2 represents
a zone of transition for highest conservation and moderate conservation regions. These regions
(ESR 1, ESR 2) are no go area for any developmental activities involving large scale land
cover changes.
development is allowed in these areas. ESR 4 represents least diversity areas and the
developments are allowed as per the requirement by strict vigilance from regulatory authorities.
The Community based Conservation (CBC) of ESR 2 & 3 is essential as conservation of
biological diversity (or wildlife) depends on the extent of involvement of local communities in
decision-making, monitoring and regular management. Local communities knowledge and
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved
Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS
Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
vii
SCR 57, ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc
2016
experience of wildlife and their habitats, would be invaluable in conservation endevours. This
would also help the BNP administration in delineating the region for further usage by local
communities on sustainable basis. The uncontrolled development should be discouraged in and
around of pristine lakes, primeval forest patches, perennial water bodies. The village forest
committees (VFCs) should be formed on priority for promoting conservation initiatives. The
members should be involved for afforestation, wild life protection and controlling deforestation
activities. Monitoring committee should be formed under the guidance of district forest officer
(DFO) with powers conferred by subsection-3 of Environment Protection Act, 1986. The
committee should include a representative from forest department, a representative from urban
development (BDA), a representative of non-government organization, who are active in the
field of conservation, an expert in forest ecology and environment, one of the village forest
committee members (VFC), a representative from local stake holders. Suggestions regarding
the management of ESR are:
1. Restrictions on large scale land cover changes;
2. Encouragement to organic farming;
3. No monoculture plantation of exotics like Eucalyptus, Acacia, etc.;
4. Extraction of medicinal plants only with strict regulations;
5. Appropriate cropping to minimize instances of human animal conflicts, restrictions
on the cultivation of elephant preferred crops such as paddy (Oryza sativa), banana
(Musa paradisiaca) and ragi (Eleusine coracana) in ESR 2 and ESR 3 villages.
6. Ban on hazardous or toxic waste processing units;
7. Restoration of land cover through appropriate catchment area treatment plans for
reducing silt yield in the catchment;
8. Setting up fodder farms to support local livestock population;
9. Ban large scale mining;
10. Controlled quarrying and sustainable sand mining;
11. Involving education institutions to document biodiversity in the neighbourhood
(village level);
12. Eco clubs at all schools and students to take part in environment monitoring (part of
curriculum);
13. Setting up agro processing industries, cottage industries to support local livelihood;
14. Collection of NTFP through local people (complete removal of contract system);
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved
Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS
Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
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2016
15. Development of forest nurseries of local species through the active participation of local
villagers;
16. Incentives to VFCs for conservation and protection of forests.
17. Creation of fodder reserves: It is very necessary to enrich the forests impoverished of
wild animal fodder plants, using the land resources of poor-grade
monoculture
plantations, degraded forests, abandoned mine areas, underneath high tension power
lines and such identified stretches.
18. Creation/maintenance of water bodies: Water bodies are to be created intermittently in
the forest areas so that the movement of animals in dry months could be minimized.
Several old village ponds and tanks need desilting and maintenance. Watershed based
forest management is critical for creating healthy habitats for elephants and other
wildlife.
19. Ban all human activities (such as quarrying, stone crushers, sand mining, firewood
collection, lopping, Non-Timber Forest Produce (NTFP) collection and access road)
including cattle grazing in wildlife corridor to ensure uninterrupted movement of
elephants.
20. Augment the width of the corridor by appending the fringe area along the northern side
(area at Jaipuradoddi, etc.) with the native floral species.
21. Considerable loss of crops (particularly Ragi) could be avoided during the harvest
stages (ready to harvest/ harvested but kept in crop fields for drying/stored in the open
for processing) by advancing the processing of crops (drying and separation of grain
from husk) thus reducing exposure of these crops to the elephants. This can be achieved
by following improved farm based practices such as better drying and storing facilities.
22. De-silt and deepen the elephant proof trenches immediately after the monsoon and grow
grass or any other suitable vegetation to minimise future erosion.
23. Adopting Clustering Approaches: Ecology Integrated Sustainable Development Integrated clustering of villages for inclusive growth promoting eco-friendly, local
resources, local skill and man-power based thematic developmental programmes
through laying a stronger foundation for sustainable growth.
24. Micro-finance and revival of village centred enterprises and clustering of villages for
thematic development programmes can greatly improve financial and livelihood
security of rural homes, and could provide largest venues for women empowerment.
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved
Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS
Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
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2016
Cluster facilitators and need for institutional structure for implementation: Village
panchayats form ideal units for implementation of cluster approach for integrated eco-friendly
development. The success of cluster based development programmes will depend on the active
participation of facilitators. The various Government departments, financial institutions and
NGOs will have active roles to play for the success of the integrated cluster-based approach.
In addition there is also need for block level facilitator committees for scrutinsation of
developmental plans and review of progress achieved. The role of some facilitators, are
indicated below:
Forests and wildlife departments: As forests constitute a major asset of the district the Forest
Department need to be strengthened with adequate manpower at ground level.
The local ayurvedic pharmaceuticals (within the district), and local people to be
engaged in cultivation and value addition to medicinal plants be supplied with
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved
Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS
Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
SCR 57, ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc
2016
NTFP collection (removal of contract system of middle men) and value addition,
Developing bee-keeping involving forests. As bee-keeping is recommended as an
important activity for almost all clusters, roadsides, common lands, under-stocked or
degraded forest patches around villages be planted with appropriate nectar plant
species.
Contract system for collection of NTFP from forests found to be highly detrimental to
forests and biodiversity and economic well-being of local people be stopped forthwith
and co-management system involving local people be adopted.
Development of degraded forest patches for tree farming, medicinal plants and fodder,
Promoting backwater, mangrove, and beach tourism, development of rural tourism and
home stays in the vicinity of forests and wildlife areas
from
plantations or other designated areas for vegetable dyes, medicines, weaving, furniture,
handmade paper, sports goods production
The Department to consider pooling back good part of income from VFC managed
areas into sustainable income generating activities in the cluster level
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved
Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS
Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
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2016
Horticulture Department
Financial institutions:
Government financing and micro-financing institutions to step in to promote cluster level
development programmes through local panchayats, VFCs, BMCs, NGOs, departments,
societies etc. Financing from charitable and voluntary organizations and NGOs and not-for
profit financiers to be considered and may be recommended by related departments. Crop
insurance, preferably, in identified human-wildlife conflict zone is highly necessary for future
of biodiversity conservation. Financial literacy is very critical for participatory development
progrmmes envisaged.
Mining and Geology
Thin plastic carry bags production and sale to be banned, so as to promote locally
produced cloth and paper bags.
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved
Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS
Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
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2016
Hoteliers and bulk purchasers of milk to purchase milk in larger containers, which the
milk producers are to use mandatorily and need based.
Education Department (Primary and Secondary): Earlier initiatives with high school
students and teachers in Western Ghats show, they are effective in documenting many aspects
of biodiversity and related knowledge existing at village level. With a reasonable time, say one
or two days spent on motivating them and familiarizing them with the concepts of biodiversity
documentation and data collection formats, they could contribute substantially towards
building up a dynamic database at village level ready for integration into the Peoples
Biodiversity Registers. They are more effective in meeting and interviewing organic farmers,
in noting down details on traditional cultivars, collecting details on sacred groves, major
wildlife related details etc.
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved
Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS
Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
xiii
2016
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Ecosystems are distinct biological entities that sustain the biosphere and characterised by a range
of functions: nutrient cycling, bio-geo chemical cycle, hydrologic cycling, etc. Ecological
sensitivity of ecosystems refers to their ability to cope with various kinds of environmental
disturbances that have the potential of adversely changing the character of the natural landscapes.
The conservation and sustainable management of ecosystems are the vital components in the
pursuit of development goals that are ecologically, economically and socially sustainable. This
requires an understanding of the complex functioning of ecosystems, and recognition of the full
range and diversity of resources, values and ecological services that they represent, with the ability
to significantly influence climate at local as well as at the global scale. Sustainability implies the
equilibrium between society and the natural resources (Ramachandra et al., 2007). This entails
careful and conservative utilization of natural resources to maximize their availability over time.
In this regard, an approach with holistic integrated strategies considering all components and
functions of the ecosystems in developmental planning is quintessential. Also, there is a need to
conserve and benefit from the knowledge of uses and the traditions of conservation of biological
diversity. This formidable challenge of ecosystem approach of conservation (ecosystem
management) can be addressed only through proper understanding the ecosystem functioning,
addressing the socio-economic values bounded by the institutional mandates. Equitable benefit
sharing among all, especially local people, ensures the sustainability of natural resources.
Sustainable management of ecosystems is possible only with the co-operation of the people, many
of whom still depend on them for their day-to-day sustenance and the knowledge of the status and
dynamics of these ecosystems resides with these same people (Ramachandra et al., 2007).
Sustainable development of a region requires a synoptic ecosystem approach that relates to the
dynamics of natural variability and the effects of human interventions on key indicators of
biodiversity and productivity (Ramachandra et al., 2007). Conservation has become challenging
task as in the face of increasing human pressures on ecosystem. An anthropogenic disturbance on
landscape is of much higher intensities compared to natural disturbance processes (such as wind
and fire), which alter abiotic and biotic environments across wide areas (Kivinen and Kumpula,
2013). Forests covers about 31% today at globally as opposed to 50% of the earth's land area 8000
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
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Report
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2016
years ago (FAO, 2011) with the expanded extents of croplands, pastures, plantations, and urban
areas. The need to provide food, fiber, water, and shelter to more than seven billion people (Foley
et al., 2005, Smaling et al., 2012) driven wide-ranging changes of earth surface. This unsustainable
use of the planet's resources have affected the biogeochemistry, hydrology, food security, climate
and socioeconomic systems (IPCC, 2007; Smaling et al., 2012). Unplanned developmental
activities have affected the land capacity to sustain biological productivity, to maintain
environmental quality and long-term sustainability of socioeconomic systems (Vitousek et al.,
1997). Unsustainable use of land resources for different purposes, such as forestry, tourism, mining
has various impacts on land cover leading to the scarcity of natural resources.
Competition for resources and consequent land cover transformations has resulted in conflicts
between different land uses leading to ecosystem degradation, which have reduced the biological
and economic productivity (Berkres and Davidson-Hunt, 2006; Moen and Keskitalo, 2010) of
prestine ecosystems. This necessitates an understanding of the long term driving forces of
landscape dynamics for a comprehensive planning to ensure the sustainability of natural
resources. This requires integration of biological, social and economic factors within decision
making framework for effective ecosystem planning (Watson et al., 2011a).
Decision making based on the biophysical and socio-cultural information provides opportunities
and constraints in decision-making while ensuring landscapes sustainability (Steiner, 2000;
Opdam et al., 2006). Ecological sustainable landscape development planning aims for a condition
of stability in ecological, physical and social systems (cultural, economic functions) achieved by
maintaining the sustainability of natural resources with intergeneration equity (Opdam et al.,
2006). Prioritisation of sensitive regions for conservation (Myers et al., 2000) through a
multidisciplinary approach is widely accepted norm to identify hotspots of biodiversity. A range
of conservation actions being practiced, include protecting altitudinal gradients (Watson et al.,
2011b), protection of contiguous forests with native vegetation, habitat of endemic flora and fauna,
sacred patches of forests/kans/groves and creating large scale corridors that allow shifts in species
ranges due to environmental changes (Hannah et al., 2007, Toth et al., 2011). Spatial components
such as riverine corridors, upland-lowland gradients, macroclimatic gradients, etc. have been
identied as proxies of key ecological processes at regional scales. Participatory or incentive based
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
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ENVIS Technical
Report
CES, IndianSensitive
Institute ofZones
Science,ofBangalore
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Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
2016
instruments are often used as proxies at local scale. In addition, knowledge of landscape dynamics
due to the natural and anthropogenic activities is required for evolving apt conservation measures
(Pressey et al., 2007). The local conservation endeavours involving effective strategic planning
processes also help in global conservation (Boyd et al., 2008; Toth et al., 2011). Implications of
the environmental changes on natural resources are to be sufficiently perceived and understood by
policy makers and the decision makers for management interventions.
The spatial conservation planning considering both ecological and cultural dimensions will results
in as ecologically sensitive regions (ESR). Ecological sensitive regions treasure sensitive natural
elements that could be degraded or lost as a result of uncontrolled or incompatible development.
ESR will aid in demarcating regions for conservation and community usage based on ecological
and social / cultural dimensions. Ecological dimension refers to the natural environment such as
ecosystems and ecological processes. While, cultural dimension refers to the human culture such
as political, social, technological and economic aspects. ESR are identified based on the quality,
the scarcity, or the role they play in the ecosystem and culture, to maintain essentially the
ecological characteristics and integrity (Frederick et al., 2000). Ecological and cultural dimensions
are two different perspectives of reality and are combined as a result of history of diversified
interplay and interdependence between the two (Williams, 1980).
Section 5(1) of Environment (Protection) Act 1986 (EPA), Ministry of Environment and Forests
(MoEF), Government of India regulate the location of industries and carrying out certain
operations on the basis of considerations like the ecological sensitivity. The MoEF had set up
Committee (Pronab Sen Committee) to identify parameters for designating Ecologically Sensitive
Areas in the country to counter the rapid deterioration of the environment, both nationally and
internationally (MoEF, 2000). The committee has defined ecological sensitivity or fragility as
permanent and irreparable loss of extant life forms from the world; or significant damage to the
natural processes of evolution and speciation. Gadgil et al., 2011 prepared an outline for
determining eco-sensitive regions based on biological, economical, socio cultural values
depending upon the context and the area or location for conservation. ESRs are the areas that are
ecologically and economically very important but, vulnerable to even mild disturbances and hence
demand conservation. These are the `unique regions that are biologically and ecologically
valuable and are hence irreplaceable if destroyed (Gadgil et al., 2011). The delineation of ESR is
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
Ecologically
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ENVIS Technical
Report
CES, IndianSensitive
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Science,ofBangalore
560012National Park (BNP), Sahyadri
Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
2016
not confined by a set of variables and their possessions. They are location specific and cannot be
narrowed by a specific range. The structured protocol for defining ecological sensitive region by
a series of attributes with the criteria to be used for each of them and then provide a methodological
process is not well defined (Gadgil et al., 2011). Delineation of certain key variables is required to
represent entire system or mimic major systems functionalities. Determining a systems boundary
is another most important and challenging aspects of working with ecosystems, given that many
ecosystem processes are very diffuse and dynamic.
Various empirical and statistical approaches based on regression or probability analysis have been
applied widely to assess regional conservation priorities. The underlying disadvantage of this
approach is lack of spatial visualisation required for planning process. Moreover, methods
developed without spatial attributes were inadequate at the regional level where the most
information is available on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, land-use changes, and a variety of
simultaneous stressors (Li et al., 2006). Geo informatics equipped with free and open source
softwares has gained significance in recent times due to the contribution to spatial conservation
planning of a region by providing spatial analytical and modelling abilities for understanding of
ecological systems (Rundell et al., 2009; Ramachandra et al., 2012). Remote sensing, geographical
information systems (GIS) are powerful tools for handling spatial data (Bharath et al., 2012),
performing spatial analysis and manipulating spatial outputs. GIS also provides a consistent
visualisation environment for displaying the input data and results of a model (Wang et al., 2010).
The intrinsic ability of GIS to store, analyze and display large amounts of spatial data
(Ramachandra et al., 2012) enables it to make a signicant contribution to ecological conservation
assessment (Ramachandra et al., 2007). This ability of GIS as decision support system is very
useful in a decision-making process (Vairavamoorthy et al., 2007). Temporal information on land
cover, bio-geophysical data are used for global change studies, including climate change,
biodiversity conservation, ecosystem assessment and environmental modelling, planning and
management (Melesse, 2004). Thus, spatial and temporal information is required to undertake
management interventions with mitigation measures in a region (Woldie et al., 2011).
Spatial decision support tools are playing an important role that simultaneously meet conservation
targets while minimizing social and economic costs to guide management actions and locations.
The integration of spatial tools is increasing accountability and transparency in the planning
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
Ecologically
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Series 57,Bharath
ENVIS Technical
Report
CES, IndianSensitive
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Science,ofBangalore
560012National Park (BNP), Sahyadri
Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
2016
process and leading to more economically efcient conservation actions (Knight et al., 2006;
Joseph et al., 2011; Marignani and Blasi, 2012). Various techniques and methodologies have
evolved to design effective panning. Remote sensing, geographical information systems (GIS) and
quantification of the fauna, flora, physical environment and anthropic disturbance are widely used
in geospatial model based analyses. With the existing knowledge, planning approach should revise
to allow spatio temporal alterations of features, biodiversity, threats and management options to
demonstrate a systematic conservation planning at a ne scale. Decision making on developmental
activities, entail planning that depends upon the availability of reliable and accurate data. Data
required for natural resource planning include spatial data such as, information of physiography of
the area, land use, assets, etc. Geographic information system (GIS) with a capability of handling
spatial data helps in the analysis and visualisation of results effectively, and aids decision making
process.
Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
Ecologically
Bannerghatta
Series 57,Bharath
ENVIS Technical
Report
CES, IndianSensitive
Institute ofZones
Science,ofBangalore
560012National Park (BNP), Sahyadri
Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
2016
The Union government has formulated numerous legislations to protect forests, conservation, use
of biological resources, associated knowledge and environment such as The Prevention of Cruelty
to Animals Act, 1960 (59 of 1960); The National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995 (27 of 1995);
The National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997 (22 of 1997); The Water Prevention and
Control of Pollution Act, 1974 (6 of 1974); The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) CESS
Act, 1977 (36 of 1977); The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (14 of 1981);
The Indian Forest Act, 1927 (16 of 1927); The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (53 of 1972); The
Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 (69 of 1980); The Environment (Protection), Act, 1986 (29 of
1986). The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 (6 of 1991); Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
Karnataka state has created 5 National Parks, 27 Wildlife Sanctuaries and 8 Conservation and
Community Reserves to protect the environment and wildlife. These reserves were created with
the intension of conserving the biodiversity, which are having ecological, faunal, floral,
geomorphological, natural or zoological significance. These regions represent the diverse
vegetation types based on the location such as tropical humid evergreen to scrub type of forests of
varied ecosystems with endangered species of flora and fauna.
Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
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ENVIS Technical
Report
CES, IndianSensitive
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Science,ofBangalore
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2016
of BNP now encompasses an area of 260.51 sq.km comprising of 13 reserve forests (Table 1)
spread over the districts of Bangalore urban, Bangalore rural and Ramanagara as per Vide G. O.
No. FEE 302 FWL 2011 (II), dated: 27.12.2011 (Figure 1). The boundary of BNP is having highly
irregular shape and it measures about 59 km in length and the width varies from 0.3 km to 13.8
km. BNP regions has 31 Beats under 6 ranges for effective management and protection (Table 2
and Figure 3, 4).
Table 1: Reserve forests in BNP
S NO.
Area (Ha)
550.11
176.06
64.75
3070.01
5
6
7
145.40
362.73
1529.34
784.75
2226.68
10
1398.21
11
11101.78
12
2712.46
13
1929.38
Total
26051.71
The forests of BNP region are known for their high species diversity, structural organization,
spatial heterogeneity and adaptation to dry climate, moisture stress and irregular rainfall. The
average temperature ranges from 22C to 35C and the annual monsoon rainfall varies from 625
mm to 1607 mm from June to mid of November from South West and North-East-monsoons. The
terrain represents undulating with broken chains of bolder strewn hillocks and hills of rocky
outcrop and watercourses. The highest peak in National Park are Bilikal Betta and Dodda Ragihalli
Betta at an altitude of 1075 and 1035 m above sea level respectively. The lowest ground is the
Rayatmalhole at 700 m above sea level, granite sheet rocks characterize the higher hills. Two types
of soils are found such as red soil generally deep shallow mixed with metamorphic forms of rocks
in undulating grounds, sandy loams formed with finer particles of the decomposed rocks washed
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
Ecologically
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Report
CES, IndianSensitive
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Science,ofBangalore
560012National Park (BNP), Sahyadri
Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
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down and deposited during rains in valleys. The forest types cover moist deciduous, dry deciduous
forests, thorny scrub and grass lands with rich flora and fauna These ecologically fragile regions
are undergoing severe land cover changes due to anthropogenic pressures. The landscape consists
of fragmented forest patches, interspersed agricultural lands, pastures, habitations, etc. BNP is
one of the oldest habitats of Asian elephants, supporting 100-150 population and large number of
200-300 migratory population also noticed from adjoining Tali reserve forest and Kaveri wild life
sanctuary (Figure 2). The cropping pattern of BNP and its environs (5 km) have evolved with
modern system of agriculture due to proximity of Bangalore. The farmers grow commercial crops
such as banana, coconut, vegetables, sugarcane, mulberry and various flowers. The streams such
as Suvarnamukhi, Hebballa, Suddahalla, Jakkanahalla Muthyalammamadu hol, Rayathmala hol
and Anthragange halla sustain livelihood of farmers.
Fragmentation of forests in the region has impacted the habitat of wild fauna, evident from frequent
human-animal conflicts, crop predation by elephants, etc. The electrocuting an elephant, illicitly
taping live electric connection to fences, hunting or shooting is the common practice of farmers to
protect crops. The incident of killing of wild animals by man as a retaliation against physical attack
and against crop depredation has taken a toll of considerable number of wild animals around the
park. The fragmentation and blocking of elephant migratory paths have impacted the movement
of wild animals. In 1986 to 2000 herd of 22 and 20 elephants moved out from the Bannerghatta
National Park of Karnataka (Sivaganesan & Bhushan, 1986; Manakadan et al., 2010), which
adjoins the Hosur-Dharmapuri forests to its south.
BNP is situated close proximity to Bangalore metropolitan city (20 km to the BNP core area and
1.8 km from Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) boundary), capital state of Karnataka.
Urban centers are the major growth centers and growth poles play key role in initiating the process
of industrialization and urbanization. Growing uncontrolled economic activities in and around
BBMP region threatening the local wellbeing, agricultural regions of BNP. The unchecked
exploitation of forest resources due to urbanization has become a major threat to the conservation
of forest and its resources. The encroachment of forests, stone quarrying, sand mining and
domestic livestock grazing are the major threats of BNP region. The encroachment of forestlands
for cultivation is a common problem, causing denudation of forests. Stone quarrying and artificial
sand manufacturing industries have been posing threats to the survival of National Park with
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
Ecologically
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ENVIS Technical
Report
CES, IndianSensitive
Institute ofZones
Science,ofBangalore
560012National Park (BNP), Sahyadri
Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
2016
monolithic granite rocky out crops. There is ban on quarrying of building materials around the
national park to a radius of 1km from the boundary (buffer zone) of the park, as Safe Zone in
the interest of providing peaceful and tranquil habitat to wildlife. Unabated activities of quarries
are causing disturbance to wild animals due to use of explosives, and movement of vehicles and
also disturbance to the park authority as they are illegal and needs to be stopped. BNP experiences
high grazing pressure due to the concentration of livestock population in the surrounding villages
is another major problem in the northern and western boundaries. Table 3 explains the details of
crop damages by wild animals (mainly elephants) and compensation paid during the last five years
by the forest department, Government of Karnataka.
BEAT
KALKERE
KALKERE-1
THAMMANAYAKANAHALLI
THATEKERE "B"
THATEKERE "A"
BANNERGHATTA
BIOLOGICAL PARK
BEGAHALLI "A"
BEGAHALLI "B"
10
RAGIHALLI
11
RAGIHALLI EXTENSION
12
TATTEGUPPE
13
VARADAHALLI
14
15
16
17
18
BANTANAL EXTENSION
GULLATTI "A"
GULLATTI "B"
KARADIKAL
MARALAVADI
RANGE
AINUR MARIGUNDI
AINUR MARIGUNDI
ANEKAL
ANEKAL
ANEKAL
BANNERGHATTA
BIOLOGICAL PARK
BANNERGHATTA
WILDLIFE DIVISION
BANNERGHATTA
WILDLIFE DIVISION
BANNERGHATTA
WILDLIFE DIVISION
BANNERGHATTA
WILDLIFE DIVISION
BANNERGHATTA
WILDLIFE DIVISION
BANNERGHATTA
WILDLIFE DIVISION
BANNERGHATTA
WILDLIFE DIVISION
HAROHALLI
HAROHALLI
HAROHALLI
HAROHALLI
HAROHALLI
DIVISION
BWD
BWD
BWD
BWD
BWD
Area (Ha)
99.22
303.71
1201.40
797.64
554.03
BWD
761.42
BWD
344.54
BWD
548.30
BWD
598.66
BWD
403.58
BWD
300.22
BWD
478.08
BWD
480.43
BWD
BWD
BWD
BWD
BWD
544.53
1040.25
691.64
839.20
983.72
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
Ecologically
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Series 57,Bharath
ENVIS Technical
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CES, IndianSensitive
Institute ofZones
Science,ofBangalore
560012National Park (BNP), Sahyadri
Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
2016
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
1024.15
1404.91
1006.46
1153.64
1416.50
1231.82
1246.84
1085.82
1088.59
1135.08
1093.05
1082.29
1154.89
26094.62
TOKKASANDRA
HAROHALLI
HANCHAGULI
KODIHALLI
BANNIMAKUDULLU
KODIHALLI
BILIDALE
KODIHALLI
MANJUNATHA
KODIHALLI
RAMADEVARABETTA
KODIHALLI
BETTAHALLI
KODIHALLI
KADUSHIVANAHALLY
KODIHALLI
DODDAGULLI
KODIHALLI
KEBBARE
KODIHALLI
KEBBARE
KODIHALLI
GOWDAHALLI
KODIHALLI
YELAVANTHA
KODIHALLI
*BANNERGHATTA WILDLIFE DIVISION-BWD
BWD
BWD
BWD
BWD
BWD
BWD
BWD
BWD
BWD
BWD
BWD
BWD
BWD
Total Area
Table 2: Details of compensation paid during the last five years by forest department.
S
N
O
Years
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
Partic
ulars
NC
AP
NC
AP
NC
AP
NC
AP
NC
Cattle
killing
Human
injury
Permanent
disease
Human
death
Prope
rty
loss
Crop
Total
783
794
10500
13403
150000
4450
1316415
1494768
29
491
525
58000
25400
300000
7000
1094732
1485132
323
325
14655
500000
771946
1286601
16
1568
1598
43000
24880
2500000
18900
5396287
7983067
365
374
5000
1000000
7400
1070507
2130907
1
2013-14
(Up to
3000
AP
Dec, 2013)
Number of cases (NC)
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
Ecologically
Bannerghatta
Series 57,Bharath
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CES, IndianSensitive
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Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
10
2016
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
Ecologically
Bannerghatta
Series 57,Bharath
ENVIS Technical
Report
CES, IndianSensitive
Institute ofZones
Science,ofBangalore
560012National Park (BNP), Sahyadri
Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
11
2016
Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
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b)
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
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Bannerghatta
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c)
d)
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
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e)
f)
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
Ecologically
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g)
h)
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
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i)
j)
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
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k)
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
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Figure 6: Old tribal tombs and Sacred groves in core BNP region
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
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Bannerghatta
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2016
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
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Figure 7 (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i): Wild animals sighted and signatures (Elephant, Tiger pug
mark, Wild bison, Deer) in BNP.
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
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Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
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T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
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Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
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Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
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1. Shorea talura-Terminalia sp-Anogiessus latifolia series tropical deciduous forest;
2. Chloroxylon swietenia-Anogiessus latifolia-Albizzia sp series tropical dry deciduous
forest;
3. Acacia thorn forest and
4. Riverine gallery forest.
Historical vegetation of the district is in undisturbed parts such as the core areas of
Chikkaragalli betta are with dense jungle of Shorea talura-Terminalia sp-Anogiessus latifolia
series forest. Shorea talura tree being a member of Dipterocarpaceae (all other family
members of Dipterocarpaceae occur in evergreen to semi-evergreen forest) is an endangered
tree as per IUCN category. The distribution of this forest type in less disturbed areas
highlights the ecological importance of the area. These forest types have disappeared in most
other areas with high anthropogenic pressure and vegetation mainly consists of Chloroxylon
swietenia-Anogiessus latifolia-Albizzia series. Even these are replaced by hardy Acacia
chundra dominated thorn forest or scrub in areas undergoing severe degradation with rampant
charcoal making, grazing and rampant fuel wood collection. Highly degraded landscapes are
dominated by barren lands with sparse shrubs such as Ziziphus sp., spiny climbers
Pterolobium hexapetalum, and hardy grass species (Figure 1, 2.1 and figure 2.2).
Dendrocalamus strictus (bamboo) is associated with most of the vegetation except in most
degraded areas. Bamboo along with many other trees, coupled with large grass lands have
been the life-line for the survival of elephants and other herbivore wild-life. Another
important feature of BNP is the presence of large number of wild legumes. As the forest
canopy is not dense one can find large number of grass species along with many herbaceous
species. Depending upon the different habitat such as forest underneath, open grassland,
granitic hilly areas, wetlands, etc., different grass and other herbaceous plant species are
distributed. For instance open grasslands are dominated by Heteropogon contortus along with
Apluda mutica. Likewise hilly granitic areas have large grasses such as Themeda sp., and
Cymbopogon sp.
Vegetation exploration: BNP was surveyed in localities listed in Table 1 (marked in Figure 3),
for floristic composition in core area (inside the park) and surrounding buffer areas (outside
the park). In buffer areas surrounding the BNP, twelve 10 x 10 m quadrats were laid for
accessing tree diversity, dominance and per hectare basal area. In each quadrat all trees > 30
cm were enumerated with their GBH (Girth at breast height) and height (m). In the same
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
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quadrat one 5 x 5 m shrub plot were laid and tree saplings and shrubs above 1 m were
recorded. Two herb plots of 1 x 1 m were laid in each opposite ends to enumerate the
seedlings. Opportunistic plant recording was also carried out in both core and buffer areas.
Along with vegetation data other details regarding plant-animal interaction, human-wildlife
conflicts, etc., were noted.
Sn
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Vegetation type
Gomala-Scrub
Acacia thorn forest
Acacia thorn forest
Dry deciduous forest-gomala
Dry deciduous forest
Acacia thorn forest
Dry deciduous-Grassland
Grassland-scrub
Dry deciduous forest
Eucalptus-scrub forest
Dry deciduous forest
12
Kvanaldoddi-devarahalli
Dry deciduous forest
Table 1: Forest quadrat study localities in BNP buffer area
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
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species such as Lannea coromandelica, Schefflera sp., Ceropegia candelabrum, Flacourtia
montana, etc. have gone unrecorded. This shows that there is scope for inventorying and
mapping of flora in BNP. Details of plants occurring in BNP core area and buffer area (also
locality wise) are provided in Annexure 1, 2 and 3.
88
81
34
15
Trees
Shrubs
Climbers
Herbs
Figure 4: Habit wise number of trees, shrubs, climbers and herbs in BNP core area.
Fabaceae
Poaceae
Rubiaceae
Malvaceae
Lamiaceae
Apocynaceae
Acanthaceae
Convolvulaceae
Combretaceae
Rutaceae
Amaranthaceae
Phyllanthaceae
Asteraceae
Rhamnaceae
Myrtaceae
Moraceae
Meliaceae
Ebenaceae
Commelinaceae
Anacardiaceae
33
28
15
12
9
8
7
6
6
5
5
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
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Species richness of Family Fabaceae (33 sp.) was highest followed by Poaceae (28 sp.)
(Figure 5). This indicates the high diversity of legumes in trees, shrubs and climbers. Many
wild legumes from southern plateaus are considered to be ancestors of cultivated legumes.
The crops that recur and dominate Southern Deccan Neolithic archaeo-botanical samples have
wild ancestors to be found in the hills of scrub woodlands of the southern Deccan region
(Fuller, 2011). Family Rubiaceae (15) and Malvaceae (12) also have high species richness and
along with Fabaceae and Poaceae contribute some of the major sources of food for wild life.
Floristic enrichment with these native fodder plants will greatly help the BNP region which
forms a crucial link for elephant movement path with inter-state corridor for wildlife.
Vegetation dynamics and dominant trees in the core area: Plant species distribution
especially trees is highly dependent on conservation status including topography and other
geological parameters. Most of the well conserved areas with good soil soil cover are with
excellent deciduous forest cover of Shorea talura-Terminalia sp-Anogiessus latifolia series.
The northern BNP areas surrounding Doddaragalli betta and Muttaraya temple area harbour
these kind of forest and provide excellent fodder and canopy for wild animals. However,
presence of only few large trees highlight that even these regions were subjected to
disturbance atleast in earlier times. Due to rampant disturbances such as i) charcoal
preparation, ii) cattle grazing, iii) illegal wood extraction and iv) other anthropogenic
pressures in the rest of central and southern forest regions including Bilikal forest area,
Shorea talura forest have disappeared giving way to Chloroxylon swietenia-Anogiessus
latifolia-Albizzia sp., series which are hardier resisting fire and other disturbances. Large trees
of Terminalia arjuna, Dalbergia lanceolaria, Ficus sp. Were seen in core areas and reverine
forests. Even these regions were with stunted forests of Acacia sp and other thorny plants.
Due to rampant exploitation, forests in the locailities surrounded by villages are generally
Acacia thorn forest. Regeneration is poor in this region due to very high grazing pressure of
large herds of cattle (Figure 6) and this has given way to thorn forest species.
Table 2: Some dominant trees of BNP core areas
Species
Acacia chundra (Rottler) Willd.
Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd.
Albizzia sp.
Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall. ex Guill. &
Perr.
Family
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Combretaceae
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
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ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
Bauhinia racemosa Lamk.
Cassia fistula L.
Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng.
Chloroxylon swietenia DC.
Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq.
Dalbergia lanceolaria L.f.
Dendrocalamus strictus Nees
Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.
Ficus benghalensis L.
Ficus amplissima Sm.
Givotia moluccana (L.) Sreem
Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb.
Naringi crenulata (Roxb.) Nicolson
Premna tomentosa Willd.
Psydrax umbellata (Wight) Bridson
Semecarpus anacardium L.f.
Shorea roxburghii G. Don
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels
Tamarindus indica L.
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn.
Terminalia paniculata Roth
Vitex altissima L.f.
Wrightia arborea (Dennst.) Mabb.
Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br.
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Rubiaceae
Rutaceae
Meliaceae
Fabaceae
Poaceae
Ebenaceae
Moraceae
Moraceae
Euphorbiaceae
Lythraceae
Rutaceae
Lamiaceae
Rubiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Dipterocarpaceae
Myrtaceae
Fabaceae
Combretaceae
Combretaceae
Lamiaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
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ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
Vegetation type in the buffer regions of BNP: Much of the buffer area vegetation is of
Chloroxylon swietenia-Anogiessus latifolia-Albizzia sp series type in moderately disturbed
areas to Acacia thorny scrub forest in highly degraded areas. Most of the forest vegetation in
buffer has been more or less entirely wiped out for agricultural and other man made land uses,
excspt in reserve forests, village lots (Karab lands), common grazing lands (Gomala) and
other private areas. The region had continuous tropical deciduous forest and now this
vegetation is restricted to BNP and protected areas. Forest in these village common lands is
sparse and mostly of thorny scrub. Annexures 2 and 3 provide the details of plants in buffer
area.
Floristic composition, diversity and basal area in buffer area: Total number of plant
species in buffer region was 136 species fbelonging to 46 families. Most of the forest trees
encountered were in village wood lots and gomalas with very few in agricultural landscapes.
Trees encountered in agicultural landscapes were mostly non-forest trees - Azadirachta
indica, Mangifera indica, Melia dubia, Artocarpus integrifolia etc. A total of 40 trees were
encountered with 26 shrub species (Figure 7).
60
40
26
10
Figure 7: Habit wise number of trees, shrubs, climbers and herbs in BNP buffer area.
Herb
Climber
Shrub
Tree
Family Fabaceae (25 sp.) had the highest number of species (Figure 8) followed by Poaceae
(13 sp.) and Rubiaceae (11 sp.). Family Fabaceae has the highest number of species in buffer
and this indicates that substantial amount of diversity found in core area is retained in these
forest fragments of buffer regions. However much of these are under private ownerships and
are on fast decline.
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
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ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
Fabaceae
25
Poaceae
13
Rubiaceae
11
Apocynaceae
Malvaceae
Lamiaceae
Convolvulaceae
Combretaceae
Asteraceae
Sapindaceae
Rutaceae
Phyllanthaceae
Moraceae
Meliaceae
Acanthaceae
3
0
10
15
20
25
30
Species no.
Tree heights in buffer forest area were stunted with highest being the Eucalyptus mixed forest
in Harekodi in north BNP (Figure 9). Most other forested areas had tree heights less than 9 m.
In many locations of buffer areas, Tamarind trees were dominant as in Devaralli-durgadakallu
area with forest trees more or less absent. Forest tree species were more in reserve forests of
Guttalahunase Kanakapura state forest. In the same area the gomalas were totally degraded
without any forest trees. This forest also faces rampant fuel wood collection and illegal tree
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
Begihalli-Mantapa
Harekodi eucalytus
GangadarabettaKSF
Guttalahunasekanakapura
Devarahallidurgadkallu
Elachavadi-tandya
Doddibetta
Shivanahallitoklabande
Hallimaradoddi
Hanumanthalla
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Ginidoddikathrinath
Tree height(m)
felling. Many gomalas like Ginidoddi-Kathrinatha had the lowest tree heights.
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ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
Species diversity was also very low in buffer area due to high fragmentation disturbances.
Ginidoddi-Kathrinath and Guttalahunase gomalas were devoid of trees with zero Shannon
value. Slightly protected areas such as Doddibetta (1.48), Devarahalli-Durgadakallu (0.69)
and in Begehalli-Mantapa area (private owner ship area) have slightly higher Shannon
Begihalli-Mantapa
Harekodi eucalytus
Figure 10: Species richness and Shannon diversity in different buffer study areas.
Gangadarabetta-KSF
Guttalahunasekanakapura
Devarahallidurgadkallu
Elachavadi-tandya
Doddibetta
Shivanahallitoklabande
Hallimaradoddi
Hanumanthalla
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Ginidoddi-kathrinath
Value
Basal area was higher than 30 sq.m2/ha in four localities with one being a Eucalyptus mixed
Shannon diversity
scrub forest (Figure 11). Among theSpecies
sampled richness
localities, Devarahalli-Durgadakallu
basal area
was mostly contributed by Tamarind, and Albizzia amara, while in Shivanahalli-Toklabande
and Kvanaldoddi-devrahalli had more forest species contributing to the basal area. Most other
localities had very low basal areas indicating the high degradation of vegetation patches.
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
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ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
70
Basal area/ha
60
50
40
30
20
10
Kvanaldoddi-devarahalli
Begihalli-Mantapa
Harekodi eucalytus
Gangadarabetta-KSF
Figure 11: Per hectare basal area in different buffer study regions.
Guttalahunasekanakapura
Devarahalli-durgadkallu
Elachavadi-tandya
Doddibetta
Shivanahalli-toklabande
Hallimaradoddi
Hanumanthalla
Ginidoddi-kathrinath
Family
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Combretaceae
Meliaceae
Fabaceae
Celastraceae
Ebenaceae
Myrtaceae
Lythraceae
Meliaceae
Rutaceae
Fabaceae
Lamiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Fabaceae
Combretaceae
Combretaceae
Lamiaceae
Apocynaceae
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
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ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
Biodiversity in fragmented buffer areas: Human-dominated agricultural landscapes in the
tropics contain a high biodiversity, though mostly consisting of a group of abundant,
pantropical, cultivated, weedy or anthropic species. The presence of fragments of original
forest will significantly enhance the diversity of the landscape and increase the likelihood of
the survival of the indigenous biota, or at least a portion of it (Turner & Corlett, 1996). Most
of the forest exists outside BNP in small isolated patches and in some what bigger area as
state forests. Elephants and other wild animals were seen using these fragmented forests
outside the BNP also. For instance, Gangadharabetta-Kanakaputa state forest with dry
deciduous forest, Begihalli-Mantapa with Acacia-Bamboo forest, Shivanahalli-Toklabande
dry deciduous forest, Elachavadi-Tandya with Acacia scrub jungle etc., are proven elephant
habitats providing food, shelter and corridors (but fall outside BNP). Many smaller wood lots
though may not support elephant population still harbour lot of smaller wild mammals and
birds otherwise found in core areas. These regions are highly interspersed with agricultural
and human habitat lands are forest patches are being illegally converted to other land uses.
This is perhaps the single most destructive causes as large extent of forests, woodlands,
wetlands, and savannas outside the reserve forest which are administered by the revenue
department has been continuously converted in to farm lands through encroachments and land
grants (Figure 13). These forest fragments with repositories of biodiversity among the
agriculture dominated landscapes are to be conserved to ensure the exchange of ecological
services from forest ecosystem to agrarian ecosystems. Hence these areas have to be mapped
and inventories biodiversity for earmarking for conservation. Protection of these areas can be
achieved by formation of village wise active VFCs who can monitor the sustainable
utilization and conservation of these fragments. Highly degraded fragments instead of being
converted to other land uses can be brought back under suitable afforestation programmes.
This will not only restores the ecosystem functions including support of wild fauna.
Medicinal plant resources in BNP area: Many cultures that have survived close to the
nature, depending on its products for their needs. These people had a deep understanding of
the properties of their local plants and this knowledge is in wane in recent population apart
from the ecline of these endangered plant species (IUCN, 1993). This hold equally true to
BNP areas as the present study showed nearly 63 % of the total plants with 138 plants were
medicinally important from both the core and buffer areas. This shows the high medicinal
plant diversity harboured by BNP area. Due to rapid urbanisation and landscape changes,
habitat of large number of medicinal plants is on decline and also the local peoples who had
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
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ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
excellent knowledge of medicinal plants are now on wane. The valuable knowledge they had
on various human and cattle ailments and medicinal plants is not even recorded. Many species
such as Cissampelos pariera, Decalepis hamiltonii, Cardiospermum helicabum, Gloriosa
superba, Cassia fistula, Wrightia sp., Holarrhena pubescens, Aegle marmelos, Shorea
roxburghii, Phyllanthus emblica etc., are highly valued medicinal plants with many of them
are rare or endangered and traded in high volumes. This necessitates mapping, inventorying
and conservation of medicinal plants in the BNP and buffer areas. List of medicinal plants is
provided in Annexure 1.
Elephants and their conservation status in BNP-A need for more practical management
plans.
Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) is categorized as an endangered species in IUCN list
2009, struggling for their survival due to habitat loss, forest fragmentation and disturbances in
movement paths. Elephants are bulkfeeders and therefore have lower densities in areas with
low plant biomass (Parker and Graham, 1989; Olff et al., 2002). In areas with high amounts of
plant biomass, like rainforests, a relatively large part of the vegetation is inaccessible for
elephants, which could result in lower elephant densities (Olff et al., 2002). Plant biomass is
not the only important factor determining elephant distribution and density. Various studies
have documented variation in elephant densities in different vegetation types, explained by
differences in forage biomass, forage quality, shade, water availability, or plant species
composition (Harris et al., 2008). Elephants have large home ranges and need extensive areas
(Shannon et al., 2010). Habitat fragmentation leads to the reduction of the total habitat area,
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
37
ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
and the isolation and breaking up of habitat into smaller patches. Habitat fragmentation is
therefore expected to negatively correlate with elephant distribution (Leimgruber et al., 2003).
The conservation status of an area and protection efforts are positively correlated with wildlife
population trends (Bruner et al., 2001; Caro and Scholte, 2007). However, protection not only
depends on the existence of reserves but also on the policy of a country or region, the level of
corruption, and the capacity of a country successfully to implement such a policy (Smith et
al., 2003). Elephant densities strongly correlate with conservation policy, literacy rate,
corruption and economic welfare, and associated vital parameters such as the availability of
food and water. Hence, conservation strategies should be organized in a socioeconomic
context. The successful conservation of large animal species depends more on human
education, greater literacy and good governance, than merely setting aside areas for
conservation (Willem et al, 2013).
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
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ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
percolation ponds, check dams, water troughs supplying water through solar powered
pumps, etc.
5. With the rapid shrinkage of habitat, the elephants and other larger animals are being
forced into smaller and smaller areas. Consequently leading very high densities of
elephant population. Hence corridors with other protected areas have to substantially
improved to effectively increase the elephants foraging area.
6. In BNP many bottleneck corridors has to be widened substantially (Some bottlenecks
are less than 500m!) for smooth passage of elephants and other wildlife within BNP.
Importantly BNP corridors with other protected areas have to be smoother such as
with Cauvery wildlife sanctuary and Tamilnadu protected areas, without any human
interferences. For planning this corridors both present and past elephant migration
routes has to be considered.
7. Creation of VFCs village wise for strengthening, management and sustainable
utilization of remaining wilderness outside the park, both for the benefit of local
peoples and wildlife. Improving degraded forests to acheive higher biomass forests
(with native species) to atleast 30 m2/ha would be an ideal objective.
8. Conflict could also be reduced by promoting the cultivation of crops that are
unpalatable to elephants, and improvement in grain storage systems.
9. Adequate and timely compensation for damage to crops and property could also help
to foster more positive attitudes towards elephant conservation.
10. Village panchayat wise creation of fodder farms to reduce the cattle grazing pressure
inside BNP and sourrounding buffer areas.
11. As every village has rich cattle population, village wise creation of community biogas
plants would highly reduce the fuel wood collection from BNP and buffer areas.
Along with this creation of fuel cum fodder plantations, solar water heaters such as in
Ungra-Hosalli-Biogas system.
12. Creation of medicinal plants park to create both awareness and in-situ conservation of
rare medicinal plants.
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
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ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
Table 4: Elephants fodder plants in BNP
Species name
Family
Habit
Prefere
nce
Fabaceae
Tree
High
Fabaceae
Tree
Leaf
Fabaceae
Tree
High
Mediu
m
Asparagaceae
Climber
High
Poaceae
Bamboo
High
Leaf, Root
Leaf, Twig,
Bark
Fabaceae
Tree
High
Leaf
Fabaceae
Tree
High
Lecythidaceae
Tree
High
Leaf, Tree
Leaf, Fruit,
Bark
Cassia fistula L.
Fabaceae
Tree
Low
Leaf, Twig
Poaceae
Herb
High
Leaf
11
Crytococcum sp
Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) W.
Watson
Poaceae
Herb
Low
Leaf
12
Poaceae
Bamboo
High
13
Ebenaceae
Tree
High
Leaf, Twig
Leaf, Fruit,
Root
14
Ficus benghalensis L.
Moraceae
Tree
Leaf, Bark
15
Salicaceae
Tree
16
Lamiaceae
Tree
High
Mediu
m
Mediu
m
17
Malvaceae
Tree
High
18
Malvaceae
Shrub
High
Poaceae
Herb
High
Leaf
20
Helicteres isora L.
Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex
Roem. & Schult.
Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.) Wall. ex
G. Don
Leaf, Twig
Leaf,
Young twig
Apocynaceae
Tree
Low
Twig
21
Apocynaceae
Climber
Low
22
Lythraceae
Tree
High
23
Sapotaceae
Tree
24
Mangifera indica L.
Anacardiaceae
Tree
High
Mediu
m
Entire plant
Leaf, Bark,
Twig
Leaf,
Flower,
Fruit
25
Rubiaceae
Tree
26
Rutaceae
Tree
27
Fabaceae
Tree
28
Sapindaceae
Tree
29
Anacardiaceae
30
Smilax zeylanica L.
Smilacaceae
Sl.No.
10
19
Parts eaten
Leaf, Twig,
Bark
Leaf, Twig
Twig, Bark
Bark
Fruit
Bark
Tree
Low
Mediu
m
Mediu
m
Mediu
m
Mediu
m
Climber
Low
Leaf
Leaf, Twig
Leaf
Leaf, Twig
Bark
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
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ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
31
Myrtaceae
Tree
Mediu
m
Leaf, Twig,
Bark
32
Tamarindus indica L.
Fabaceae
Tree
High
Leaf, Fruit
33
Lamiaceae
Tree
Bark
34
Combretaceae
Tree
35
Combretaceae
Tree
Low
Mediu
m
Mediu
m
36
Combretaceae
Tree
High
Leaf, Bark
37
Poaceae
Herb
Leaf
38
Rhamnaceae
Shrub
High
Mediu
m
Leaf
Leaf
Leaf
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Annexure 1
Plant species in Core area of BNP
Scientific name
Family
Habit
Medici
nal
(M)
Fabaceae
Shrub
Fabaceae
Tree
Fabaceae
Shrub
Fabaceae
Tree
Fabaceae
Climber
Achyranthes aspera L.
Amaranthaceae
Herb
Amaranthaceae
Herb
Kannada name
Antarike, Barasige,
Kaadu seege
Cachu, Kaggli,
Kempu jaali
Kiribanni, Banni
mara, Kasthoori
jaali
Tumbi, Toppale,
Naayibela
Manda seege,
Mugali, Seege
Uttarani, Kempu
utrani
Bilisooli,
Bilihindee soppu
Aeschynomene sp
Fabaceae
Herb
Cornaceae
Shrub
Ankole mara
10
Fabaceae
Tree
11
Fabaceae
Tree
12
Fabaceae
Tree
Bilkambi, Chigare
Baage mara, Dodda
baage, Kalbaage
Aenu baage,
Bachaari, Bilivaara
13
Amaranthaceae
Herb
14
Amaranthaceae
Herb
15
Acanthaceae
Herb
16
Annonaceae
Tree
17
Annona squamosa L.
Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall.
ex Guill. & Perr.
Combretaceae
Tree
18
Apluda mutica L.
Poaceae
Herb
19
Convolvulaceae
Shrub
Sl.
No:
Buddesoppu
Mirjanmulli,
Mulluhonaganne
Kaasinsara,
Sardaaligedde
Amrytaphala,
Sithaphala,
Duranjihannu
Dindiga, Bejjalu,
Dhibedi
Akkuhullu,
Karihanchi hullu,
Kaduhanchihullu
Acharigida,
Kallana gida,
Nettaru hoo
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
43
ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
Doddahanchi hullu,
Naayihanchihullu
Shataavari,
Ashadiballi,
Jattigeberu
Kadukanchi,
Huchu nimbe,
Adavi nimbe
Kaibevu, Bevu,
Ollebevu
20
Poaceae
Herb
21
Asparagaceae
Climber
22
Rutaceae
Shrub
23
Meliaceae
Tree
24
Poaceae
Bamboo
25
Barleria buxifolia L.
Acanthaceae
Herb
26
Acanthaceae
Shrub
27
Fabaceae
Tree
28
Acanthaceae
Herb
29
Burseraceae
Tree
30
Phyllanthaceae
Tree
31
Crassulaceae
Herb
32
Fabaceae
Tree
Koodalisoppu
Madi, Biledhupa,
Guggula mara
Mula honne, Kove
mullu
Kaadubasale,
Gandukaalinga,
Gaayipata
Muthuga,
Paalaasha,
Muttalmara
33
Sterculiaceae
Herb
34
Fabaceae
Shrub
35
Apocynaceae
Shrub
Ekke
Rubiaceae
Shrub
36
37
Capparis zeylanica L.
Capparaceae
Shrub
38
Cardiospermum halicacabum L.
Sapindaceae
Climber
39
Lecythidaceae
Tree
40
Cassia fistula L.
Fabaceae
Tree
41
Celastraceae
Tree
42
Rubiaceae
Tree
43
Celosia argentea L.
Amaranthaceae
Herb
44
Ceropegia candelabrum L.
Apocynaceae
Herb
45
Fabaceae
Shrub
46
Chloris sp
Poaceae
Herb
Bidiru
Karichulli,
Gubbimullu,
Gandukottimullu
Aaptha mara,
Basavana pada
Aathundi kaayi,
Govinda phala,
Mullukatthari
Agni balli,
Bekkinatoddinaball
i, Minijuballi
Kavalu mara,
Daddaala,
Gavvahannu
Kakke
Mukarthi,
Hekeralu,
Mukkaritte
Aremadalu,
Bangaare,
Maggaare
Anne soppu,
Thunge,
Hannesoppu
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
44
ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
47
Rutaceae
Tree
48
Poaceae
Herb
49
Chrysopogon sp
Poaceae
Herb
50
Meliaceae
Tree
51
52
Cissampelos pariera L.
Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex
Benth.
Menispermacea
e
Climber
Rutaceae
Tree
53
Menispermacea
e
Herb
54
Commelina sinensis
Commelinaceae
Herb
55
Corchorus sp
Malvaceae
Herb
56
Crotalaria sp
Fabaceae
Herb
57
Fabaceae
Herb
58
Crytococcum sp
Poaceae
Herb
59
Hypoxidaceae
Herb
60
Cyanotis sp
Commelinaceae
Herb
61
Poaceae
Herb
62
Poaceae
Herb
63
Poaceae
Herb
64
Cymbopogon sp
Poaceae
Herb
65
Poaceae
Herb
66
Fabaceae
Tree
67
Fabaceae
Tree
68
Apocynaceae
Climber
69
Poaceae
Bamboo
70
Fabaceae
Shrub
71
Fabaceae
Herb
72
Dicliptera paniculata
Acanthaceae
Herb
73
Digitaria sp
Poaceae
Herb
74
Dioscorea oppositifolia L.
Dioscoreaceae
Climber
75
Dioscorea pentaphylla L.
Dioscoreaceae
Climber
Maruli, Bitle,
Masivaala
Adasaage,
Chittunde,
Sitthunde gida
Aamaradaavalli,
Hondike balli,
Kaaduballi
Kaadukarbevu
mara, Chida
Dagadiballi,
Sugadiballi,
Yadaniballi
Neladaali,
Nelatengu, Thaala
moolike
Anibalehullu,
Shuntihulluanthi
balai
Kaamakshi hullu,
Gandhahanchi
kaddi
Kaaduraagihullu,
Konanatale hullu
Pachadi, Bilibeete
Beete, Todagatti,
Karimbetti
Maakali beru,
Magali beru
Kibbidiru,
Gandubidiru,
Panjebidiru
Kaadumuduru,
Kaduhuralite,
Seegate gida
Kaadu menthe,
Kaadu
pullampurasi
Aenna soora,
Bellare, Neerabatte
Adavigummathiga,
Kaadu gumbala
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
45
ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
76
Ebenaceae
Tree
77
Ebenaceae
Tree
78
Ebenaceae
Tree
79
Cucurbitaceae
Climber
80
Droseraceae
Herb
81
Poaceae
Herb
Koosaayi,
Togarike, Ninaayi,
Nenni
Abanasi,
Aennemara,
Thoobara
Kaadu baalekaayi,
Jagalagundi,
Kaalagunda
Angathonde balli,
Linga konde balli
Krimibhaksha,
Pushpakaaseesa
Othakaddi,
Kaaduhaaraka
82
Poaceae
Herb
83
Poaceae
Herb
Hakkikaalina hullu,
Hechchuli hullu
84
Asteraceae
Herb
Elikivi gida
85
Poaceae
Herb
Poaceae
Herb
86
Kaadu paarivaala,
Mulluhalivara,
Mulluhangara
Kuruvaaru mara,
Gandhagiri,
Jeevadaali
87
Fabaceae
Tree
88
Erythroxylacea
e
Shrub
89
Eucalyptus sp
Myrtaceae
Tree
90
Eupatorium odoratum L.
Asteraceae
Herb
91
Convolvulaceae
Herb
92
Moraceae
Tree
93
Ficus benghalensis L.
Moraceae
Tree
Aaladamara
94
Moraceae
Tree
Gonimara
95
Ficus racemosa L.
Moraceae
Tree
Atthi mara
96
Cyperaceae
Herb
97
Salicaceae
Tree
98
Salicaceae
Tree
Aturake, Bilehuli
Jeepalu, Hannu
sampige
99
Phyllanthaceae
Shrub
Bilchuli, Gudapala
100
Burseraceae
Tree
Goddana mara
101
Euphorbiaceae
Tree
102
Gloriosa superba L.
Colchicaceae
Climber
Aghni shikhe,
Akka thangi balli
103
Lamiaceae
Tree
Baachanike mara
104
Malvaceae
Shrub
105
Grewia sp
Malvaceae
Shrub
106
Malvaceae
Shrub
107
Rubiaceae
Tree
108
Helicteres isora L.
Malvaceae
Shrub
Shankhapushpi,
Vishnukranti
Gorkele
Pettige,
Arishinatege
Avatarini, Murudi,
Edamuri
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
46
ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
109
Poaceae
Herb
110
Apocynaceae
Tree
111
Ulmaceae
Tree
112
Rubiaceae
Tree
Oobinahullu,
Nanjuhullu,
Sunkarihullu
Haalemara,
Hirekodasa,
Kodamurike
Beeyada mara,
Tapasigida,
Thogala
Chidaralanbilu,
Gowriballi,
Manabilu
Shrub
Colchicaceae
Herb
Neerubaale
Convolvulaceae
Climber
113
Apocynaceae
Climber
114
Impatiens sp
Balsaminaceae
Herb
115
Indigofera sp
Fabaceae
Shrub
116
Indigofera tinctoria L.
Fabaceae
117
118
119
Convolvulaceae
Climber
Chita bogari,
Gouribija,
Musukina bogari
120
Convolvulaceae
Herb
Bilichita bogari
121
Ischaemum sp
Poaceae
Herb
122
Rubiaceae
Tree
123
Jasminum sp
Oleaceae
Climber
Chikkakaadu
haralu, Hatti ele
vishi haralu
124
Jatropha gossypifolia L.
Euphorbiaceae
Shrub
125
Acanthaceae
Herb
126
Cyperaceae
Herb
127
Lythraceae
Tree
Eluvasandhigida
M
Ajashringi,
Dhumpaari, Udi
mara
Kasooti hoo,
Hesigehoo
Herb
Lamiaceae
Herb
Gantikaalugedde
Bilee thumbe, Olle
thumbe
Karjaligida,
Gantutumbe
Lamiaceae
Herb
134
Leucas sp
Lamiaceae
Herb
135
Sapotaceae
Tree
Aluppe, Ippe,
Kaadippe
136
Mangifera indica L.
Anacardiaceae
Tree
137
Celastraceae
Shrub
138
Tree
139
Meliaceae
Melastomatace
ae
Tree
140
Convolvulaceae
Climber
128
Anacardiaceae
Tree
129
Verbenaceae
Shrub
130
Acanthaceae
Herb
131
Lamiaceae
132
133
Mavina-mara
Haalu manike,
Tandrasi
Adachare,
Hulisoppu
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
47
ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
141
Annonaceae
Tree
142
Mimosa pudica L.
Fabaceae
Shrub
143
Mollugo pentaphylla L.
Molluginaceae
Herb
144
Rubiaceae
Tree
Karihessere,
Kalaadri
Nachike gida,
Muttidare muni
Jaraasi, Jaradsi,
Kedarasi
Aalum, Haladi
paavate, Maddi
145
Commelinaceae
Herb
Aranamullu, Kaadu
baela, Naayi
naarangi
Akki arakalu,
Akkasale,
Hekkarakalu
146
Rutaceae
Tree
147
Rubiaceae
Herb
148
Oleaceae
Tree
149
Poaceae
Herb
150
Panicum sp.
Poaceae
Herb
151
Parthenium hysterophorus L.
Asteraceae
Herb
152
Rubiaceae
Shrub
Kolijuttugaddi
Kangress gida,
Turikegida
Permuti beru,
Balarakshi gida,
Madivaala
153
Malvaceae
Herb
154
Pennisetum sp
Poaceae
Herb
155
Poaceae
Herb
156
Arecaceae
Palm
157
Phyllanthus emblica L.
Phyllanthaceae
Tree
158
Herb
159
Phyllanthaceae
Caryophyllacea
e
Herb
160
Polygalaceae
Herb
161
Fabaceae
Tree
162
Lamiaceae
Tree
163
Rubiaceae
Tree
164
Ichalu gida
Nellikaayi, Betta
nelli
Sanna Kaage soppu
Arina saasive,
Paade mullu gida
Hongemara,
Kananga
Tavadike,
Naruvaalu, Naarale
Raktha Honne
mara, Benga, Olle
honne
Undamullu,
Badabakka
Fabaceae
Tree
165
Fabaceae
Shrub
166
Lythraceae
Herb
167
Santalum album L.
Santalaceae
Tree
168
Apocynaceae
Shrub
169
Poaceae
Herb
170
Sapindaceae
Tree
Sreegandha
Vasukanti,
Haraluvalla, Haalu
kalli
Naaruhanchi hullu,
Naale hullu
Hulimaya,
Thengari, Kendale
171
Anacardiaceae
Tree
Geru, Karigeru
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
48
ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
172
Fabaceae
Shrub
173
Fabaceae
Tree
174
Setaria sp
Herb
175
Poaceae
Dipterocarpace
ae
176
Malvaceae
Herb
177
Malvaceae
Herb
178
Malvaceae
Herb
Tree
Jalari mara
Doddabindige gida,
Bhimanakaddi
Kadeeraberu,
Bennegaragu,
Kallangadale
179
Sida rhombifolia L.
Malvaceae
Herb
180
Smilax sp
Smilacaceae
Shrub
181
Orobanchaceae
Herb
182
Rubiaceae
Herb
183
Rubiaceae
Herb
184
Rubiaceae
Herb
185
Rubiaceae
Herb
186
Verbenaceae
Herb
187
Bignoniaceae
Tree
188
Orobanchaceae
Herb
189
Loganiaceae
Tree
190
Myrtaceae
Tree
Chiligida
Neralu,
Jambunerale
191
Myrtaceae
Tree
192
Fabaceae
Tree
Hunase mara
193
Tamarindus indica L.
Tarenna asiatica (L.) Kuntze ex K.
Schum.
Rubiaceae
Shrub
194
Lamiaceae
Tree
195
Fabaceae
Shrub
196
Combretaceae
Tree
Taruni, Raybore
Tagdatti,
Saaguvaani mara
Vajradanti,
Koggili, Vajraneeli
Bilimatti,
Holematti,
Toramatti
197
Combretaceae
Tree
Tharemara, Vibhita
198
Combretaceae
Tree
199
Combretaceae
Tree
200
Combretaceae
Tree
201
Poaceae
Herb
202
Rutaceae
Shrub
203
Tribulus terrestris L.
Zygophyllaceae
Herb
204
Boraginaceae
Herb
Kari uttarani,
Kaadu uttaraani
Kaadumenasina
gida,
Kaduhakekare
Kiruneglimullu,
Nerangi mullu,
Negalu
Ettina naalage gida,
Gaayamaari
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
49
ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
Gabbu sanna
shyavanthi, Tikki
205
Tridax procumbens L.
Asteraceae
Herb
206
Triumfetta annua L.
Malvaceae
Herb
207
Rubiaceae
Tree
208
Rhamnaceae
Climber
209
Lamiaceae
Tree
210
Vitex negundo L.
Lamiaceae
Shrub
211
Vitaceae
Climber
212
Waltheria indica L.
Malvaceae
Shrub
213
Apocynaceae
Tree
214
Apocynaceae
Tree
215
Fabaceae
Tree
216
Rhamnaceae
Tree
217
Rhamnaceae
Shrub
Bugari mara
Soorimullu, Choori
mullu, Barige,
218
Fabaceae
Herb
Mullukare,
Gobergally
Pappalichakke,
Malemaitaala,
Kubbila
Kaadu navile,
Navuladi, Bulgi,
Nauladimara
Karinekki, Nekkali,
Nochi
Bilikada
Hallunovu maddu,
Aligili, Kodmurya
Arasatekku,
Arasutega, Jambe,
Ambarke
Annexure 2:
Plant species in Buffer areas of BNP
Sl.
No:
Scientific name
Family
Habit
Fabaceae
Shrub
Fabaceae
Tree
Fabaceae
Tree
Achyranthes aspera L.
Amaranthaceae
Herb
Cornaceae
Shrub
Fabaceae
Tree
Fabaceae
Tree
Acanthaceae
Herb
Annona squamosa L.
Annonaceae
Tree
10
Apluda mutica L.
Poaceae
Herb
11
Convolvulaceae
Shrub
12
Poaceae
Herb
13
Asparagaceae
Climber
14
Meliaceae
Tree
15
Barleria buxifolia L.
Acanthaceae
Herb
16
Fabaceae
Tree
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
50
ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
17
Fabaceae
Tree
18
Apocynaceae
Shrub
19
Rubiaceae
Shrub
20
Lecythidaceae
Tree
21
Cassia fistula L.
Fabaceae
Tree
22
Celastraceae
Tree
23
Rubiaceae
Tree
24
Poaceae
Herb
25
Chrysopogon sp.
Poaceae
Herb
26
Meliaceae
Tree
27
Cissampelos pariera L.
Menispermaceae
Climber
28
Corchorus sp.
Malvaceae
Herb
29
Fabaceae
Shrub
30
Crotalaria sp.
Fabaceae
Herb
31
Hypoxidaceae
Herb
32
Cyanotis sp.
Commelinaceae
Herb
33
Fabaceae
Tree
34
Fabaceae
Tree
35
Poaceae
Bamboo
36
Ebenaceae
Tree
37
Ebenaceae
Tree
38
Sapindaceae
Shrub
39
Poaceae
Herb
40
Erythroxylaceae
Shrub
41
Eucalyptus sp.
Myrtaceae
Tree
42
Eupatorium odoratum L.
Asteraceae
Herb
43
Convolvulaceae
Herb
44
Ficus benghalensis L.
Moraceae
Tree
45
Ficus racemosa L.
Moraceae
Tree
46
Flacourtia sp.
Salicaceae
Tree
47
Phyllanthaceae
Shrub
48
Burseraceae
Tree
49
Euphorbiaceae
Tree
50
Gloriosa superba L.
Colchicaceae
Climber
51
Malvaceae
Shrub
52
Rubiaceae
Tree
53
Poaceae
Herb
54
Apocynaceae
Tree
55
Ulmaceae
Tree
56
Apocynaceae
Climber
57
Indigofera sp.
Fabaceae
Shrub
58
Convolvulaceae
Climber
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
51
ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
59
Convolvulaceae
Climber
60
Poaceae
Herb
61
Ischaemum sp.
Poaceae
Herb
62
Rubiaceae
Tree
63
Verbenaceae
Shrub
64
Acanthaceae
Herb
65
Leucas sp.
Lamiaceae
Herb
66
Sapotaceae
Tree
67
Mangifera indica L.
Anacardiaceae
Tree
68
Meliaceae
Tree
69
Mimosa pudica L.
Fabaceae
Shrub
70
Rutaceae
Tree
71
Rubiaceae
Herb
72
Parthenium hysterophorus L.
Asteraceae
Herb
73
Rubiaceae
Shrub
74
Poaceae
Herb
75
Poaceae
Herb
76
Arecaceae
Palm
77
Caryophyllaceae
Herb
78
Lamiaceae
Tree
79
Fabaceae
Shrub
80
Santalum album L.
Santalaceae
Tree
81
Anacardiaceae
Tree
82
Fabaceae
Shrub
83
Fabaceae
Tree
84
Dipterocarpaceae
Tree
85
Malvaceae
Herb
86
Malvaceae
Herb
87
Sida sp.
Malvaceae
Herb
88
Rubiaceae
Herb
89
Loganiaceae
Tree
90
Tamarindus indica L.
Fabaceae
Tree
91
Rubiaceae
Shrub
92
Bignoniaceae
Shrub
93
Lamiaceae
Tree
94
Fabaceae
Shrub
95
Combretaceae
Tree
96
Combretaceae
Tree
97
Poaceae
Herb
98
Rutaceae
Shrub
99
Tridax procumbens L.
Asteraceae
Herb
Vitex negundo L.
Lamiaceae
Shrub
100
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
52
ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
101
Apocynaceae
Tree
102
Apocynaceae
Tree
103
Rhamnaceae
Shrub
Annexure 3
Locality wise checklist of plant species
Sl.
No:
Locality
Scientific name
Family
Habit
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Fabaceae
Tree
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Achyranthes aspera L.
Amaranthaceae
Herb
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Cornaceae
Shrub
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Fabaceae
Tree
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Annona squamosa L.
Annonaceae
Tree
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Poaceae
Herb
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Meliaceae
Tree
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Fabaceae
Tree
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Apocynaceae
Shrub
10
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Rubiaceae
Shrub
11
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Cassia fistula L.
Fabaceae
Tree
12
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Meliaceae
Tree
13
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Corchorus spp.
Malvaceae
Herb
14
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Fabaceae
Shrub
15
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Cyanotis spp.
Commelinaceae
Herb
16
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Fabaceae
Tree
17
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Ebenaceae
Tree
18
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Poaceae
Herb
19
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Convolvulaceae
Herb
20
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Ficus benghalensis L.
Moraceae
Tree
21
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Phyllanthaceae
Shrub
22
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Burseraceae
Tree
23
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Colchicaceae
Climber
24
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Gloriosa superba L.
Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex
Roem. & Schult.
Poaceae
Herb
25
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Ulmaceae
Tree
26
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Indigofera spp.
Fabaceae
Shrub
27
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Convolvulaceae
Climber
28
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Poaceae
Herb
29
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Verbenaceae
Shrub
30
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Mangifera indica L.
Anacardiaceae
Tree
31
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Meliaceae
Tree
32
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Mimosa pudica L.
Fabaceae
Shrub
33
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Rubiaceae
Herb
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
53
ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
34
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Caryophyllacea
e
Herb
35
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Polygalaceae
Herb
36
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Lamiaceae
Tree
37
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Santalum album L.
Santalaceae
Tree
38
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Anacardiaceae
Tree
39
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Fabaceae
Tree
40
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Malvaceae
Herb
41
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Malvaceae
Herb
42
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Sida spp.
Malvaceae
Herb
43
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Rubiaceae
Herb
44
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Rubiaceae
Shrub
45
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Bignoniaceae
Shrub
46
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Fabaceae
Shrub
47
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Poaceae
Herb
48
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Rutaceae
Shrub
49
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Tridax procumbens L.
Asteraceae
Herb
50
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Vitex negundo L.
Lamiaceae
Shrub
51
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Apocynaceae
Tree
52
Ginidodi-kathrinatha
Apocynaceae
Tree
53
Hanumanthalla
Fabaceae
Shrub
54
Hanumanthalla
Fabaceae
Tree
55
Hanumanthalla
Fabaceae
Tree
56
Hanumanthalla
Fabaceae
Tree
57
Hanumanthalla
Acanthaceae
Herb
58
Hanumanthalla
Apluda mutica L.
Poaceae
Herb
59
Hanumanthalla
Convolvulaceae
Shrub
60
Hanumanthalla
Poaceae
Herb
61
Hanumanthalla
Barleria buxifolia L.
Acanthaceae
Herb
62
Hanumanthalla
Celastraceae
Tree
63
Hanumanthalla
Tree
64
Hanumanthalla
Cissampelos pariera L.
Meliaceae
Menispermacea
e
65
Hanumanthalla
Poaceae
Bamboo
66
Hanumanthalla
Fabaceae
Herb
67
Hanumanthalla
Ebenaceae
Tree
68
Hanumanthalla
Poaceae
Herb
69
Hanumanthalla
Eupatorium odoratum L.
Asteraceae
Herb
70
Hanumanthalla
Convolvulaceae
Herb
71
Hanumanthalla
Convolvulaceae
Herb
72
Hanumanthalla
Colchicaceae
Climber
73
Hanumanthalla
Gloriosa superba L.
Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex
Roem. & Schult.
Poaceae
Herb
Climber
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
54
ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
74
Hanumanthalla
Convolvulaceae
Climber
75
Hanumanthalla
Ischaemum spp.
Poaceae
Herb
76
Hanumanthalla
Verbenaceae
Shrub
77
Hanumanthalla
Verbenaceae
Shrub
78
Hanumanthalla
Poaceae
Herb
79
Hanumanthalla
Poaceae
Herb
80
Hanumanthalla
Shrub
81
Hanumanthalla
Fabaceae
Dipterocarpacea
e
82
Hanumanthalla
Malvaceae
Herb
83
Hanumanthalla
Malvaceae
Herb
84
Hanumanthalla
Rubiaceae
Herb
85
Hanumanthalla
Combretaceae
Tree
86
Hanumanthalla
Combretaceae
Tree
87
Hanumanthalla
Apocynaceae
Tree
88
Hallimaradoddi
Fabaceae
Tree
89
Hallimaradoddi
Fabaceae
Tree
90
Hallimaradoddi
Fabaceae
Tree
91
Hallimaradoddi
Annona squamosa L.
Annonaceae
Tree
92
Hallimaradoddi
Apluda mutica L.
Poaceae
Herb
93
Hallimaradoddi
Poaceae
Herb
94
Hallimaradoddi
Meliaceae
Tree
95
Hallimaradoddi
Rubiaceae
Shrub
96
Hallimaradoddi
Cassia fistula L.
Fabaceae
Tree
97
Hallimaradoddi
Rubiaceae
Tree
98
Hallimaradoddi
Chrysopogon sp
Poaceae
Herb
99
Hallimaradoddi
Meliaceae
Tree
100
Hallimaradoddi
Hypoxidaceae
Herb
101
Hallimaradoddi
Fabaceae
Tree
102
Hallimaradoddi
Ebenaceae
Tree
103
Hallimaradoddi
Sapindaceae
Shrub
104
Hallimaradoddi
Eucalyptus spp.
Myrtaceae
Tree
105
Hallimaradoddi
Phyllanthaceae
Shrub
106
Hallimaradoddi
Phyllanthaceae
Shrub
107
Hallimaradoddi
Rubiaceae
Tree
108
Hallimaradoddi
Poaceae
Herb
109
Hallimaradoddi
Violaceae
Herb
110
Hallimaradoddi
Verbenaceae
Shrub
111
Hallimaradoddi
Acanthaceae
Herb
112
Hallimaradoddi
Rubiaceae
Shrub
113
Hallimaradoddi
Rubiaceae
Shrub
Tree
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
55
ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
114
Hallimaradoddi
Malvaceae
Herb
115
Hallimaradoddi
Arecaceae
Palm
116
Hallimaradoddi
Fabaceae
Tree
117
Hallimaradoddi
Lamiaceae
Tree
118
Hallimaradoddi
Setaria sp
Poaceae
Herb
119
Hallimaradoddi
Malvaceae
Herb
120
Hallimaradoddi
Loganiaceae
Tree
121
Hallimaradoddi
Lamiaceae
Tree
122
Hallimaradoddi
Fabaceae
Shrub
123
Hallimaradoddi
Apocynaceae
Tree
124
Hallimaradoddi
Apocynaceae
Tree
125
Shivanalli
Fabaceae
Tree
126
Shivanalli
Fabaceae
Tree
127
Shivanalli
Fabaceae
Tree
128
Shivanalli
Fabaceae
Tree
129
Shivanalli
Apluda mutica L.
Poaceae
Herb
130
Shivanalli
Fabaceae
Tree
131
Shivanalli
Phyllanthaceae
Tree
132
Shivanalli
Fabaceae
Tree
133
Shivanalli
Fabaceae
Shrub
134
Shivanalli
Cassia fistula L.
Fabaceae
Tree
135
Shivanalli
Celastraceae
Tree
136
Shivanalli
Chrysopogon spp.
Poaceae
Herb
137
Shivanalli
Meliaceae
Tree
138
Shivanalli
Fabaceae
Tree
139
Shivanalli
Ebenaceae
Tree
140
Shivanalli
Sapindaceae
Shrub
141
Shivanalli
Eupatorium odoratum L.
Asteraceae
Herb
142
Shivanalli
Convolvulaceae
Herb
143
Shivanalli
Moraceae
Tree
144
Shivanalli
Ficus benghalensis L.
Moraceae
Tree
145
Shivanalli
Phyllanthaceae
Shrub
146
Shivanalli
Euphorbiaceae
Tree
147
Shivanalli
Apocynaceae
Climber
148
Shivanalli
Poaceae
Herb
149
Shivanalli
Apocynaceae
Tree
150
Shivanalli
Apocynaceae
Climber
151
Shivanalli
Convolvulaceae
Climber
152
Shivanalli
Convolvulaceae
Climber
153
Shivanalli
Rubiaceae
Tree
154
Shivanalli
Verbenaceae
Shrub
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
56
ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
155
Shivanalli
Leucas spp.
Lamiaceae
Herb
156
Shivanalli
Sapotaceae
Tree
157
Shivanalli
Meliaceae
Tree
158
Shivanalli
Rutaceae
Tree
159
Shivanalli
Poaceae
Herb
160
Shivanalli
Arecaceae
Palm
161
Shivanalli
Fabaceae
162
Shivanalli
Fabaceae
Tree
163
Shivanalli
Anacardiaceae
Tree
164
Shivanalli
Rubiaceae
Herb
165
Shivanalli
Rubiaceae
Shrub
166
Shivanalli
Lamiaceae
Tree
167
Shivanalli
Combretaceae
Tree
168
Shivanalli
Combretaceae
Tree
169
Shivanalli
Combretaceae
Tree
170
Shivanalli
Rhamnaceae
Shrub
171
Yelchvadi-tandya
Fabaceae
Tree
172
Yelchvadi-tandya
Fabaceae
Tree
173
Yelchvadi-tandya
Fabaceae
Tree
174
Yelchvadi-tandya
Aeschynomene spp.
Fabaceae
Herb
175
Yelchvadi-tandya
Cornaceae
Shrub
176
Yelchvadi-tandya
Fabaceae
Tree
177
Yelchvadi-tandya
Annona squamosa L.
Annonaceae
Tree
178
Yelchvadi-tandya
Poaceae
Herb
179
Yelchvadi-tandya
Meliaceae
Tree
180
Yelchvadi-tandya
Barleria buxifolia L.
Acanthaceae
Herb
181
Yelchvadi-tandya
Cassia fistula L.
Fabaceae
Tree
182
Yelchvadi-tandya
Ceropegia candelabrum L.
Apocynaceae
Herb
183
Yelchvadi-tandya
Chrysopogon sp
Poaceae
Herb
184
Yelchvadi-tandya
Hypoxidaceae
Herb
185
Yelchvadi-tandya
Cymbopogon sp
Poaceae
Herb
186
Yelchvadi-tandya
Fabaceae
Tree
187
Yelchvadi-tandya
Poaceae
Bamboo
188
Yelchvadi-tandya
Ebenaceae
Tree
189
Yelchvadi-tandya
Sapindaceae
Shrub
190
Yelchvadi-tandya
Erythroxylaceae
Shrub
191
Yelchvadi-tandya
Eupatorium odoratum L.
Asteraceae
Herb
192
Yelchvadi-tandya
Convolvulaceae
Herb
193
Yelchvadi-tandya
Flacourtia spp.
Salicaceae
Tree
194
Yelchvadi-tandya
Phyllanthaceae
Shrub
195
Yelchvadi-tandya
Grewia spp.
Malvaceae
Shrub
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
57
ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
196
Yelchvadi-tandya
Shrub
Shrub
Yelchvadi-tandya
197
Poaceae
Herb
198
Yelchvadi-tandya
Ulmaceae
Tree
199
Yelchvadi-tandya
Convolvulaceae
Climber
200
Yelchvadi-tandya
Verbenaceae
Shrub
201
Yelchvadi-tandya
Leucas spp.
Lamiaceae
Herb
202
Yelchvadi-tandya
Convolvulaceae
Climber
203
Yelchvadi-tandya
Rubiaceae
Tree
204
Yelchvadi-tandya
Rutaceae
Tree
205
Yelchvadi-tandya
Poaceae
Herb
206
Yelchvadi-tandya
Rubiaceae
Tree
207
Yelchvadi-tandya
Fabaceae
Shrub
208
Yelchvadi-tandya
Fabaceae
Shrub
209
Yelchvadi-tandya
Rubiaceae
Herb
210
Yelchvadi-tandya
Bignoniaceae
Tree
211
Yelchvadi-tandya
Rubiaceae
Shrub
212
Yelchvadi-tandya
Lamiaceae
Tree
213
Yelchvadi-tandya
Fabaceae
Shrub
214
Yelchvadi-tandya
Tridax procumbens L.
Asteraceae
Herb
215
Yelchvadi-tandya
Apocynaceae
Tree
216
Yelchvadi-tandya
Rhamnaceae
Shrub
217
Devarahalli-durgadkallu
Fabaceae
Tree
218
Devarahalli-durgadkallu
Apluda mutica L.
Poaceae
Herb
219
Devarahalli-durgadkallu
Meliaceae
Tree
220
Devarahalli-durgadkallu
Hypoxidaceae
Herb
221
Devarahalli-durgadkallu
Cymbopogon spp.
Poaceae
Herb
222
Devarahalli-durgadkallu
Convolvulaceae
Herb
223
Devarahalli-durgadkallu
Malvaceae
Shrub
224
Devarahalli-durgadkallu
Grewia spp.
Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex
Roem. & Schult.
Poaceae
Herb
225
Devarahalli-durgadkallu
Verbenaceae
Shrub
226
Devarahalli-durgadkallu
Verbenaceae
Shrub
227
Devarahalli-durgadkallu
Acanthaceae
Herb
228
Devarahalli-durgadkallu
Fabaceae
Shrub
229
Devarahalli-durgadkallu
Rubiaceae
Herb
230
Devarahalli-durgadkallu
Loganiaceae
Tree
231
Devarahalli-durgadkallu
Fabaceae
Tree
232
Devarahalli-durgadkallu
Rubiaceae
Shrub
233
Devarahalli-durgadkallu
Tamarindus indica L.
Tarenna asiatica (L.) Kuntze ex K.
Schum.
Tarenna asiatica (L.) Kuntze ex K.
Schum.
Rubiaceae
Shrub
234
Devarahalli-durgadkallu
Apocynaceae
Tree
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
58
ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
235
Kvanaldoddi
Fabaceae
Tree
236
Kvanaldoddi
Fabaceae
Tree
237
Kvanaldoddi
Asparagaceae
Climber
238
Kvanaldoddi
Meliaceae
Tree
239
Kvanaldoddi
Barleria spp.
Acanthaceae
240
Kvanaldoddi
Cassia fistula L.
Fabaceae
Tree
241
Kvanaldoddi
Rubiaceae
Tree
242
Kvanaldoddi
Meliaceae
Tree
243
Kvanaldoddi
Sapindaceae
Shrub
244
Kvanaldoddi
Asteraceae
Herb
245
Kvanaldoddi
Eupatorium odoratum L.
Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex
Roem. & Schult.
246
Kvanaldoddi
Verbenaceae
Shrub
247
Kvanaldoddi
Leucas spp.
Lamiaceae
Herb
248
Kvanaldoddi
Convolvulaceae
Climber
249
Kvanaldoddi
Parthenium hysterophorus L.
Asteraceae
Herb
250
Kvanaldoddi
Malvaceae
Herb
251
Kvanaldoddi
Fabaceae
Shrub
252
Kvanaldoddi
Apocynaceae
Tree
253
Gangadarbetta-gomala
Fabaceae
Tree
254
Gangadarbetta-gomala
Cornaceae
Shrub
255
Gangadarbetta-gomala
Fabaceae
Tree
256
Gangadarbetta-gomala
Annona squamosa L.
Annonaceae
Tree
257
Gangadarbetta-gomala
Meliaceae
Tree
258
Gangadarbetta-gomala
Fabaceae
Tree
259
Gangadarbetta-gomala
Cassia fistula L.
Fabaceae
Tree
260
Gangadarbetta-gomala
Chrysopogon spp.
Poaceae
Herb
261
Gangadarbetta-gomala
Meliaceae
Tree
262
Gangadarbetta-gomala
Cymbopogon spp.
Poaceae
Herb
263
Gangadarbetta-gomala
Fabaceae
Tree
264
Gangadarbetta-gomala
Ebenaceae
Tree
265
Gangadarbetta-gomala
Asteraceae
Herb
266
Gangadarbetta-gomala
Poaceae
Herb
267
Gangadarbetta-gomala
Eupatorium odoratum L.
Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex
Roem. & Schult.
Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.)
Wall. ex G. Don
Apocynaceae
Tree
268
Gangadarbetta-gomala
Verbenaceae
Shrub
269
Gangadarbetta-gomala
Leucas spp.
Lamiaceae
Herb
270
Gangadarbetta-gomala
Meliaceae
Tree
271
Gangadarbetta-gomala
Rubiaceae
Tree
272
Gangadarbetta-gomala
Rubiaceae
Tree
273
Gangadarbetta-gomala
Fabaceae
Tree
274
Gangadarbetta-gomala
Fabaceae
Shrub
275
Gangadarbetta-gomala
Apocynaceae
Tree
Herb
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
59
ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
276
Gangadarbetta-forest area
Achyranthes aspera L.
Amaranthaceae
Herb
277
Gangadarbetta-forest area
Fabaceae
Tree
278
Gangadarbetta-forest area
Annona squamosa L.
Annonaceae
Tree
279
Gangadarbetta-forest area
Apluda mutica L.
Poaceae
Herb
280
Gangadarbetta-forest area
Meliaceae
Tree
281
Gangadarbetta-forest area
Rubiaceae
Shrub
282
Gangadarbetta-forest area
Cardiospermum halicacabum L.
Sapindaceae
Climber
283
Gangadarbetta-forest area
Rubiaceae
Tree
284
Gangadarbetta-forest area
Rubiaceae
Tree
285
Gangadarbetta-forest area
Tree
286
Gangadarbetta-forest area
Meliaceae
Menispermacea
e
287
Gangadarbetta-forest area
Fabaceae
Tree
288
Gangadarbetta-forest area
Asteraceae
Herb
289
Gangadarbetta-forest area
Moraceae
Tree
290
Gangadarbetta-forest area
Phyllanthaceae
Shrub
291
Gangadarbetta-forest area
Poaceae
Herb
292
Gangadarbetta-forest area
Verbenaceae
Shrub
293
Gangadarbetta-forest area
Acanthaceae
Herb
294
Gangadarbetta-forest area
Rubiaceae
Shrub
295
Gangadarbetta-forest area
Rubiaceae
Tree
296
Gangadarbetta-forest area
Fabaceae
Shrub
297
Harekodi
Poaceae
Herb
298
Harekodi
Asparagaceae
Climber
299
Harekodi
Barleria spp.
Acanthaceae
300
Harekodi
Fabaceae
Tree
301
Harekodi
Fabaceae
Shrub
302
Harekodi
Poaceae
Herb
303
Harekodi
Chrysopogon spp.
Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex
Benth.
304
Harekodi
Cymbopogon spp.
Poaceae
Herb
305
Harekodi
Eucalyptus spp.
Myrtaceae
Tree
306
Harekodi
Eupatorium odoratum L.
Asteraceae
Herb
307
Harekodi
Apocynaceae
Climber
308
Harekodi
Poaceae
Herb
309
Harekodi
Apocynaceae
Tree
310
Harekodi
Colchicaceae
Herb
311
Harekodi
Ischaemum spp.
Poaceae
Herb
312
Harekodi
Rubiaceae
Tree
313
Harekodi
Jasminum spp.
Oleaceae
Climber
314
Harekodi
Rutaceae
Tree
315
Harekodi
Rubiaceae
Herb
Herb
Tree
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
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ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
316
Harekodi
Arecaceae
Palm
317
Harekodi
Phyllanthus emblica L.
Tree
318
Harekodi
Rubiaceae
Tree
319
Harekodi
Sapindaceae
Tree
320
Harekodi
Orobanchaceae
Herb
321
Harekodi
Myrtaceae
322
Harekodi
syzygium sp
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight
& Arn.
Combretaceae
Tree
323
Harekodi
Combretaceae
Tree
324
Harekodi
Combretaceae
Tree
325
Harekodi
Rutaceae
Shrub
326
Harekodi
Rutaceae
Shrub
327
Harekodi
Lamiaceae
Tree
328
Begihalli-Mantapa
Fabaceae
Tree
329
Begihalli-Mantapa
Fabaceae
Tree
330
Begihalli-Mantapa
Combretaceae
Tree
331
Begihalli-Mantapa
Convolvulaceae
Shrub
332
Begihalli-Mantapa
Fabaceae
Tree
333
Begihalli-Mantapa
Phyllanthaceae
Tree
334
Begihalli-Mantapa
Rutaceae
Tree
335
Begihalli-Mantapa
Hypoxidaceae
Herb
336
Begihalli-Mantapa
Poaceae
Bamboo
337
Begihalli-Mantapa
Ebenaceae
Tree
338
Begihalli-Mantapa
Convolvulaceae
Herb
339
Begihalli-Mantapa
Moraceae
Tree
340
Begihalli-Mantapa
Malvaceae
Shrub
341
Begihalli-Mantapa
Poaceae
Herb
342
Begihalli-Mantapa
Apocynaceae
Tree
343
Begihalli-Mantapa
Lythraceae
Tree
344
Begihalli-Mantapa
Verbenaceae
Shrub
345
Begihalli-Mantapa
Rubiaceae
Herb
346
Begihalli-Mantapa
Combretaceae
Tree
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
61
2016
62
2016
C
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016.
Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
63
2016
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016.
Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
64
2016
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016.
Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
65
2016
C
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016.
Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
66
2016
67
2016
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016.
Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
68
2016
H
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016.
Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
69