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E T R 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE ZONES OF


BANNERGHATTA NATIONAL PARK (BNP)
Ramachandra T V1

Setturu Bharath1

Subash Chandran M D1

Vishnu Mayananda2

Harish R Bhat1

G R Rao1

Akhil C A1

Vishnu D Mukri1

Vrijulal M V

Chaturved Shet

Gouri Kulkarni K1

Bharath H Aithal1

1Energy and Wetlands Research Group, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 (http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy)
2 R K Mission, Shivanahalli, Anekal Taluk (http:// http://www.rkmission-shivanahalli.org/)

Karnataka Forest Department, Bangalore Urban Forest Division, Bengaluru


Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), GOI.

Citation: Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57,
ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/T_V_Ramachandra/publications

ENVIS Technical Report 109


June 2016
Energy & Wetlands Research Group,
Centre for Ecological Sciences, TE 15
New Bioscience Building, Third Floor, E Wing
[Near D-Gate] Indian Institute of Science
Bangalore 560012, India
http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy
http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity

Email: cestvr@ces.iisc.ernet.in,
energy@ces.iisc.ernet.in
sahyadri@ces.iisc.ernet.in
Note: The views expressed in the publication [ETR 109] are of the authors and not necessarily reflect the
views of either the publisher, funding agencies or of the employer (Copyright Act, 1957; Copyright Rules,
1958, The Government of India).

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

2016

ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE ZONES OF


BANNERGHATTA NATIONAL PARK (BNP)
Ramachandra T V

Setturu Bharath

Subash Chandran M D

Vishnumayananda

Harish R Bhat

G R Rao

Akhil C A

Vishnu D Mukri

Vrijulal M V

Chaturved Shet

Gouri Kulkarni K

Bharath H Aithal

Citation: Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS
Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

Section Content
Executive Summary
1
Introduction
1.1 National Parks in Karnataka: An Overview
1.2 Bannerghatta National Park (BNP)
2.0
Floristic diversity, status and conservation aspect of Bannerghatta National Park
and buffer area
3.0
Flora of Bannerghatta National Park
4.0
Bird diversity
5.0
Faunal Diversity of BNP and Buffer area
6.0
Butterfly Diversity in Bannerghatta National Park
7.0
Common lands (gomala): status and significance
8.0
Land Use Dynamics in BNP
9.0
Eco-Sensitive Regions / Zones of BNP
9.1 Safe passage for elephants
10.0
Unplanned and Unrealistic Urbanization in Bangalore: BNPs Tragedy
10.1 Modeling and visualization of likely changes in BNP

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Sahyadri Conservation Series: 57


ENVIS Technical Report 109

June 2016
Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences,
TE 15, New Bioscience Building, Third Floor, E Wing,

Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India


http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy
http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity
E Mail: cestvr@ces.iisc.ernet.in; wetlands@ces.iisc.ernet.in
Note: The views expressed in the publication [ETR 109] are of the authors and not necessarily reflect the views
of either the publisher, funding agencies or of the employer (Copyright Act, 1957; Copyright Rules, 1958, The
Government of India).

SCR 57, ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

2016

ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE ZONES OF


BANNERGHATTA NATIONAL PARK (BNP)
Executive Summary
Bannerghatta National Park: Conservation Importance

Unique region of biological and ecological importance and are irreplaceable if


destroyed;

Prime habitat for several species of mammals, amphibians, reptiles and birds
including the endangered Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus), Indian gaur (Bos
gaurus), Sambar deer (Cervus unicolor), Spotted deer (Axis axis), Leopard (Panthera
pardus), Wild dog (Cuon alpines), Wild pig (Sus scrofa), Sloth bear (Melurus
ursinus),

Common

mongoose

(Herpestes

vitticollis),

Pangolin

(Manis

crassicaudata), Slender loris (Loris lardigradus) and Black naped hare (Lepus
nigricollis), etc;

As a terminal point on the northern side of Mysore Elephant Reserve, movement path
for Asian Elephants Asian Elephants that migrate from the adjacent Cauvery wildlife
Sanctuary of Karnataka and Krishnagiri and Hosur Forest Division of Tamilnadu
which is in contiguam with the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve carved out of Western
Ghats forest at Nilgiris stretching through Malaimahadeshwara hills, Biligiri Ranga
Temple Sanctuary, Kollegal Forest Division and Sathyamangala Forests of
Tamilnadu;

Crucial watershed for streams such as Antaragange Hol , Rayatmala Hol, Amuthi
halla, Muthyala Madu halla, Shankarana halla, Bantana halla, Aane Maduvina halla,
Byaladakere halla, Maavina halla

and rivers (Arkavathi, Suvarnamukhi,

Muthyalamadavu hole, Rayathmala hole, Hebbalahalla and Antharagange, which


joins Cauvery river);

Rich floral and faunal diversity;

Diversity of herbs and shrubs of medicinal importance;

Sequester carbon (helps in mitigating global warming) and moderates regional


climate (vital for Bangalore);

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved
Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS
Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

SCR 57, ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

2016

Sustains regional hydrology vital for maintaining the hydrologic regime in the river
Cauvery.

There are about 120 human settlements located within 5 km from the BNP boundary
and 5 human settlements within BNP. Some of the recently formed settlements are
through encroachment of forest lands. Scheduled tribes dominate the settlements
located close to the park boundary in the South-East, and South-West and depend on
agriculture and livestock rearing for livelihood.

Scope for research on wild animals and their habitat, the socioeconomic status of the
people and monitoring of the changes in flora, fauna, and people.

Need for designating Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZ) in the vicinity of BNP:

These regions (ESZ) are ecologically and economically vital and vulnerable to even
mild disturbances and hence demand conservation;

regions for conservation and community usage based on ecological and social /
cultural dimensions;

Protection of animal movement paths would help in mitigating Human-Animal


conflicts and also minimizes the instances of wild fauna straying into nearby urban
area (Bangalore);

Degradation of ESZs due to anthropogenic activities would cause irreversible


changes in the structure of biological communities at BNP;

To reduce biotic pressures on the habitat due to increasing number of human


settlements close to the forest boundary;

play an important role in the

conservation of

wildlife and its management,

particularly when habitats are fragmented, disturbed and are inadequate for their
usage as a passage;

Unplanned rapid urbanisation process at Bangalore would threaten the very existence
of BNP;

Continuation of uncontrolled and unregulated activities apart from senseless


approval by environmentally illiterate bureaucracy (evident from proposal for
housing layouts, etc.), would impact the rich biodiversity;

Helps in regulating environmentally malignant activities (sand and granite mining,


inappropriate cropping, encroachment of forest lands, etc.);

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved
Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS
Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

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2016

Helps in arresting fragmentation of forests and deforestation - the moist deciduous


forest covered 50.4% in 1973 and now are about 28.5 % (2015);

Supports cluster based developmental path based on the locally available resources;

Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZ) in the vicinity of BNP:

prioritizes the regions in the BNP buffer regions of 5 km, considering attributes
(biological, Geo climatic, Social, etc.) as ESR1 (Regions of highest sensitivity or
Ecologically Sensitive Region 1), ESR2 (Regions of higher sensitivity), ESR3
(Regions of high sensitivity) and ESR4 (Regions of moderate sensitivity).

69 villages are in ESR 1, 78 villages in ESR 2, 79 villages in ESR 3 and the rest 176
villages are in ESR 4 (in the buffer region of 10 km).

The ESR 1 represents zone of highest conservation, no further degradation allowed.


The ESR-1 reflects all villages within 1km of BNP which are to be treated as high
sensitive region of conservation.

ESR 2 represents a zone of transition for highest conservation and moderate


conservation regions.

ESR 1 and ESR 2 are no go area for any developmental activities involving
large scale land cover changes.

ESR 3 represents moderate conservation region and only regulated development is


allowed in these areas.

ESR 4 represents least diversity areas and the developments are allowed as per the
requirement by strict vigilance from regulatory authorities.

Ecologically Sensitive Regions (ESRs) are the ecological units that may be easily affected
or harmed. It is a bio-climatic unit (as demarcated by entire landscapes) wherein human impacts
have locally caused irreversible changes in the structure of biological communities (as evident
in number/ composition of species and their relative abundances) and their natural habitats
(Section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act 1986 (EPA)). This approach of conservation or
ecological planning considers spatially both ecological and social dimensions of environmental
variables. Ecological sensitive regions with exceptional biotic and abiotic elements are being
degraded or lost as a result of unplanned developmental activities. Landscapes sustainability
as a basic goal for development requires comprehensive picture of the biophysical and sociocultural information of a region and this approach provides an opportunities and constraints for
decision-making and sustainable management of natural resources. Conservation by
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved
Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS
Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

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2016

prioritisation of sensitive regions has been widely used to improve ecosystem by conservations
practices. This study prioritises the regions in the 5 km buffer region of Bannerghatta National
Park (BNP), considering attributes (biological, Geo climatic, Social, etc.) as ESR 1 (Regions
of highest sensitivity or Ecologically Sensitive Region 1), ESR2 (Regions of higher
sensitivity), ESR3 (Regions of high sensitivity) and ESR4 (Regions of moderate sensitivity).
Sustainable development of a region requires a synoptic ecosystem approach that relates to the
dynamics of natural variability and the effects of human interventions on key indicators of
biodiversity and productivity. Conservation has become challenging task as in the face of
increasing human pressures on ecosystem. An anthropogenic disturbance on landscape is of
much higher intensities compared to natural disturbance processes (such as wind and fire),
which alter abiotic and biotic environments across wide areas.
The spatial conservation planning considering both ecological and cultural dimensions will
results in as ecologically sensitive regions (ESR). Ecological sensitive regions treasure
sensitive natural elements that could be degraded or lost as a result of uncontrolled or
incompatible development. ESR will aid in demarcating regions for conservation and
community usage based on ecological and social / cultural dimensions. Ecological dimension
refers to the natural environment such as ecosystems and ecological processes. While, cultural
dimension refers to the human culture such as political, social, technological and economic
aspects. ESR are identified based on the quality, the scarcity, or the role they play in the
ecosystem and culture, to maintain essentially the ecological characteristics and integrity.
Section 5(1) of Environment (Protection) Act 1986 (EPA), Ministry of Environment and
Forests (MoEF), Government of India regulate the location of industries and carrying out
certain operations on the basis of considerations like the ecological sensitivity. The MoEF had
set up Committee to identify parameters for designating Ecologically Sensitive Areas in the
country to counter the rapid deterioration of the environment, both nationally and
internationally. The committee has defined ecological sensitivity or fragility as permanent
and irreparable loss of extant life forms from the world; or significant damage to the natural
processes of evolution and speciation. Eco-sensitive regions have been delineated based on
biological, economical, socio cultural values depending upon the context and the area or
location for conservation. ESRs are the areas that are ecologically and economically very
important but, vulnerable to even mild disturbances and hence demand conservation. These are
the `unique regions that are biologically and ecologically valuable and are hence irreplaceable
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved
Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS
Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

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SCR 57, ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

2016

if destroyed. The delineation of ESR is done considering a set of variables, which are location
specific and represent entire system or mimic major systems functionalities.
Bannerghatta National Park (BNP)
Location

The Bannerghatta National Park (BNP) is situated in the districts of


Bangalore Urban and Ramanagaram of the Karnataka State close to the
Bannerghatta Biological Park at the North - East corner. National Park is
named after the village Bannerghatta an historical pilgrimage centre.
The Bannerghatta National Park spreads over an area of 102.74 sq. km,
comprising 10 Reserve Forests and declared, as Bannerghatta National Park
in the year 2004 vide final notification No. FEE 19 FWL 98, Bangalore,
dated 5th March 2004 . The total area of the park was further increased to
260.51 sq. km by appending three more reserve forests measuring 157.77 sq.
km in area drawn from the Kanakapura Range of Ramanagara Division
located in the southern part of the park in the year 2011 vide notification No.
FEE 302 FWL 2011-(II), Bangalore, dated 27th December 2011.

Area
Climate

Terrain

Extent : 260.51 Sq. km


Summer: From mid of February to end of May mean maximum temperature
is 270 C and the maximum temperature goes up to 34-350C.
Monsoon: The annual monsoon rainfall varies from 625mm to 750mm from
June to Mid of November from South West and North-East-monsoons.
Winter: From November to Mid of February. Mean
Minimum temperature is 22C and it goes down to 12C and even to 10C in
extreme cases.
Undulating with broken chains of bolder strewn hillocks and hills of rocky
outcrop and watercourses. The highest peak in National Park are Bilikal Betta
and Dodda Ragihalli Betta at an altitude of 1075 and 1035 M above sea level
respectively. The lowest ground is the Rayatmalhole at 700m above sea level.
Granite sheet rocks characterize the higher hills.

Bannerghatta National Park (BNP) was declared as national park in 1974 with an area of
106.83 sq. km by Government of Karnataka vide Notification No. AFD.61 FWL 74, dated 625/9-1974 published in the Karnataka Gazettee dated 9-1-75 in exercise of the powers
conferred by sub-section (1) of Section 35 of The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 (Central
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved
Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS
Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

SCR 57, ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

2016

Act 53 of 1972). It had comprised 2 reserve forests spread over in the district of Bangalore
urban and Bangalore rural. The various plans and proposals were considered by forest
department, Government of Karnataka till 2009 to widen and develop the Bannerghatta
National Park. These plans were created for reducing the pressure of the people residing in the
periphery of the park, reducing human animal conflict as well as depredation of crop by
elephants, habitat improvement for increasing the carrying capacity of the park and the
restoration of entire ecosystem. The plan envisaged managing the BNP on sound principles of
latest wildlife management practices. Thus the management plan has approved in 2011 by an
effective administrative setup with the addition of Kodihalli Range from adjacent Ramanagara
Territorial Division for implementing the plan prescriptions. The total area of BNP now
encompasses an area of 260.51 sq.km comprising of 13 reserve forests spread over the districts
of Bangalore urban, Bangalore rural and Ramanagara as per Vide G. O. No. FEE 302 FWL
2011 (II), dated: 27.12.2011. The boundary of BNP is having highly irregular shape and it
measures about 59 km in length and the width varies from 0.3 km to 13.8 km. BNP regions has
31 Beats under 6 ranges for effective management and protection.
Bannerghatta National Park is located in the southern elevated plateau that extends from the
foot of the Western Ghats. The plateau receives less than 1000 mm annual precipitation with
natural climax vegetation of dry deciduous types and are broadly divided into:
1. Shorea talura-Terminalia sp-Anogiessus latifolia series tropical deciduous forest;
2. Chloroxylon swietenia-Anogiessus latifolia-Albizzia sp series tropical dry deciduous
forest;
3. Acacia thorn forest and
4. Riverine gallery forest.
The forest types cover moist deciduous, dry deciduous forests, thorny scrub and grass lands
with rich flora and fauna Historical vegetation of the district is in undisturbed parts such as the
core areas of Chikkaragalli betta are with dense jungle of Shorea talura-Terminalia spAnogiessus latifolia series forest. Shorea talura tree being a member of Dipterocarpaceae (all
other family members of Dipterocarpaceae occur in evergreen to semi-evergreen forest) is an
endangered tree as per IUCN category. The distribution of this forest type in less disturbed
areas highlights the ecological importance of the area. These forest types have disappeared in
most other areas with high anthropogenic pressure

and vegetation mainly consists of

Chloroxylon swietenia-Anogiessus latifolia-Albizzia series. These ecologically fragile regions


Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved
Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS
Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

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SCR 57, ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

2016

are undergoing severe land cover changes due to anthropogenic pressures. The landscape
consists of fragmented forest patches, interspersed agricultural lands, pastures, habitations, etc.
BNP is one of the oldest habitats of Asian elephants, supporting 100-150 population and large
number of 200-300 migratory population also noticed from adjoining Tali reserve forest and
Kaveri wild life sanctuary.
The land use analysis has been carried out in BNP and in buffer region (5 km). Land use
changes within BNP region are minimal as compared to buffer region. The moist deciduous
forest covered 50.4% (1973) and now 28.5 % (2015) due to anthropogenic pressure in BNP
and its environs. Forests in Ragihalli, Manjunatha, Yelavantha, Bettahalli regions with good
protection measures show minimal disturbance. However, implications of unplanned
urbanization are evident in the buffer regions. Land use analyses in the buffer region (5 km)
analysis highlights of urban sprawl in peri-urban regions has fragmented, dispersed urban
patches in periphery accounting to 5462 ha (built-up area). The region has lost moist deciduous
cover from 26.1 to 13.8 % with an increase in horticulture 8.5 to 11% (1973-2015). The region
had lost the large tracts of deciduous cover in Kanakapura taluk, Anekal taluk regions due to
intensified horticulture activities and deforestation. The current study prioritizes the regions in
the BNP buffer regions of 5 km, considering attributes (biological, Geo climatic, Social, etc.)
as ESR1 (Regions of highest sensitivity or Ecologically Sensitive Region 1), ESR2 (Regions
of higher sensitivity), ESR3 (Regions of high sensitivity) and ESR4 (Regions of moderate
sensitivity).
As per the analyses, 69 villages are in ESR 1, 78 villages in ESR 2, 79 villages in ESR 3 and
the rest 176 villages are in ESR 4 (in the buffer region of 10 km). The ESR 1 represents zone
of highest conservation, no further degradation allowed. The ESR-1 reflects all villages within
1km of BNP which are to be treated as high sensitive region of conservation. ESR 2 represents
a zone of transition for highest conservation and moderate conservation regions. These regions
(ESR 1, ESR 2) are no go area for any developmental activities involving large scale land
cover changes.

ESR 3 represents moderate conservation region and only regulated

development is allowed in these areas. ESR 4 represents least diversity areas and the
developments are allowed as per the requirement by strict vigilance from regulatory authorities.
The Community based Conservation (CBC) of ESR 2 & 3 is essential as conservation of
biological diversity (or wildlife) depends on the extent of involvement of local communities in
decision-making, monitoring and regular management. Local communities knowledge and
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved
Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS
Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

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2016

experience of wildlife and their habitats, would be invaluable in conservation endevours. This
would also help the BNP administration in delineating the region for further usage by local
communities on sustainable basis. The uncontrolled development should be discouraged in and
around of pristine lakes, primeval forest patches, perennial water bodies. The village forest
committees (VFCs) should be formed on priority for promoting conservation initiatives. The
members should be involved for afforestation, wild life protection and controlling deforestation
activities. Monitoring committee should be formed under the guidance of district forest officer
(DFO) with powers conferred by subsection-3 of Environment Protection Act, 1986. The
committee should include a representative from forest department, a representative from urban
development (BDA), a representative of non-government organization, who are active in the
field of conservation, an expert in forest ecology and environment, one of the village forest
committee members (VFC), a representative from local stake holders. Suggestions regarding
the management of ESR are:
1. Restrictions on large scale land cover changes;
2. Encouragement to organic farming;
3. No monoculture plantation of exotics like Eucalyptus, Acacia, etc.;
4. Extraction of medicinal plants only with strict regulations;
5. Appropriate cropping to minimize instances of human animal conflicts, restrictions
on the cultivation of elephant preferred crops such as paddy (Oryza sativa), banana
(Musa paradisiaca) and ragi (Eleusine coracana) in ESR 2 and ESR 3 villages.
6. Ban on hazardous or toxic waste processing units;
7. Restoration of land cover through appropriate catchment area treatment plans for
reducing silt yield in the catchment;
8. Setting up fodder farms to support local livestock population;
9. Ban large scale mining;
10. Controlled quarrying and sustainable sand mining;
11. Involving education institutions to document biodiversity in the neighbourhood
(village level);
12. Eco clubs at all schools and students to take part in environment monitoring (part of
curriculum);
13. Setting up agro processing industries, cottage industries to support local livelihood;
14. Collection of NTFP through local people (complete removal of contract system);

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved
Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS
Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

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2016

15. Development of forest nurseries of local species through the active participation of local
villagers;
16. Incentives to VFCs for conservation and protection of forests.
17. Creation of fodder reserves: It is very necessary to enrich the forests impoverished of
wild animal fodder plants, using the land resources of poor-grade

monoculture

plantations, degraded forests, abandoned mine areas, underneath high tension power
lines and such identified stretches.
18. Creation/maintenance of water bodies: Water bodies are to be created intermittently in
the forest areas so that the movement of animals in dry months could be minimized.
Several old village ponds and tanks need desilting and maintenance. Watershed based
forest management is critical for creating healthy habitats for elephants and other
wildlife.
19. Ban all human activities (such as quarrying, stone crushers, sand mining, firewood
collection, lopping, Non-Timber Forest Produce (NTFP) collection and access road)
including cattle grazing in wildlife corridor to ensure uninterrupted movement of
elephants.
20. Augment the width of the corridor by appending the fringe area along the northern side
(area at Jaipuradoddi, etc.) with the native floral species.
21. Considerable loss of crops (particularly Ragi) could be avoided during the harvest
stages (ready to harvest/ harvested but kept in crop fields for drying/stored in the open
for processing) by advancing the processing of crops (drying and separation of grain
from husk) thus reducing exposure of these crops to the elephants. This can be achieved
by following improved farm based practices such as better drying and storing facilities.
22. De-silt and deepen the elephant proof trenches immediately after the monsoon and grow
grass or any other suitable vegetation to minimise future erosion.
23. Adopting Clustering Approaches: Ecology Integrated Sustainable Development Integrated clustering of villages for inclusive growth promoting eco-friendly, local
resources, local skill and man-power based thematic developmental programmes
through laying a stronger foundation for sustainable growth.
24. Micro-finance and revival of village centred enterprises and clustering of villages for
thematic development programmes can greatly improve financial and livelihood
security of rural homes, and could provide largest venues for women empowerment.

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved
Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS
Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

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2016

Cluster-based economic development approach is considered an important aspect of a broader


re-orientation of research and economic policy towards laying the foundations of a
microeconomic approach for prosperity and growth. The past decades were under the spell of
macroeconomics and the creation of market institutions in developing economies. While there
is now fairly broad consensus on the type of macroeconomic and legal conditions necessary to
achieve economic progress, it is also becoming clearer that these conditions are not sufficient.
As a new approach to help economies reap the full potential of an improved macroeconomic
and legal context cluster-based efforts have received a lot of attention. Clusters are groups of
companies and institutions co-located in a specific geographic region and linked by
interdependencies in providing a related group of products and/or services. Because of the
proximity among them both in terms of geography and of activities cluster constituents
enjoy the economic benefits of several types of positive location-specific externalities.

Cluster facilitators and need for institutional structure for implementation: Village
panchayats form ideal units for implementation of cluster approach for integrated eco-friendly
development. The success of cluster based development programmes will depend on the active
participation of facilitators. The various Government departments, financial institutions and
NGOs will have active roles to play for the success of the integrated cluster-based approach.
In addition there is also need for block level facilitator committees for scrutinsation of
developmental plans and review of progress achieved. The role of some facilitators, are
indicated below:

Forests and wildlife departments: As forests constitute a major asset of the district the Forest
Department need to be strengthened with adequate manpower at ground level.

Development of nurseries involving local people. People be encouraged and guided to


make nurseries of native forest trees and medicinal plants

It is suggested to look into the feasibility of purchase of medicinal plants or their


products by the Forest Department itself, or by the local VFCs from the producers at
fair prices, and the sale/supply of these goods to pharmaceuticals to be undertaken by
the Forest Department itself. This recommendation is being made so as to stop rampant
illegal collection and trade of medicinal plants from the wild.

The local ayurvedic pharmaceuticals (within the district), and local people to be
engaged in cultivation and value addition to medicinal plants be supplied with

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved
Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS
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medicinal plants/products on priority basis to enrich the local economy and


employment potential

NTFP collection (removal of contract system of middle men) and value addition,
Developing bee-keeping involving forests. As bee-keeping is recommended as an
important activity for almost all clusters, roadsides, common lands, under-stocked or
degraded forest patches around villages be planted with appropriate nectar plant
species.

Contract system for collection of NTFP from forests found to be highly detrimental to
forests and biodiversity and economic well-being of local people be stopped forthwith
and co-management system involving local people be adopted.

Production of bamboo based products by local craftsman and effective utilization of


bamboo for local development is important

Use of alternative energy sources replacing firewood

Development of degraded forest patches for tree farming, medicinal plants and fodder,

Promoting backwater, mangrove, and beach tourism, development of rural tourism and
home stays in the vicinity of forests and wildlife areas

Regular conduct of training in bird-watching, wildlife studies, trekking trails, hygiene


and solid waste management involving VFCs, local youth in forest and wildlife related
tourism areas be arranged with view of generating eco-friendly employment potential.

Utilization of weeds and harvestable trees/tree parts, bamboos, canes etc.

from

plantations or other designated areas for vegetable dyes, medicines, weaving, furniture,
handmade paper, sports goods production

The Department to consider pooling back good part of income from VFC managed
areas into sustainable income generating activities in the cluster level

Eco-tourism Department: Integrated community based eco-tourism development is being


conceptualised to benefit some clusters of adjoining local self government units as a strategy
to address high incidence of poverty among the communities while such areas are teeming with
tourism potential

Developing integrated community based eco-tourism

Assistance in building aesthetic cottages/rooms as part of home stays of bonafide locals


or local VFCs. Local grass root level tourism related enterprises to be preferred against
construction and commercial lobby.

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved
Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS
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Developing tourism awareness in the appropriate panchayat clusters. Conducting


programmes on safeguarding local cultures, performing arts and biodiversity.

Training youth in tourism/homestay management.

Fostering tourism related entrepreneurship among the local people so as to increase


self-employment opportunities in rural areas and small towns.

Getting necessary registration/licenses for village home stays managed by


individuals/VFCs/communities, and exhibiting details on location-wise home-stays
through web pages

Horticulture Department

Facilitate farming of desired crops only under insurance coverage.

Training in preservation of fruits and vegetables to women.

Promoting organic cultivation for exports and Indian markets.

Financial institutions:
Government financing and micro-financing institutions to step in to promote cluster level
development programmes through local panchayats, VFCs, BMCs, NGOs, departments,
societies etc. Financing from charitable and voluntary organizations and NGOs and not-for
profit financiers to be considered and may be recommended by related departments. Crop
insurance, preferably, in identified human-wildlife conflict zone is highly necessary for future
of biodiversity conservation. Financial literacy is very critical for participatory development
progrmmes envisaged.
Mining and Geology

Mining in the region to be phased out.

Mining of stones/sand etc. from VFC/BMC jurisdiction areas be limited to bonafide


local use and in any case not to be transported outside local area as is deemed fit by the
joint decision of VFC-BMC and Forest and Mining-Geology departments.

District administration/Zilla panchayat

Thin plastic carry bags production and sale to be banned, so as to promote locally
produced cloth and paper bags.

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved
Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS
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Hoteliers and bulk purchasers of milk to purchase milk in larger containers, which the
milk producers are to use mandatorily and need based.

Use of plastic disposable cups and plates to be banned so as to reduce environmental


hazards and to provide market for locally produced biodegradable eco-friendly
products.

Imposition of fines/cleaning charges be levied on polluters at all levels

Toilet facility within reach of every household

Education Department (Primary and Secondary): Earlier initiatives with high school
students and teachers in Western Ghats show, they are effective in documenting many aspects
of biodiversity and related knowledge existing at village level. With a reasonable time, say one
or two days spent on motivating them and familiarizing them with the concepts of biodiversity
documentation and data collection formats, they could contribute substantially towards
building up a dynamic database at village level ready for integration into the Peoples
Biodiversity Registers. They are more effective in meeting and interviewing organic farmers,
in noting down details on traditional cultivars, collecting details on sacred groves, major
wildlife related details etc.

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved
Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Ecosystems are distinct biological entities that sustain the biosphere and characterised by a range
of functions: nutrient cycling, bio-geo chemical cycle, hydrologic cycling, etc. Ecological
sensitivity of ecosystems refers to their ability to cope with various kinds of environmental
disturbances that have the potential of adversely changing the character of the natural landscapes.
The conservation and sustainable management of ecosystems are the vital components in the
pursuit of development goals that are ecologically, economically and socially sustainable. This
requires an understanding of the complex functioning of ecosystems, and recognition of the full
range and diversity of resources, values and ecological services that they represent, with the ability
to significantly influence climate at local as well as at the global scale. Sustainability implies the
equilibrium between society and the natural resources (Ramachandra et al., 2007). This entails
careful and conservative utilization of natural resources to maximize their availability over time.
In this regard, an approach with holistic integrated strategies considering all components and
functions of the ecosystems in developmental planning is quintessential. Also, there is a need to
conserve and benefit from the knowledge of uses and the traditions of conservation of biological
diversity. This formidable challenge of ecosystem approach of conservation (ecosystem
management) can be addressed only through proper understanding the ecosystem functioning,
addressing the socio-economic values bounded by the institutional mandates. Equitable benefit
sharing among all, especially local people, ensures the sustainability of natural resources.
Sustainable management of ecosystems is possible only with the co-operation of the people, many
of whom still depend on them for their day-to-day sustenance and the knowledge of the status and
dynamics of these ecosystems resides with these same people (Ramachandra et al., 2007).

Sustainable development of a region requires a synoptic ecosystem approach that relates to the
dynamics of natural variability and the effects of human interventions on key indicators of
biodiversity and productivity (Ramachandra et al., 2007). Conservation has become challenging
task as in the face of increasing human pressures on ecosystem. An anthropogenic disturbance on
landscape is of much higher intensities compared to natural disturbance processes (such as wind
and fire), which alter abiotic and biotic environments across wide areas (Kivinen and Kumpula,
2013). Forests covers about 31% today at globally as opposed to 50% of the earth's land area 8000
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,

Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
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years ago (FAO, 2011) with the expanded extents of croplands, pastures, plantations, and urban
areas. The need to provide food, fiber, water, and shelter to more than seven billion people (Foley
et al., 2005, Smaling et al., 2012) driven wide-ranging changes of earth surface. This unsustainable
use of the planet's resources have affected the biogeochemistry, hydrology, food security, climate
and socioeconomic systems (IPCC, 2007; Smaling et al., 2012). Unplanned developmental
activities have affected the land capacity to sustain biological productivity, to maintain
environmental quality and long-term sustainability of socioeconomic systems (Vitousek et al.,
1997). Unsustainable use of land resources for different purposes, such as forestry, tourism, mining
has various impacts on land cover leading to the scarcity of natural resources.

Competition for resources and consequent land cover transformations has resulted in conflicts
between different land uses leading to ecosystem degradation, which have reduced the biological
and economic productivity (Berkres and Davidson-Hunt, 2006; Moen and Keskitalo, 2010) of
prestine ecosystems. This necessitates an understanding of the long term driving forces of
landscape dynamics for a comprehensive planning to ensure the sustainability of natural
resources. This requires integration of biological, social and economic factors within decision
making framework for effective ecosystem planning (Watson et al., 2011a).
Decision making based on the biophysical and socio-cultural information provides opportunities
and constraints in decision-making while ensuring landscapes sustainability (Steiner, 2000;
Opdam et al., 2006). Ecological sustainable landscape development planning aims for a condition
of stability in ecological, physical and social systems (cultural, economic functions) achieved by
maintaining the sustainability of natural resources with intergeneration equity (Opdam et al.,
2006). Prioritisation of sensitive regions for conservation (Myers et al., 2000) through a
multidisciplinary approach is widely accepted norm to identify hotspots of biodiversity. A range
of conservation actions being practiced, include protecting altitudinal gradients (Watson et al.,
2011b), protection of contiguous forests with native vegetation, habitat of endemic flora and fauna,
sacred patches of forests/kans/groves and creating large scale corridors that allow shifts in species
ranges due to environmental changes (Hannah et al., 2007, Toth et al., 2011). Spatial components
such as riverine corridors, upland-lowland gradients, macroclimatic gradients, etc. have been
identied as proxies of key ecological processes at regional scales. Participatory or incentive based
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,

Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
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instruments are often used as proxies at local scale. In addition, knowledge of landscape dynamics
due to the natural and anthropogenic activities is required for evolving apt conservation measures
(Pressey et al., 2007). The local conservation endeavours involving effective strategic planning
processes also help in global conservation (Boyd et al., 2008; Toth et al., 2011). Implications of
the environmental changes on natural resources are to be sufficiently perceived and understood by
policy makers and the decision makers for management interventions.
The spatial conservation planning considering both ecological and cultural dimensions will results
in as ecologically sensitive regions (ESR). Ecological sensitive regions treasure sensitive natural
elements that could be degraded or lost as a result of uncontrolled or incompatible development.
ESR will aid in demarcating regions for conservation and community usage based on ecological
and social / cultural dimensions. Ecological dimension refers to the natural environment such as
ecosystems and ecological processes. While, cultural dimension refers to the human culture such
as political, social, technological and economic aspects. ESR are identified based on the quality,
the scarcity, or the role they play in the ecosystem and culture, to maintain essentially the
ecological characteristics and integrity (Frederick et al., 2000). Ecological and cultural dimensions
are two different perspectives of reality and are combined as a result of history of diversified
interplay and interdependence between the two (Williams, 1980).
Section 5(1) of Environment (Protection) Act 1986 (EPA), Ministry of Environment and Forests
(MoEF), Government of India regulate the location of industries and carrying out certain
operations on the basis of considerations like the ecological sensitivity. The MoEF had set up
Committee (Pronab Sen Committee) to identify parameters for designating Ecologically Sensitive
Areas in the country to counter the rapid deterioration of the environment, both nationally and
internationally (MoEF, 2000). The committee has defined ecological sensitivity or fragility as
permanent and irreparable loss of extant life forms from the world; or significant damage to the
natural processes of evolution and speciation. Gadgil et al., 2011 prepared an outline for
determining eco-sensitive regions based on biological, economical, socio cultural values
depending upon the context and the area or location for conservation. ESRs are the areas that are
ecologically and economically very important but, vulnerable to even mild disturbances and hence
demand conservation. These are the `unique regions that are biologically and ecologically
valuable and are hence irreplaceable if destroyed (Gadgil et al., 2011). The delineation of ESR is
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,

Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
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ENVIS Technical
Report
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Science,ofBangalore
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not confined by a set of variables and their possessions. They are location specific and cannot be
narrowed by a specific range. The structured protocol for defining ecological sensitive region by
a series of attributes with the criteria to be used for each of them and then provide a methodological
process is not well defined (Gadgil et al., 2011). Delineation of certain key variables is required to
represent entire system or mimic major systems functionalities. Determining a systems boundary
is another most important and challenging aspects of working with ecosystems, given that many
ecosystem processes are very diffuse and dynamic.
Various empirical and statistical approaches based on regression or probability analysis have been
applied widely to assess regional conservation priorities. The underlying disadvantage of this
approach is lack of spatial visualisation required for planning process. Moreover, methods
developed without spatial attributes were inadequate at the regional level where the most
information is available on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, land-use changes, and a variety of
simultaneous stressors (Li et al., 2006). Geo informatics equipped with free and open source
softwares has gained significance in recent times due to the contribution to spatial conservation
planning of a region by providing spatial analytical and modelling abilities for understanding of
ecological systems (Rundell et al., 2009; Ramachandra et al., 2012). Remote sensing, geographical
information systems (GIS) are powerful tools for handling spatial data (Bharath et al., 2012),
performing spatial analysis and manipulating spatial outputs. GIS also provides a consistent
visualisation environment for displaying the input data and results of a model (Wang et al., 2010).
The intrinsic ability of GIS to store, analyze and display large amounts of spatial data
(Ramachandra et al., 2012) enables it to make a signicant contribution to ecological conservation
assessment (Ramachandra et al., 2007). This ability of GIS as decision support system is very
useful in a decision-making process (Vairavamoorthy et al., 2007). Temporal information on land
cover, bio-geophysical data are used for global change studies, including climate change,
biodiversity conservation, ecosystem assessment and environmental modelling, planning and
management (Melesse, 2004). Thus, spatial and temporal information is required to undertake
management interventions with mitigation measures in a region (Woldie et al., 2011).
Spatial decision support tools are playing an important role that simultaneously meet conservation
targets while minimizing social and economic costs to guide management actions and locations.
The integration of spatial tools is increasing accountability and transparency in the planning
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,

Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
Ecologically
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Series 57,Bharath
ENVIS Technical
Report
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process and leading to more economically efcient conservation actions (Knight et al., 2006;
Joseph et al., 2011; Marignani and Blasi, 2012). Various techniques and methodologies have
evolved to design effective panning. Remote sensing, geographical information systems (GIS) and
quantification of the fauna, flora, physical environment and anthropic disturbance are widely used
in geospatial model based analyses. With the existing knowledge, planning approach should revise
to allow spatio temporal alterations of features, biodiversity, threats and management options to
demonstrate a systematic conservation planning at a ne scale. Decision making on developmental
activities, entail planning that depends upon the availability of reliable and accurate data. Data
required for natural resource planning include spatial data such as, information of physiography of
the area, land use, assets, etc. Geographic information system (GIS) with a capability of handling
spatial data helps in the analysis and visualisation of results effectively, and aids decision making
process.

1.1 National Parks in Karnataka: An Overview


Karnataka state is spread across 191,791 square km geographical area in India. The state with the
diverse ecological regions, complex topography, heterogeneous soils, climate and geographical
history has rich biological resources with variety of flora and fauna. As per the annual report of
the states Forest Department for the year 2014-15 Karnataka has 43,356.47 sq. km forest area
(Government of Karnataka vide G.O. No FEE 270 FGL 2002), which covers 22.61% of the states
geographical area. It accounts for around 6.18% of Indias total forest cover of 701,673 sq. km.
The percentage recommended by the National Forest Policy is 33%, but Karnataka has lower than
all-India average forest cover. The forest cover in Karnataka can be classified as Reserved Forests
(26,879.47), Protected Forests (National Parks and Sanctuaries) (6,350.07), Unclassified Forests
(10,024.91), Village Forests (49.05) and Private Forests (54.07) sq. km. The protected areas
especially in context of India account for 4.5% of the country's geographical area. In Karnataka,
protected area constitute around 14.65 % of total forest cover and 3.31 % area in total geographical
extent. Forest types in Karnataka can be classified as 5 different categories as per their green
foliage, elevation and rainfall (i) Evergreen and Semi-evergreen Forest; (ii) Moist Deciduous
Forest; (iii) Dry Deciduous Forest; (iv) Scrub and Thorny Forest; and (vi) Un-wooded Forest/
grass lands.
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,

Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
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The Union government has formulated numerous legislations to protect forests, conservation, use
of biological resources, associated knowledge and environment such as The Prevention of Cruelty
to Animals Act, 1960 (59 of 1960); The National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995 (27 of 1995);
The National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997 (22 of 1997); The Water Prevention and
Control of Pollution Act, 1974 (6 of 1974); The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) CESS
Act, 1977 (36 of 1977); The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (14 of 1981);
The Indian Forest Act, 1927 (16 of 1927); The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (53 of 1972); The
Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 (69 of 1980); The Environment (Protection), Act, 1986 (29 of
1986). The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 (6 of 1991); Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
Karnataka state has created 5 National Parks, 27 Wildlife Sanctuaries and 8 Conservation and
Community Reserves to protect the environment and wildlife. These reserves were created with
the intension of conserving the biodiversity, which are having ecological, faunal, floral,
geomorphological, natural or zoological significance. These regions represent the diverse
vegetation types based on the location such as tropical humid evergreen to scrub type of forests of
varied ecosystems with endangered species of flora and fauna.

1.2 Bannerghatta National Park (BNP)


Bannerghatta National Park (BNP) was declared as national park in 1974 with an area of 106.83
sq. km by Government of Karnataka vide Notification No. AFD.61 FWL 74, dated 6-25/9-1974
published in the Karnataka Gazettee dated 9-1-75 in exercise of the powers conferred by subsection (1) of Section 35 of The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 (Central Act 53 of 1972). It had
comprised 2 reserve forests spread over in the district of Bangalore urban and Bangalore rural. The
various plans and proposals were considered by forest department, Government of Karnataka till
2009 to widen and develop the Bannerghatta National Park. These plans were created for reducing
the pressure of the people residing in the periphery of the park, reducing human animal conflict
as well as depredation of crop by elephants, habitat improvement for increasing the carrying
capacity of the park and the restoration of entire ecosystem. The plan envisaged managing the
BNP on sound principles of latest wildlife management practices. Thus the management plan has
approved in 2011 by an effective administrative setup with the addition of Kodihalli Range from
adjacent Ramanagara Territorial Division for implementing the plan prescriptions. The total area
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,

Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
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of BNP now encompasses an area of 260.51 sq.km comprising of 13 reserve forests (Table 1)
spread over the districts of Bangalore urban, Bangalore rural and Ramanagara as per Vide G. O.
No. FEE 302 FWL 2011 (II), dated: 27.12.2011 (Figure 1). The boundary of BNP is having highly
irregular shape and it measures about 59 km in length and the width varies from 0.3 km to 13.8
km. BNP regions has 31 Beats under 6 ranges for effective management and protection (Table 2
and Figure 3, 4).
Table 1: Reserve forests in BNP
S NO.

Reserve Forest details

Area (Ha)

Kalkere Reserve Forest

550.11

Bannerghatta Reserve Forest

176.06

Bannerghatta Lac Reserve

64.75

Ragihalli Reserve Forest

3070.01

5
6
7

Suddahalla Lac Reserve


Ragihalli Extension Block South Reserve
Gullahatti Reserve Forest

145.40
362.73
1529.34

Kardikal Reserve Forest

784.75

Mahadeshwara Reserve Forest

2226.68

10

Bantanal Reserve Forest

1398.21

11

Bilekal Reserve Forest

11101.78

12

Manjunatha Reserve Forest

2712.46

13

Ramadevarabetta Reserve Forest

1929.38

Total

26051.71

The forests of BNP region are known for their high species diversity, structural organization,
spatial heterogeneity and adaptation to dry climate, moisture stress and irregular rainfall. The
average temperature ranges from 22C to 35C and the annual monsoon rainfall varies from 625
mm to 1607 mm from June to mid of November from South West and North-East-monsoons. The
terrain represents undulating with broken chains of bolder strewn hillocks and hills of rocky
outcrop and watercourses. The highest peak in National Park are Bilikal Betta and Dodda Ragihalli
Betta at an altitude of 1075 and 1035 m above sea level respectively. The lowest ground is the
Rayatmalhole at 700 m above sea level, granite sheet rocks characterize the higher hills. Two types
of soils are found such as red soil generally deep shallow mixed with metamorphic forms of rocks
in undulating grounds, sandy loams formed with finer particles of the decomposed rocks washed
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,

Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
Ecologically
Bannerghatta
Series 57,Bharath
ENVIS Technical
Report
CES, IndianSensitive
Institute ofZones
Science,ofBangalore
560012National Park (BNP), Sahyadri
Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

2016

down and deposited during rains in valleys. The forest types cover moist deciduous, dry deciduous
forests, thorny scrub and grass lands with rich flora and fauna These ecologically fragile regions
are undergoing severe land cover changes due to anthropogenic pressures. The landscape consists
of fragmented forest patches, interspersed agricultural lands, pastures, habitations, etc. BNP is
one of the oldest habitats of Asian elephants, supporting 100-150 population and large number of
200-300 migratory population also noticed from adjoining Tali reserve forest and Kaveri wild life
sanctuary (Figure 2). The cropping pattern of BNP and its environs (5 km) have evolved with
modern system of agriculture due to proximity of Bangalore. The farmers grow commercial crops
such as banana, coconut, vegetables, sugarcane, mulberry and various flowers. The streams such
as Suvarnamukhi, Hebballa, Suddahalla, Jakkanahalla Muthyalammamadu hol, Rayathmala hol
and Anthragange halla sustain livelihood of farmers.
Fragmentation of forests in the region has impacted the habitat of wild fauna, evident from frequent
human-animal conflicts, crop predation by elephants, etc. The electrocuting an elephant, illicitly
taping live electric connection to fences, hunting or shooting is the common practice of farmers to
protect crops. The incident of killing of wild animals by man as a retaliation against physical attack
and against crop depredation has taken a toll of considerable number of wild animals around the
park. The fragmentation and blocking of elephant migratory paths have impacted the movement
of wild animals. In 1986 to 2000 herd of 22 and 20 elephants moved out from the Bannerghatta
National Park of Karnataka (Sivaganesan & Bhushan, 1986; Manakadan et al., 2010), which
adjoins the Hosur-Dharmapuri forests to its south.
BNP is situated close proximity to Bangalore metropolitan city (20 km to the BNP core area and
1.8 km from Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) boundary), capital state of Karnataka.
Urban centers are the major growth centers and growth poles play key role in initiating the process
of industrialization and urbanization. Growing uncontrolled economic activities in and around
BBMP region threatening the local wellbeing, agricultural regions of BNP. The unchecked
exploitation of forest resources due to urbanization has become a major threat to the conservation
of forest and its resources. The encroachment of forests, stone quarrying, sand mining and
domestic livestock grazing are the major threats of BNP region. The encroachment of forestlands
for cultivation is a common problem, causing denudation of forests. Stone quarrying and artificial
sand manufacturing industries have been posing threats to the survival of National Park with
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,

Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
Ecologically
Bannerghatta
Series 57,Bharath
ENVIS Technical
Report
CES, IndianSensitive
Institute ofZones
Science,ofBangalore
560012National Park (BNP), Sahyadri
Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

2016

monolithic granite rocky out crops. There is ban on quarrying of building materials around the
national park to a radius of 1km from the boundary (buffer zone) of the park, as Safe Zone in
the interest of providing peaceful and tranquil habitat to wildlife. Unabated activities of quarries
are causing disturbance to wild animals due to use of explosives, and movement of vehicles and
also disturbance to the park authority as they are illegal and needs to be stopped. BNP experiences
high grazing pressure due to the concentration of livestock population in the surrounding villages
is another major problem in the northern and western boundaries. Table 3 explains the details of
crop damages by wild animals (mainly elephants) and compensation paid during the last five years
by the forest department, Government of Karnataka.

Table 2: Administrative ranges and beat details


Sno
1
2
3
4
5
6

BEAT
KALKERE
KALKERE-1
THAMMANAYAKANAHALLI
THATEKERE "B"
THATEKERE "A"
BANNERGHATTA
BIOLOGICAL PARK

BANNERGHATTA WILD LIFE

BEGAHALLI "A"

BEGAHALLI "B"

10

RAGIHALLI

11

RAGIHALLI EXTENSION

12

TATTEGUPPE

13

VARADAHALLI

14
15
16
17
18

BANTANAL EXTENSION
GULLATTI "A"
GULLATTI "B"
KARADIKAL
MARALAVADI

RANGE
AINUR MARIGUNDI
AINUR MARIGUNDI
ANEKAL
ANEKAL
ANEKAL
BANNERGHATTA
BIOLOGICAL PARK
BANNERGHATTA
WILDLIFE DIVISION
BANNERGHATTA
WILDLIFE DIVISION
BANNERGHATTA
WILDLIFE DIVISION
BANNERGHATTA
WILDLIFE DIVISION
BANNERGHATTA
WILDLIFE DIVISION
BANNERGHATTA
WILDLIFE DIVISION
BANNERGHATTA
WILDLIFE DIVISION
HAROHALLI
HAROHALLI
HAROHALLI
HAROHALLI
HAROHALLI

DIVISION
BWD
BWD
BWD
BWD
BWD

Area (Ha)
99.22
303.71
1201.40
797.64
554.03

BWD

761.42

BWD

344.54

BWD

548.30

BWD

598.66

BWD

403.58

BWD

300.22

BWD

478.08

BWD

480.43

BWD
BWD
BWD
BWD
BWD

544.53
1040.25
691.64
839.20
983.72

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,

Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
Ecologically
Bannerghatta
Series 57,Bharath
ENVIS Technical
Report
CES, IndianSensitive
Institute ofZones
Science,ofBangalore
560012National Park (BNP), Sahyadri
Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

2016

19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

1024.15
1404.91
1006.46
1153.64
1416.50
1231.82
1246.84
1085.82
1088.59
1135.08
1093.05
1082.29
1154.89
26094.62

TOKKASANDRA
HAROHALLI
HANCHAGULI
KODIHALLI
BANNIMAKUDULLU
KODIHALLI
BILIDALE
KODIHALLI
MANJUNATHA
KODIHALLI
RAMADEVARABETTA
KODIHALLI
BETTAHALLI
KODIHALLI
KADUSHIVANAHALLY
KODIHALLI
DODDAGULLI
KODIHALLI
KEBBARE
KODIHALLI
KEBBARE
KODIHALLI
GOWDAHALLI
KODIHALLI
YELAVANTHA
KODIHALLI
*BANNERGHATTA WILDLIFE DIVISION-BWD

BWD
BWD
BWD
BWD
BWD
BWD
BWD
BWD
BWD
BWD
BWD
BWD
BWD
Total Area

Table 2: Details of compensation paid during the last five years by forest department.
S
N
O

Years

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

2012-13

Partic
ulars
NC
AP
NC
AP
NC
AP
NC
AP
NC

Cattle
killing

Human
injury

Permanent
disease

Human
death

Prope
rty
loss

Crop

Total

783

794

10500

13403

150000

4450

1316415

1494768

29

491

525

58000

25400

300000

7000

1094732

1485132

323

325

14655

500000

771946

1286601

16

1568

1598

43000

24880

2500000

18900

5396287

7983067

365

374

5000

1000000

7400

1070507

2130907

1
2013-14
(Up to
3000
AP
Dec, 2013)
Number of cases (NC)

Amount paid (AP)

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,

Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
Ecologically
Bannerghatta
Series 57,Bharath
ENVIS Technical
Report
CES, IndianSensitive
Institute ofZones
Science,ofBangalore
560012National Park (BNP), Sahyadri
Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

10

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

2016

Figure 1: Bannerghatta National Park.

Figure 2: BNP and Mysore Elephant Reserve.

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,

Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
Ecologically
Bannerghatta
Series 57,Bharath
ENVIS Technical
Report
CES, IndianSensitive
Institute ofZones
Science,ofBangalore
560012National Park (BNP), Sahyadri
Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

11

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

2016

Figure 3: Range wise map of BNP.

Figure 4: Beat wise map of BNP


Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,

Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
Ecologically
Bannerghatta
Series 57,Bharath
ENVIS Technical
Report
CES, IndianSensitive
Institute ofZones
Science,ofBangalore
560012National Park (BNP), Sahyadri
Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

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2016

a) Landscape elements in BNP

b)

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,

Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
Ecologically
Bannerghatta
Series 57,Bharath
ENVIS Technical
Report
CES, IndianSensitive
Institute ofZones
Science,ofBangalore
560012National Park (BNP), Sahyadri
Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

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ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

2016

c)

d)

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,

Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
Ecologically
Bannerghatta
Series 57,Bharath
ENVIS Technical
Report
CES, IndianSensitive
Institute ofZones
Science,ofBangalore
560012National Park (BNP), Sahyadri
Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

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ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

2016

e)

f)
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,

Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
Ecologically
Bannerghatta
Series 57,Bharath
ENVIS Technical
Report
CES, IndianSensitive
Institute ofZones
Science,ofBangalore
560012National Park (BNP), Sahyadri
Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

15

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

2016

g)

h)
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,

Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
Ecologically
Bannerghatta
Series 57,Bharath
ENVIS Technical
Report
CES, IndianSensitive
Institute ofZones
Science,ofBangalore
560012National Park (BNP), Sahyadri
Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

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ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

2016

i)

j)

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,

Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
Ecologically
Bannerghatta
Series 57,Bharath
ENVIS Technical
Report
CES, IndianSensitive
Institute ofZones
Science,ofBangalore
560012National Park (BNP), Sahyadri
Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

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2016

k)

Figure 5 (a, to l): Various landscape elements of BNP.

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,

Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
Ecologically
Bannerghatta
Series 57,Bharath
ENVIS Technical
Report
CES, IndianSensitive
Institute ofZones
Science,ofBangalore
560012National Park (BNP), Sahyadri
Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

18

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

2016

Figure 6: Old tribal tombs and Sacred groves in core BNP region

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,

Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
Ecologically
Bannerghatta
Series 57,Bharath
ENVIS Technical
Report
CES, IndianSensitive
Institute ofZones
Science,ofBangalore
560012National Park (BNP), Sahyadri
Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

19

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

2016

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,

Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
Ecologically
Bannerghatta
Series 57,Bharath
ENVIS Technical
Report
CES, IndianSensitive
Institute ofZones
Science,ofBangalore
560012National Park (BNP), Sahyadri
Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

20

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

2016

Figure 7 (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i): Wild animals sighted and signatures (Elephant, Tiger pug
mark, Wild bison, Deer) in BNP.

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,

Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
Ecologically
Bannerghatta
Series 57,Bharath
ENVIS Technical
Report
CES, IndianSensitive
Institute ofZones
Science,ofBangalore
560012National Park (BNP), Sahyadri
Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

21

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

Figure 7: Mulberry Cultivation in BNP and its


surrounding villages

2016

Figure 8: Agriculture field with bobbed wire


to protect from wild animal (electrical
connection provided during night).

Figure 9: Sand mining and one of the Gomala regions in BNP


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landscapes: examples from the boreal forest of Canada, International Social Science Journal, 58, 3547.
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T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
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H. Aithal,
2016.109,
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Report
CES, IndianSensitive
Institute ofZones
Science,ofBangalore
560012National Park (BNP), Sahyadri
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22

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

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Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
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2016.109,
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2016

21. Pressey, R.L., Cabeza, M., Watts, M.E., Cowling, R.M., Wilson, K.A., 2007. Conservation planning in
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Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,

Ramachandra
T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni,
H. Aithal,
2016.109,
Ecologically
Bannerghatta
Series 57,Bharath
ENVIS Technical
Report
CES, IndianSensitive
Institute ofZones
Science,ofBangalore
560012National Park (BNP), Sahyadri
Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

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ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016

2.0 Floristic diversity, status and conservation aspect of


Bannerghatta National Park and buffer area
Karnataka is naturally endowed with a diversity of bioclimatic, topographic and edaphic
variations resulting in rich floristic and wildlife abundance (Pascal, 1982). Bangalore district
which falls under the rain shadow area and a maidan with heterogenic mosaic of moist to dry
deciduous forest and grasslands supports some last areas of wild life such as in Bannerghatta
National park (BNP) area. BNP covers an area of 104.3 sq. km2 harbouring rich wild life
population including Elephants. The park is contiguous with Talli reserve forest in the
southeast and Bilikal forest in the south. The park connects the BR Hills and
the Sathyamangalam forest and is part of a wildlife corridor for elephants.
Bangalore branded once as Silicon Valley of India has been experiencing rapid urbanisation
with growth of Information Technology (IT) industries (Sudhira, et al., 2007). Unplanned
urbanisation ignoring the sustianble management of natural resources has threatened the
ecological integrity of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP). The park has been facing an acute
environmental stress due to encroachments of animal movement paths, large scale mining
(sand, granite) and also the pressure of burgeoning Bangalore city. Also, the villages in the
core and buffer regions surrounding the BNP have been posing threats to BNP with various
environmentally destructive activities. Bannerghatta forests is the repository of terrestrial
biodiversity with the immense medicinal values and has been aiding in regulating micro
climate, recharging of ground water, recreation and spiritual potential, etc. This necessitates
sustainable management of national parks so that dependent communities are benefitted from
ecosystem goods and services (Arnberger et al., 2013). In this regard, the current study
highlights the floristic status, composition and conservation aspects of BNP with buffer
region with special reference to its wild life.

2.1 Study area and Method


BNP vegetation types: Bannerghatta National Park is located in the southern elevated
plateau that extends from the foot of the Western Ghats. The plateau receives less than 1000
mm annual precipitation with natural climax vegetation of dry deciduous types and are
broadly divided into:

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
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1. Shorea talura-Terminalia sp-Anogiessus latifolia series tropical deciduous forest;
2. Chloroxylon swietenia-Anogiessus latifolia-Albizzia sp series tropical dry deciduous
forest;
3. Acacia thorn forest and
4. Riverine gallery forest.
Historical vegetation of the district is in undisturbed parts such as the core areas of
Chikkaragalli betta are with dense jungle of Shorea talura-Terminalia sp-Anogiessus latifolia
series forest. Shorea talura tree being a member of Dipterocarpaceae (all other family
members of Dipterocarpaceae occur in evergreen to semi-evergreen forest) is an endangered
tree as per IUCN category. The distribution of this forest type in less disturbed areas
highlights the ecological importance of the area. These forest types have disappeared in most
other areas with high anthropogenic pressure and vegetation mainly consists of Chloroxylon
swietenia-Anogiessus latifolia-Albizzia series. Even these are replaced by hardy Acacia
chundra dominated thorn forest or scrub in areas undergoing severe degradation with rampant
charcoal making, grazing and rampant fuel wood collection. Highly degraded landscapes are
dominated by barren lands with sparse shrubs such as Ziziphus sp., spiny climbers
Pterolobium hexapetalum, and hardy grass species (Figure 1, 2.1 and figure 2.2).
Dendrocalamus strictus (bamboo) is associated with most of the vegetation except in most
degraded areas. Bamboo along with many other trees, coupled with large grass lands have
been the life-line for the survival of elephants and other herbivore wild-life. Another
important feature of BNP is the presence of large number of wild legumes. As the forest
canopy is not dense one can find large number of grass species along with many herbaceous
species. Depending upon the different habitat such as forest underneath, open grassland,
granitic hilly areas, wetlands, etc., different grass and other herbaceous plant species are
distributed. For instance open grasslands are dominated by Heteropogon contortus along with
Apluda mutica. Likewise hilly granitic areas have large grasses such as Themeda sp., and
Cymbopogon sp.
Vegetation exploration: BNP was surveyed in localities listed in Table 1 (marked in Figure 3),

for floristic composition in core area (inside the park) and surrounding buffer areas (outside
the park). In buffer areas surrounding the BNP, twelve 10 x 10 m quadrats were laid for
accessing tree diversity, dominance and per hectare basal area. In each quadrat all trees > 30
cm were enumerated with their GBH (Girth at breast height) and height (m). In the same

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

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quadrat one 5 x 5 m shrub plot were laid and tree saplings and shrubs above 1 m were
recorded. Two herb plots of 1 x 1 m were laid in each opposite ends to enumerate the
seedlings. Opportunistic plant recording was also carried out in both core and buffer areas.
Along with vegetation data other details regarding plant-animal interaction, human-wildlife
conflicts, etc., were noted.
Sn
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Quadrat study localities


Ginidoddi-kathrinath
Hanumanthalla
Hallimaradoddi
Shivanahalli-toklabande
Doddibetta
Elachavadi-tandya
Devarahalli-durgadkallu
Guttalahunase-kanakapura
Gangadarabetta-kanakapura state forest
Harekodi Eucalyptus
Begihalli-Mantapa

Vegetation type
Gomala-Scrub
Acacia thorn forest
Acacia thorn forest
Dry deciduous forest-gomala
Dry deciduous forest
Acacia thorn forest
Dry deciduous-Grassland
Grassland-scrub
Dry deciduous forest
Eucalptus-scrub forest
Dry deciduous forest

12
Kvanaldoddi-devarahalli
Dry deciduous forest
Table 1: Forest quadrat study localities in BNP buffer area

Figure 1: Shorea talura-Terminalia sp- Figure 2.1: Chloroxylon swietenia-Anogiessus


Anogiessus latifolia series tropical deciduous latifolia-Albizzia sp series
tropical dry
forest
deciduous forest

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

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ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016

Figure 2.2: Acacia thorn forest

Figure 3: Vegetation sampling locations in BNP and buffer region

2.2 Results and Discussion


Floristic composition in BNP core area: A total of 218 plants belonging to 60 families were
recorded during the survey. Among these, trees (81 sp) and herbs (88 sp) had the highest
number of species, followed by shrubs (34 sp) and climber (15 sp) (Figure 4). Despite the
efforts on Bangalore flora by the earlier researchers (Ramaswamy & Razi, 1973), many
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

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ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
species such as Lannea coromandelica, Schefflera sp., Ceropegia candelabrum, Flacourtia
montana, etc. have gone unrecorded. This shows that there is scope for inventorying and
mapping of flora in BNP. Details of plants occurring in BNP core area and buffer area (also
locality wise) are provided in Annexure 1, 2 and 3.

88
81

34
15

Trees

Shrubs

Climbers

Herbs

Figure 4: Habit wise number of trees, shrubs, climbers and herbs in BNP core area.

Fabaceae
Poaceae
Rubiaceae
Malvaceae
Lamiaceae
Apocynaceae
Acanthaceae
Convolvulaceae
Combretaceae
Rutaceae
Amaranthaceae
Phyllanthaceae
Asteraceae
Rhamnaceae
Myrtaceae
Moraceae
Meliaceae
Ebenaceae
Commelinaceae
Anacardiaceae

33
28
15

12
9
8
7
6
6
5
5
4
4

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

Plant species number

Figure 5: Family-species richness in BNP core area

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

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ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
Species richness of Family Fabaceae (33 sp.) was highest followed by Poaceae (28 sp.)
(Figure 5). This indicates the high diversity of legumes in trees, shrubs and climbers. Many
wild legumes from southern plateaus are considered to be ancestors of cultivated legumes.
The crops that recur and dominate Southern Deccan Neolithic archaeo-botanical samples have
wild ancestors to be found in the hills of scrub woodlands of the southern Deccan region
(Fuller, 2011). Family Rubiaceae (15) and Malvaceae (12) also have high species richness and
along with Fabaceae and Poaceae contribute some of the major sources of food for wild life.
Floristic enrichment with these native fodder plants will greatly help the BNP region which
forms a crucial link for elephant movement path with inter-state corridor for wildlife.
Vegetation dynamics and dominant trees in the core area: Plant species distribution
especially trees is highly dependent on conservation status including topography and other
geological parameters. Most of the well conserved areas with good soil soil cover are with
excellent deciduous forest cover of Shorea talura-Terminalia sp-Anogiessus latifolia series.
The northern BNP areas surrounding Doddaragalli betta and Muttaraya temple area harbour
these kind of forest and provide excellent fodder and canopy for wild animals. However,
presence of only few large trees highlight that even these regions were subjected to
disturbance atleast in earlier times. Due to rampant disturbances such as i) charcoal
preparation, ii) cattle grazing, iii) illegal wood extraction and iv) other anthropogenic
pressures in the rest of central and southern forest regions including Bilikal forest area,
Shorea talura forest have disappeared giving way to Chloroxylon swietenia-Anogiessus
latifolia-Albizzia sp., series which are hardier resisting fire and other disturbances. Large trees
of Terminalia arjuna, Dalbergia lanceolaria, Ficus sp. Were seen in core areas and reverine
forests. Even these regions were with stunted forests of Acacia sp and other thorny plants.
Due to rampant exploitation, forests in the locailities surrounded by villages are generally
Acacia thorn forest. Regeneration is poor in this region due to very high grazing pressure of
large herds of cattle (Figure 6) and this has given way to thorn forest species.
Table 2: Some dominant trees of BNP core areas
Species
Acacia chundra (Rottler) Willd.
Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd.
Albizzia sp.
Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall. ex Guill. &
Perr.

Family
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Combretaceae

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

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ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
Bauhinia racemosa Lamk.
Cassia fistula L.
Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng.
Chloroxylon swietenia DC.
Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq.
Dalbergia lanceolaria L.f.
Dendrocalamus strictus Nees
Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.
Ficus benghalensis L.
Ficus amplissima Sm.
Givotia moluccana (L.) Sreem
Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb.
Naringi crenulata (Roxb.) Nicolson
Premna tomentosa Willd.
Psydrax umbellata (Wight) Bridson
Semecarpus anacardium L.f.
Shorea roxburghii G. Don
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels
Tamarindus indica L.
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn.
Terminalia paniculata Roth
Vitex altissima L.f.
Wrightia arborea (Dennst.) Mabb.
Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br.

Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Rubiaceae
Rutaceae
Meliaceae
Fabaceae
Poaceae
Ebenaceae
Moraceae
Moraceae
Euphorbiaceae
Lythraceae
Rutaceae
Lamiaceae
Rubiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Dipterocarpaceae
Myrtaceae
Fabaceae
Combretaceae
Combretaceae
Lamiaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae

Figure 6: Glimpse of cattle pressure in BNP forest area

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
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Vegetation type in the buffer regions of BNP: Much of the buffer area vegetation is of
Chloroxylon swietenia-Anogiessus latifolia-Albizzia sp series type in moderately disturbed
areas to Acacia thorny scrub forest in highly degraded areas. Most of the forest vegetation in
buffer has been more or less entirely wiped out for agricultural and other man made land uses,
excspt in reserve forests, village lots (Karab lands), common grazing lands (Gomala) and
other private areas. The region had continuous tropical deciduous forest and now this
vegetation is restricted to BNP and protected areas. Forest in these village common lands is
sparse and mostly of thorny scrub. Annexures 2 and 3 provide the details of plants in buffer
area.
Floristic composition, diversity and basal area in buffer area: Total number of plant
species in buffer region was 136 species fbelonging to 46 families. Most of the forest trees
encountered were in village wood lots and gomalas with very few in agricultural landscapes.
Trees encountered in agicultural landscapes were mostly non-forest trees - Azadirachta
indica, Mangifera indica, Melia dubia, Artocarpus integrifolia etc. A total of 40 trees were
encountered with 26 shrub species (Figure 7).

60

40
26
10
Figure 7: Habit wise number of trees, shrubs, climbers and herbs in BNP buffer area.

Herb

Climber

Shrub

Tree

Family Fabaceae (25 sp.) had the highest number of species (Figure 8) followed by Poaceae
(13 sp.) and Rubiaceae (11 sp.). Family Fabaceae has the highest number of species in buffer
and this indicates that substantial amount of diversity found in core area is retained in these
forest fragments of buffer regions. However much of these are under private ownerships and
are on fast decline.

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

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Fabaceae

25

Poaceae

13

Rubiaceae

11

Apocynaceae

Malvaceae

Lamiaceae

Convolvulaceae

Combretaceae

Asteraceae

Sapindaceae

Rutaceae

Phyllanthaceae

Moraceae

Meliaceae

Acanthaceae

3
0

10

15

20

25

30

Species no.

Figure 8: Family-species richness in BNP buffer area.

Tree heights in buffer forest area were stunted with highest being the Eucalyptus mixed forest
in Harekodi in north BNP (Figure 9). Most other forested areas had tree heights less than 9 m.
In many locations of buffer areas, Tamarind trees were dominant as in Devaralli-durgadakallu
area with forest trees more or less absent. Forest tree species were more in reserve forests of
Guttalahunase Kanakapura state forest. In the same area the gomalas were totally degraded
without any forest trees. This forest also faces rampant fuel wood collection and illegal tree

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

Begihalli-Mantapa

Harekodi eucalytus

GangadarabettaKSF

Guttalahunasekanakapura

Devarahallidurgadkallu

Figure 9: Tree height in different buffer study localities.

Elachavadi-tandya

Doddibetta

Shivanahallitoklabande

Hallimaradoddi

Hanumanthalla

18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

Ginidoddikathrinath

Tree height(m)

felling. Many gomalas like Ginidoddi-Kathrinatha had the lowest tree heights.

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ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
Species diversity was also very low in buffer area due to high fragmentation disturbances.
Ginidoddi-Kathrinath and Guttalahunase gomalas were devoid of trees with zero Shannon
value. Slightly protected areas such as Doddibetta (1.48), Devarahalli-Durgadakallu (0.69)
and in Begehalli-Mantapa area (private owner ship area) have slightly higher Shannon

Begihalli-Mantapa

Harekodi eucalytus

Figure 10: Species richness and Shannon diversity in different buffer study areas.

Gangadarabetta-KSF

Guttalahunasekanakapura

Devarahallidurgadkallu

Elachavadi-tandya

Doddibetta

Shivanahallitoklabande

Hallimaradoddi

Hanumanthalla

2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

Ginidoddi-kathrinath

Value

diversity (Figure 10).

Basal area was higher than 30 sq.m2/ha in four localities with one being a Eucalyptus mixed

Shannon diversity
scrub forest (Figure 11). Among theSpecies
sampled richness
localities, Devarahalli-Durgadakallu
basal area
was mostly contributed by Tamarind, and Albizzia amara, while in Shivanahalli-Toklabande
and Kvanaldoddi-devrahalli had more forest species contributing to the basal area. Most other
localities had very low basal areas indicating the high degradation of vegetation patches.

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

34

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016

70

Basal area/ha

60
50
40

30
20
10

Most abundant tree species in buffer area


Sl. No. Scientific name
1 Acacia chundra (Rottler) Willd.
2 Albizia amara Boiv.
3 Albizia odoratissima (L.f.) Benth.
4 Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall. ex Guill. & Perr.
5 Azadirachta indica A. Juss.
6 Cassia fistula L.
7 Cassine glauca (Rottb.) Kuntze
8 Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.
9 Eucalyptus sp
10 Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb.
11 Melia dubia Cav.
12 Naringi crenulata (Roxb.) Nicolson
13 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre
14 Premna tomentosa Willd.
15 Semecarpus anacardium L.f.
16 Tamarindus indica L.
17 Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn.
18 Terminalia elliptica Willd.
19 Vitex altissima L.f.
20 Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br.
Table 12: Most abundant trees in buffer area.

Kvanaldoddi-devarahalli

Begihalli-Mantapa

Harekodi eucalytus

Gangadarabetta-KSF

Figure 11: Per hectare basal area in different buffer study regions.

Guttalahunasekanakapura

Devarahalli-durgadkallu

Elachavadi-tandya

Doddibetta

Shivanahalli-toklabande

Hallimaradoddi

Hanumanthalla

Ginidoddi-kathrinath

Family
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Combretaceae
Meliaceae
Fabaceae
Celastraceae
Ebenaceae
Myrtaceae
Lythraceae
Meliaceae
Rutaceae
Fabaceae
Lamiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Fabaceae
Combretaceae
Combretaceae
Lamiaceae
Apocynaceae

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

35

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
Biodiversity in fragmented buffer areas: Human-dominated agricultural landscapes in the
tropics contain a high biodiversity, though mostly consisting of a group of abundant,
pantropical, cultivated, weedy or anthropic species. The presence of fragments of original
forest will significantly enhance the diversity of the landscape and increase the likelihood of
the survival of the indigenous biota, or at least a portion of it (Turner & Corlett, 1996). Most
of the forest exists outside BNP in small isolated patches and in some what bigger area as
state forests. Elephants and other wild animals were seen using these fragmented forests
outside the BNP also. For instance, Gangadharabetta-Kanakaputa state forest with dry
deciduous forest, Begihalli-Mantapa with Acacia-Bamboo forest, Shivanahalli-Toklabande
dry deciduous forest, Elachavadi-Tandya with Acacia scrub jungle etc., are proven elephant
habitats providing food, shelter and corridors (but fall outside BNP). Many smaller wood lots
though may not support elephant population still harbour lot of smaller wild mammals and
birds otherwise found in core areas. These regions are highly interspersed with agricultural
and human habitat lands are forest patches are being illegally converted to other land uses.
This is perhaps the single most destructive causes as large extent of forests, woodlands,
wetlands, and savannas outside the reserve forest which are administered by the revenue
department has been continuously converted in to farm lands through encroachments and land
grants (Figure 13). These forest fragments with repositories of biodiversity among the
agriculture dominated landscapes are to be conserved to ensure the exchange of ecological
services from forest ecosystem to agrarian ecosystems. Hence these areas have to be mapped
and inventories biodiversity for earmarking for conservation. Protection of these areas can be
achieved by formation of village wise active VFCs who can monitor the sustainable
utilization and conservation of these fragments. Highly degraded fragments instead of being
converted to other land uses can be brought back under suitable afforestation programmes.
This will not only restores the ecosystem functions including support of wild fauna.
Medicinal plant resources in BNP area: Many cultures that have survived close to the
nature, depending on its products for their needs. These people had a deep understanding of
the properties of their local plants and this knowledge is in wane in recent population apart
from the ecline of these endangered plant species (IUCN, 1993). This hold equally true to
BNP areas as the present study showed nearly 63 % of the total plants with 138 plants were
medicinally important from both the core and buffer areas. This shows the high medicinal
plant diversity harboured by BNP area. Due to rapid urbanisation and landscape changes,
habitat of large number of medicinal plants is on decline and also the local peoples who had

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

36

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
excellent knowledge of medicinal plants are now on wane. The valuable knowledge they had
on various human and cattle ailments and medicinal plants is not even recorded. Many species
such as Cissampelos pariera, Decalepis hamiltonii, Cardiospermum helicabum, Gloriosa
superba, Cassia fistula, Wrightia sp., Holarrhena pubescens, Aegle marmelos, Shorea
roxburghii, Phyllanthus emblica etc., are highly valued medicinal plants with many of them
are rare or endangered and traded in high volumes. This necessitates mapping, inventorying
and conservation of medicinal plants in the BNP and buffer areas. List of medicinal plants is
provided in Annexure 1.

Figure 13: Large area of gomalas with Acacia


forest and elephant corridors now under
private owner ship in BNP buffer area.

Figure 14: Elephants breaking the BNP


boundary electric fence to move out into buffer
areas.

Elephants and their conservation status in BNP-A need for more practical management
plans.
Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) is categorized as an endangered species in IUCN list
2009, struggling for their survival due to habitat loss, forest fragmentation and disturbances in
movement paths. Elephants are bulkfeeders and therefore have lower densities in areas with
low plant biomass (Parker and Graham, 1989; Olff et al., 2002). In areas with high amounts of
plant biomass, like rainforests, a relatively large part of the vegetation is inaccessible for
elephants, which could result in lower elephant densities (Olff et al., 2002). Plant biomass is
not the only important factor determining elephant distribution and density. Various studies
have documented variation in elephant densities in different vegetation types, explained by
differences in forage biomass, forage quality, shade, water availability, or plant species
composition (Harris et al., 2008). Elephants have large home ranges and need extensive areas
(Shannon et al., 2010). Habitat fragmentation leads to the reduction of the total habitat area,

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

37

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
and the isolation and breaking up of habitat into smaller patches. Habitat fragmentation is
therefore expected to negatively correlate with elephant distribution (Leimgruber et al., 2003).
The conservation status of an area and protection efforts are positively correlated with wildlife
population trends (Bruner et al., 2001; Caro and Scholte, 2007). However, protection not only
depends on the existence of reserves but also on the policy of a country or region, the level of
corruption, and the capacity of a country successfully to implement such a policy (Smith et
al., 2003). Elephant densities strongly correlate with conservation policy, literacy rate,
corruption and economic welfare, and associated vital parameters such as the availability of
food and water. Hence, conservation strategies should be organized in a socioeconomic
context. The successful conservation of large animal species depends more on human
education, greater literacy and good governance, than merely setting aside areas for
conservation (Willem et al, 2013).

Practical Management Action plans


1. Habitat factors are important in determining the nature and extent of crop raiding by
elephants; thus the reduction of natural habitat or its fragmentation may leave
elephants with little choice but to seek a part of their forage needs from cultivated
fields (Sukumar 1985b, 1989). Hence BNP core forest areas have to be enriched with
elephant and other wild herbivores preferred fodder plants and fruiting trees (Table 4).
2. Electric fence, although an effective and successful protective measure, require high
maintenance and people who involved need some technical expertise. Local people
involvement is very important to maintain the fence. In some places the fence was
broken by elephants, therefore proper maintenance is required (Figure 14).
3. A double barrier such as elephant proof trench-rubble wall, elephant proof trench-solar
powered electric fence or rubble wall-solar powered electric fence have been
suggested for preventing elephant straying to human habitations in the conflict zone.
4. Elephant habitat utilization are not confined to forest alone, it also uses the buffer zone
between forest and agricultural lands. Apart from the use of these lands for food, the
animals come to these lands for drinking water purposes during lean season of
summer. If we seal the boundaries of forest with solar fence or EPTs, it is inevitable
on part of the wildlife manager to create water resources inside the forest to cater to
the needs drinking water during summer. These measures include construction of

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

38

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
percolation ponds, check dams, water troughs supplying water through solar powered
pumps, etc.
5. With the rapid shrinkage of habitat, the elephants and other larger animals are being
forced into smaller and smaller areas. Consequently leading very high densities of
elephant population. Hence corridors with other protected areas have to substantially
improved to effectively increase the elephants foraging area.
6. In BNP many bottleneck corridors has to be widened substantially (Some bottlenecks
are less than 500m!) for smooth passage of elephants and other wildlife within BNP.
Importantly BNP corridors with other protected areas have to be smoother such as
with Cauvery wildlife sanctuary and Tamilnadu protected areas, without any human
interferences. For planning this corridors both present and past elephant migration
routes has to be considered.
7. Creation of VFCs village wise for strengthening, management and sustainable
utilization of remaining wilderness outside the park, both for the benefit of local
peoples and wildlife. Improving degraded forests to acheive higher biomass forests
(with native species) to atleast 30 m2/ha would be an ideal objective.
8. Conflict could also be reduced by promoting the cultivation of crops that are
unpalatable to elephants, and improvement in grain storage systems.
9. Adequate and timely compensation for damage to crops and property could also help
to foster more positive attitudes towards elephant conservation.
10. Village panchayat wise creation of fodder farms to reduce the cattle grazing pressure
inside BNP and sourrounding buffer areas.
11. As every village has rich cattle population, village wise creation of community biogas
plants would highly reduce the fuel wood collection from BNP and buffer areas.
Along with this creation of fuel cum fodder plantations, solar water heaters such as in
Ungra-Hosalli-Biogas system.
12. Creation of medicinal plants park to create both awareness and in-situ conservation of
rare medicinal plants.

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

39

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
Table 4: Elephants fodder plants in BNP
Species name

Family

Habit

Prefere
nce

Acacia chundra (Rottler) Willd.

Fabaceae

Tree

High

Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd.

Fabaceae

Tree

Leaf

Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.

Fabaceae

Tree

High
Mediu
m

Asparagus racemosus Willd.

Asparagaceae

Climber

High

Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss

Poaceae

Bamboo

High

Leaf, Root
Leaf, Twig,
Bark

Bauhinia racemosa Lamk.

Fabaceae

Tree

High

Leaf

Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub.

Fabaceae

Tree

High

Careya arborea Roxb.

Lecythidaceae

Tree

High

Leaf, Tree
Leaf, Fruit,
Bark

Cassia fistula L.

Fabaceae

Tree

Low

Leaf, Twig

Poaceae

Herb

High

Leaf

11

Crytococcum sp
Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) W.
Watson

Poaceae

Herb

Low

Leaf

12

Dendrocalamus strictus Nees

Poaceae

Bamboo

High

13

Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.

Ebenaceae

Tree

High

Leaf, Twig
Leaf, Fruit,
Root

14

Ficus benghalensis L.

Moraceae

Tree

Leaf, Bark

15

Flacourtia indica (Burm. F.) Merr.

Salicaceae

Tree

16

Gmelina arborea Roxb.

Lamiaceae

Tree

High
Mediu
m
Mediu
m

17

Grewia tiliifolia Vahl

Malvaceae

Tree

High

18

Malvaceae

Shrub

High

Poaceae

Herb

High

Leaf

20

Helicteres isora L.
Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex
Roem. & Schult.
Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.) Wall. ex
G. Don

Leaf, Twig
Leaf,
Young twig

Apocynaceae

Tree

Low

Twig

21

Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W.T. Aiton

Apocynaceae

Climber

Low

22

Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb.

Lythraceae

Tree

High

23

Madhuca indica J.F. Gmel.

Sapotaceae

Tree

24

Mangifera indica L.

Anacardiaceae

Tree

High
Mediu
m

Entire plant
Leaf, Bark,
Twig
Leaf,
Flower,
Fruit

25

Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth.

Rubiaceae

Tree

26

Naringi crenulata (Roxb.) Nicolson

Rutaceae

Tree

27

Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.

Fabaceae

Tree

28

Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Merr.

Sapindaceae

Tree

29

Semecarpus anacardium L.f.

Anacardiaceae

30

Smilax zeylanica L.

Smilacaceae

Sl.No.

10

19

Parts eaten
Leaf, Twig,
Bark

Leaf, Twig

Twig, Bark
Bark

Fruit
Bark

Tree

Low
Mediu
m
Mediu
m
Mediu
m
Mediu
m

Climber

Low

Leaf

Leaf, Twig
Leaf
Leaf, Twig
Bark

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

40

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016

31

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

Myrtaceae

Tree

Mediu
m

Leaf, Twig,
Bark

32

Tamarindus indica L.

Fabaceae

Tree

High

Leaf, Fruit

33

Tectona grandis L.f.

Lamiaceae

Tree

Bark

34

Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.

Combretaceae

Tree

35

Terminalia chebula Retz.

Combretaceae

Tree

Low
Mediu
m
Mediu
m

36

Terminalia elliptica Willd.

Combretaceae

Tree

High

Leaf, Bark

37

Themeda triandra Forssk.

Poaceae

Herb

Leaf

38

Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill.

Rhamnaceae

Shrub

High
Mediu
m

Leaf
Leaf

Leaf

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Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
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(1986). Status

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Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
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22. Varma, S., Anand. V. D., Gopalakrishna S. P., Avinash, K. G., and Nishant M. S.
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Annexure 1
Plant species in Core area of BNP

Scientific name

Family

Habit

Medici
nal
(M)

Acacia caesia (L.) Willd.

Fabaceae

Shrub

Acacia chundra (Rottler) Willd.

Fabaceae

Tree

Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.

Fabaceae

Shrub

Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd.

Fabaceae

Tree

Acacia sinuata (Lour.) Merr.

Fabaceae

Climber

Achyranthes aspera L.

Amaranthaceae

Herb

Aerva lanata (L.) Juss.

Amaranthaceae

Herb

Kannada name
Antarike, Barasige,
Kaadu seege
Cachu, Kaggli,
Kempu jaali
Kiribanni, Banni
mara, Kasthoori
jaali
Tumbi, Toppale,
Naayibela
Manda seege,
Mugali, Seege
Uttarani, Kempu
utrani
Bilisooli,
Bilihindee soppu

Aeschynomene sp

Fabaceae

Herb

Alangium salvifolium (L.f.) Wang.

Cornaceae

Shrub

Ankole mara

10

Albizia amara Boiv.

Fabaceae

Tree

11

Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.

Fabaceae

Tree

12

Albizia odoratissima (L.f.) Benth.

Fabaceae

Tree

Bilkambi, Chigare
Baage mara, Dodda
baage, Kalbaage
Aenu baage,
Bachaari, Bilivaara

13

Allmania nodiflora (L.) R. Br. ex Wight

Amaranthaceae

Herb

14

Alternanthera pungens H. B. & K.

Amaranthaceae

Herb

15

Andrographis serpyllifolia Wt.

Acanthaceae

Herb

16

Annonaceae

Tree

17

Annona squamosa L.
Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall.
ex Guill. & Perr.

Combretaceae

Tree

18

Apluda mutica L.

Poaceae

Herb

19

Argyreia cuneata Ker.-Gawl.

Convolvulaceae

Shrub

Sl.
No:

Buddesoppu
Mirjanmulli,
Mulluhonaganne
Kaasinsara,
Sardaaligedde
Amrytaphala,
Sithaphala,
Duranjihannu
Dindiga, Bejjalu,
Dhibedi
Akkuhullu,
Karihanchi hullu,
Kaduhanchihullu
Acharigida,
Kallana gida,
Nettaru hoo

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

43

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016
Doddahanchi hullu,
Naayihanchihullu
Shataavari,
Ashadiballi,
Jattigeberu
Kadukanchi,
Huchu nimbe,
Adavi nimbe
Kaibevu, Bevu,
Ollebevu

20

Aristida setacea Retz.

Poaceae

Herb

21

Asparagus racemosus Willd.

Asparagaceae

Climber

22

Atalantia racemosa Wt. & Arn.

Rutaceae

Shrub

23

Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

Meliaceae

Tree

24

Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss

Poaceae

Bamboo

25

Barleria buxifolia L.

Acanthaceae

Herb

26

Barleria prattensis sant.

Acanthaceae

Shrub

27

Bauhinia racemosa Lamk.

Fabaceae

Tree

28

Blepharis maderaspatensis (L.) Roth

Acanthaceae

Herb

29

Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr.

Burseraceae

Tree

30

Bridelia retusa (L.) A. Juss

Phyllanthaceae

Tree

31

Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken

Crassulaceae

Herb

32

Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub.

Fabaceae

Tree

Koodalisoppu
Madi, Biledhupa,
Guggula mara
Mula honne, Kove
mullu
Kaadubasale,
Gandukaalinga,
Gaayipata
Muthuga,
Paalaasha,
Muttalmara

33

Byttneria herbacea Roxb.

Sterculiaceae

Herb

34

Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars

Fabaceae

Shrub

35

Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br.


Canthium coromandelicum (Burm.f.)
Alston

Apocynaceae

Shrub

Ekke

Rubiaceae

Shrub

36

37

Capparis zeylanica L.

Capparaceae

Shrub

38

Cardiospermum halicacabum L.

Sapindaceae

Climber

39

Careya arborea Roxb.

Lecythidaceae

Tree

40

Cassia fistula L.

Fabaceae

Tree

41

Cassine glauca (Rottb.) Kuntze

Celastraceae

Tree

42

Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng.

Rubiaceae

Tree

43

Celosia argentea L.

Amaranthaceae

Herb

44

Ceropegia candelabrum L.

Apocynaceae

Herb

45

Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene

Fabaceae

Shrub

46

Chloris sp

Poaceae

Herb

Bidiru
Karichulli,
Gubbimullu,
Gandukottimullu
Aaptha mara,
Basavana pada

Aathundi kaayi,
Govinda phala,
Mullukatthari
Agni balli,
Bekkinatoddinaball
i, Minijuballi
Kavalu mara,
Daddaala,
Gavvahannu
Kakke
Mukarthi,
Hekeralu,
Mukkaritte
Aremadalu,
Bangaare,
Maggaare
Anne soppu,
Thunge,
Hannesoppu

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

44

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016

47

Chloroxylon swietenia DC.

Rutaceae

Tree

48

Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin.

Poaceae

Herb

49

Chrysopogon sp

Poaceae

Herb

50

Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq.

Meliaceae

Tree

51
52

Cissampelos pariera L.
Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex
Benth.

Menispermacea
e

Climber

Rutaceae

Tree

53

Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels

Menispermacea
e

Herb

54

Commelina sinensis

Commelinaceae

Herb

55

Corchorus sp

Malvaceae

Herb

56

Crotalaria sp

Fabaceae

Herb

57

Crotalaria vestita Baker

Fabaceae

Herb

58

Crytococcum sp

Poaceae

Herb

59

Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.

Hypoxidaceae

Herb

60

Cyanotis sp

Commelinaceae

Herb

61

Cymbopogon coloratus (Nees) Stapf

Poaceae

Herb

62

Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.)


W. Watson

Poaceae

Herb

63

Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle

Poaceae

Herb

64

Cymbopogon sp

Poaceae

Herb

65

Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd.

Poaceae

Herb

66

Dalbergia lanceolaria L.f.

Fabaceae

Tree

67

Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.

Fabaceae

Tree

68

Decalepis hamiltonii Wt. & Arn.

Apocynaceae

Climber

69

Dendrocalamus strictus Nees

Poaceae

Bamboo

70

Desmodium pulchellum L. Bth.

Fabaceae

Shrub

71

Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC.

Fabaceae

Herb

72

Dicliptera paniculata

Acanthaceae

Herb

73

Digitaria sp

Poaceae

Herb

74

Dioscorea oppositifolia L.

Dioscoreaceae

Climber

75

Dioscorea pentaphylla L.

Dioscoreaceae

Climber

Maruli, Bitle,
Masivaala

Adasaage,
Chittunde,
Sitthunde gida
Aamaradaavalli,
Hondike balli,
Kaaduballi
Kaadukarbevu
mara, Chida
Dagadiballi,
Sugadiballi,
Yadaniballi

Neladaali,
Nelatengu, Thaala
moolike

Anibalehullu,
Shuntihulluanthi
balai
Kaamakshi hullu,
Gandhahanchi
kaddi
Kaaduraagihullu,
Konanatale hullu
Pachadi, Bilibeete
Beete, Todagatti,
Karimbetti
Maakali beru,
Magali beru
Kibbidiru,
Gandubidiru,
Panjebidiru
Kaadumuduru,
Kaduhuralite,
Seegate gida
Kaadu menthe,
Kaadu
pullampurasi

Aenna soora,
Bellare, Neerabatte
Adavigummathiga,
Kaadu gumbala

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

45

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016

76

Diospyros chloroxylon Roxb.

Ebenaceae

Tree

77

Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.

Ebenaceae

Tree

78

Diospyros montana Roxb.

Ebenaceae

Tree

79

Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C. Jeffrey

Cucurbitaceae

Climber

80

Drosera burmannii Vahl

Droseraceae

Herb

81

Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link.

Poaceae

Herb

Koosaayi,
Togarike, Ninaayi,
Nenni
Abanasi,
Aennemara,
Thoobara
Kaadu baalekaayi,
Jagalagundi,
Kaalagunda
Angathonde balli,
Linga konde balli
Krimibhaksha,
Pushpakaaseesa
Othakaddi,
Kaaduhaaraka

82

Eleusine aegyptia (L.) Desf.

Poaceae

Herb

83

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.

Poaceae

Herb

Hakkikaalina hullu,
Hechchuli hullu

84

Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC.

Asteraceae

Herb

Elikivi gida

85

Eragrostiella bifaria (Vahl) Bor


Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex
Steud.

Poaceae

Herb

Poaceae

Herb

86

Kaadu paarivaala,
Mulluhalivara,
Mulluhangara
Kuruvaaru mara,
Gandhagiri,
Jeevadaali

87

Erythrina suberosa Roxb.

Fabaceae

Tree

88

Erythroxylon monogynum Roxb.

Erythroxylacea
e

Shrub

89

Eucalyptus sp

Myrtaceae

Tree

90

Eupatorium odoratum L.

Asteraceae

Herb

91

Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L.

Convolvulaceae

Herb

92

Ficus amplissima Sm.

Moraceae

Tree

93

Ficus benghalensis L.

Moraceae

Tree

Aaladamara

94

Ficus drupacea Thunb.

Moraceae

Tree

Gonimara

95

Ficus racemosa L.

Moraceae

Tree

Atthi mara

96

Fimbristylis barbata (Rottb.) Bth.

Cyperaceae

Herb

97

Flacourtia indica (Burm. F.) Merr.

Salicaceae

Tree

98

Flacourtia montana J. Graham

Salicaceae

Tree

Aturake, Bilehuli
Jeepalu, Hannu
sampige

99

Flueggea leucopyrus Willd.

Phyllanthaceae

Shrub

Bilchuli, Gudapala

100

Garuga pinnata Roxb.

Burseraceae

Tree

Goddana mara

101

Givotia moluccana (L.) Sreem

Euphorbiaceae

Tree

102

Gloriosa superba L.

Colchicaceae

Climber

Aghni shikhe,
Akka thangi balli

103

Gmelina arborea Roxb.

Lamiaceae

Tree

Baachanike mara

104

Grewia nervosa (Lour.) Panigrahi

Malvaceae

Shrub

105

Grewia sp

Malvaceae

Shrub

106

Grewia villosa Willd.

Malvaceae

Shrub

107

Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale

Rubiaceae

Tree

108

Helicteres isora L.

Malvaceae

Shrub

Shankhapushpi,
Vishnukranti

Gorkele
Pettige,
Arishinatege
Avatarini, Murudi,
Edamuri

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

46

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016

109

Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex


Roem. & Schult.

Poaceae

Herb

110

Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.)


Wall. ex G. Don

Apocynaceae

Tree

111

Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch.

Ulmaceae

Tree

112

Hymenodictyon orixense (Roxb.) Mabb.

Rubiaceae

Tree

Oobinahullu,
Nanjuhullu,
Sunkarihullu
Haalemara,
Hirekodasa,
Kodamurike
Beeyada mara,
Tapasigida,
Thogala

Chidaralanbilu,
Gowriballi,
Manabilu

Shrub

Hennu neeli, Neeli


gida

Colchicaceae

Herb

Neerubaale

Convolvulaceae

Climber

113

Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W.T. Aiton

Apocynaceae

Climber

114

Impatiens sp

Balsaminaceae

Herb

115

Indigofera sp

Fabaceae

Shrub

116

Indigofera tinctoria L.

Fabaceae

117

Iphigenia indica (L.) A. Gray ex Kunth

118

Ipomoea grandifolia (Dammer) O' Donell

119

Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth

Convolvulaceae

Climber

Chita bogari,
Gouribija,
Musukina bogari

120

Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl

Convolvulaceae

Herb

Bilichita bogari

121

Ischaemum sp

Poaceae

Herb

122

Ixora notoniana Wall.

Rubiaceae

Tree

123

Jasminum sp

Oleaceae

Climber

Chikkakaadu
haralu, Hatti ele
vishi haralu

124

Jatropha gossypifolia L.

Euphorbiaceae

Shrub

125

Justicia simplex D. Don

Acanthaceae

Herb

126

Kyllinga pumila Michx.

Cyperaceae

Herb

127

Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb.

Lythraceae

Tree

Eluvasandhigida
M

Ajashringi,
Dhumpaari, Udi
mara
Kasooti hoo,
Hesigehoo

Herb

Lamiaceae

Herb

Gantikaalugedde
Bilee thumbe, Olle
thumbe
Karjaligida,
Gantutumbe

Leucas martinicensis (Sw.) R. Br.

Lamiaceae

Herb

134

Leucas sp

Lamiaceae

Herb

135

Madhuca latifolia (Roxb.) J.F. Macbr.

Sapotaceae

Tree

Aluppe, Ippe,
Kaadippe

136

Mangifera indica L.

Anacardiaceae

Tree

137

Maytenus emarginata (Willd.) Ding Hou

Celastraceae

Shrub

138

Melia dubia Cav.

Tree

139

Memecylon umbellatum Burm.f.

Meliaceae
Melastomatace
ae

Tree

140

Merremia tridentata (L.) Hallier f.

Convolvulaceae

Climber

128

Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr.

Anacardiaceae

Tree

129

Lantana tiliaefolia Cham.

Verbenaceae

Shrub

130

Lepidagathis cristata Willd.

Acanthaceae

Herb

131

Leucas aspera (Willd.) Spr.

Lamiaceae

132

Leucas lavandulifolia Sm.

133

Mavina-mara
Haalu manike,
Tandrasi
Adachare,
Hulisoppu

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

47

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016

141

Miliusa tomentosa (Roxb.) Finet &


Gagnep.

Annonaceae

Tree

142

Mimosa pudica L.

Fabaceae

Shrub

143

Mollugo pentaphylla L.

Molluginaceae

Herb

144

Morinda pubescens J. E. Smith

Rubiaceae

Tree

Karihessere,
Kalaadri
Nachike gida,
Muttidare muni
Jaraasi, Jaradsi,
Kedarasi
Aalum, Haladi
paavate, Maddi

145

Murdannia semiteres (Dalzell) Santapau

Commelinaceae

Herb

Aranamullu, Kaadu
baela, Naayi
naarangi

Akki arakalu,
Akkasale,
Hekkarakalu

146

Naringi crenulata (Roxb.) Nicolson

Rutaceae

Tree

147

Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb.

Rubiaceae

Herb

148

Olea dioica Roxb.

Oleaceae

Tree

149

Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv.

Poaceae

Herb

150

Panicum sp.

Poaceae

Herb

151

Parthenium hysterophorus L.

Asteraceae

Herb

152

Pavetta breviflora DC.

Rubiaceae

Shrub

Kolijuttugaddi
Kangress gida,
Turikegida
Permuti beru,
Balarakshi gida,
Madivaala

153

Pavonia odorata Willd.

Malvaceae

Herb

154

Pennisetum sp

Poaceae

Herb

155

Perotis indica (L.) Kuntze

Poaceae

Herb

156

Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb.

Arecaceae

Palm

157

Phyllanthus emblica L.

Phyllanthaceae

Tree

158

Phyllanthus simplex Retz.

Herb

159

Polycarpaea corymbosa (L.) Lam.

Phyllanthaceae
Caryophyllacea
e

Herb

160

Polygala elongata Klein ex Willd.

Polygalaceae

Herb

161

Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre

Fabaceae

Tree

162

Premna tomentosa Willd.

Lamiaceae

Tree

163

Psydrax umbellata (Wight) Bridson

Rubiaceae

Tree

164

Jabbu korle hullu,


Narimeese hullu

Ichalu gida
Nellikaayi, Betta
nelli
Sanna Kaage soppu
Arina saasive,
Paade mullu gida
Hongemara,
Kananga
Tavadike,
Naruvaalu, Naarale

Raktha Honne
mara, Benga, Olle
honne
Undamullu,
Badabakka

Fabaceae

Tree

165

Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.


Pterolobium hexapetalum (Roth) Sant. &
Wagh

Fabaceae

Shrub

166

Rotala fimbriata Wt.

Lythraceae

Herb

167

Santalum album L.

Santalaceae

Tree

168

Sarcostemma acidum (Roxb.) Voigt

Apocynaceae

Shrub

169

Schizachyrium exile (Hochst.) stapf

Poaceae

Herb

170

Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Merr.

Sapindaceae

Tree

Sreegandha
Vasukanti,
Haraluvalla, Haalu
kalli
Naaruhanchi hullu,
Naale hullu
Hulimaya,
Thengari, Kendale

171

Semecarpus anacardium L.f.

Anacardiaceae

Tree

Geru, Karigeru

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

48

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016

172

Fabaceae

Shrub

173

Senna occidentalis (L.) Link


Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin &
Barneby

Fabaceae

Tree

174

Setaria sp

Herb

175

Shorea roxburghii G. Don

Poaceae
Dipterocarpace
ae

176

Sida acuta N. Burm.

Malvaceae

Herb

177

Sida cordata (Burm. f.) Borss. Waalk.

Malvaceae

Herb

178

Sida mysorensis Wight. & arn.

Malvaceae

Herb

Tree

Jalari mara
Doddabindige gida,
Bhimanakaddi

Kadeeraberu,
Bennegaragu,
Kallangadale

179

Sida rhombifolia L.

Malvaceae

Herb

180

Smilax sp

Smilacaceae

Shrub

181

Sopubia delphinifolia (L.) G. Don

Orobanchaceae

Herb

182

Spermacoce articularis L.f.

Rubiaceae

Herb

183

Spermacoce ocymoides Burm.f.

Rubiaceae

Herb

184

Spermacoce pusilla wall.

Rubiaceae

Herb

185

Spermacoce stricta L.f.

Rubiaceae

Herb

186

Stachytarpheta jamaicansis (L.) Vahl

Verbenaceae

Herb

187

Stereospermum tetragonum DC.

Bignoniaceae

Tree

188

Striga angustifolia (Don) Sald.

Orobanchaceae

Herb

189

Strychnos potatorum L.f.

Loganiaceae

Tree

190

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

Myrtaceae

Tree

Chiligida
Neralu,
Jambunerale

191

Syzygium salicifolium (Wight) J. Graham

Myrtaceae

Tree

192

Fabaceae

Tree

Hunase mara

193

Tamarindus indica L.
Tarenna asiatica (L.) Kuntze ex K.
Schum.

Rubiaceae

Shrub

194

Tectona grandis L.f.

Lamiaceae

Tree

195

Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers.

Fabaceae

Shrub

196

Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight


& Arn.

Combretaceae

Tree

Taruni, Raybore
Tagdatti,
Saaguvaani mara
Vajradanti,
Koggili, Vajraneeli
Bilimatti,
Holematti,
Toramatti

197

Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.

Combretaceae

Tree

Tharemara, Vibhita

198

Terminalia chebula Retz.

Combretaceae

Tree

199

Terminalia elliptica Willd.

Combretaceae

Tree

200

Terminalia paniculata Roth

Combretaceae

Tree

Alale, Anile, Halra


Banapu, Sohonne,
Karimathi
Bilimatti, Hole
mathi, Honagalu

201

Themeda triandra Forssk.

Poaceae

Herb

202

Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam.

Rutaceae

Shrub

203

Tribulus terrestris L.

Zygophyllaceae

Herb

204

Trichodesma zeylanica (L.) R. Br.

Boraginaceae

Herb

Kari uttarani,
Kaadu uttaraani

Kaadumenasina
gida,
Kaduhakekare
Kiruneglimullu,
Nerangi mullu,
Negalu
Ettina naalage gida,
Gaayamaari

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

49

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016

Gabbu sanna
shyavanthi, Tikki

205

Tridax procumbens L.

Asteraceae

Herb

206

Triumfetta annua L.

Malvaceae

Herb

207

Vangueria spinosa (Roxb. ex Link) Roxb.

Rubiaceae

Tree

208

Ventilago madraspatana Gaertn.

Rhamnaceae

Climber

209

Vitex altissima L.f.

Lamiaceae

Tree

210

Vitex negundo L.

Lamiaceae

Shrub

211

Vitis auriculata Wall.

Vitaceae

Climber

212

Waltheria indica L.

Malvaceae

Shrub

213

Wrightia arborea (Dennst.) Mabb.

Apocynaceae

Tree

214

Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br.

Apocynaceae

Tree

215

Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub.

Fabaceae

Tree

216

Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.

Rhamnaceae

Tree

217

Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill.

Rhamnaceae

Shrub

Bugari mara
Soorimullu, Choori
mullu, Barige,

218

Zornia gibbosa Span.

Fabaceae

Herb

Nellu jollu soppu

Mullukare,
Gobergally
Pappalichakke,
Malemaitaala,
Kubbila
Kaadu navile,
Navuladi, Bulgi,
Nauladimara
Karinekki, Nekkali,
Nochi

Bilikada
Hallunovu maddu,
Aligili, Kodmurya
Arasatekku,
Arasutega, Jambe,
Ambarke

Annexure 2:
Plant species in Buffer areas of BNP
Sl.
No:

Scientific name

Family

Habit

Acacia caesia (L.) Willd.

Fabaceae

Shrub

Acacia chundra (Rottler) Willd.

Fabaceae

Tree

Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd.

Fabaceae

Tree

Achyranthes aspera L.

Amaranthaceae

Herb

Alangium salvifolium (L.f.) Wang.

Cornaceae

Shrub

Albizia amara Boiv.

Fabaceae

Tree

Albizia odoratissima (L.f.) Benth.

Fabaceae

Tree

Andrographis serpyllifolia Wt.

Acanthaceae

Herb

Annona squamosa L.

Annonaceae

Tree

10

Apluda mutica L.

Poaceae

Herb

11

Argyreia cuneata Ker.-Gawl.

Convolvulaceae

Shrub

12

Aristida setacea Retz.

Poaceae

Herb

13

Asparagus racemosus Willd.

Asparagaceae

Climber

14

Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

Meliaceae

Tree

15

Barleria buxifolia L.

Acanthaceae

Herb

16

Bauhinia racemosa Lamk.

Fabaceae

Tree

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

50

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016

17

Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub.

Fabaceae

Tree

18

Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br.

Apocynaceae

Shrub

19

Canthium coromandelicum (Burm.f.) Alston

Rubiaceae

Shrub

20

Careya arborea Roxb.

Lecythidaceae

Tree

21

Cassia fistula L.

Fabaceae

Tree

22

Cassine glauca (Rottb.) Kuntze

Celastraceae

Tree

23

Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng.

Rubiaceae

Tree

24

Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin.

Poaceae

Herb

25

Chrysopogon sp.

Poaceae

Herb

26

Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq.

Meliaceae

Tree

27

Cissampelos pariera L.

Menispermaceae

Climber

28

Corchorus sp.

Malvaceae

Herb

29

Crotalaria pallida Aiton

Fabaceae

Shrub

30

Crotalaria sp.

Fabaceae

Herb

31

Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.

Hypoxidaceae

Herb

32

Cyanotis sp.

Commelinaceae

Herb

33

Dalbergia lanceolaria L.f.

Fabaceae

Tree

34

Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.

Fabaceae

Tree

35

Dendrocalamus strictus Nees

Poaceae

Bamboo

36

Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.

Ebenaceae

Tree

37

Diospyros montana Roxb.

Ebenaceae

Tree

38

Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq.

Sapindaceae

Shrub

39

Eleusine aegyptia (L.) Desf.

Poaceae

Herb

40

Erythroxylon monogynum Roxb.

Erythroxylaceae

Shrub

41

Eucalyptus sp.

Myrtaceae

Tree

42

Eupatorium odoratum L.

Asteraceae

Herb

43

Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L.

Convolvulaceae

Herb

44

Ficus benghalensis L.

Moraceae

Tree

45

Ficus racemosa L.

Moraceae

Tree

46

Flacourtia sp.

Salicaceae

Tree

47

Flueggea leucopyrus Willd.

Phyllanthaceae

Shrub

48

Garuga pinnata Roxb.

Burseraceae

Tree

49

Givotia moluccana (L.) Sreem

Euphorbiaceae

Tree

50

Gloriosa superba L.

Colchicaceae

Climber

51

Grewia villosa Willd.

Malvaceae

Shrub

52

Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale

Rubiaceae

Tree

53

Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.

Poaceae

Herb

54

Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.) Wall. ex G. Don

Apocynaceae

Tree

55

Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch.

Ulmaceae

Tree

56

Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W.T. Aiton

Apocynaceae

Climber

57

Indigofera sp.

Fabaceae

Shrub

58

Ipomoea grandifolia (Dammer) O' Donell

Convolvulaceae

Climber

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

51

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016

59

Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth

Convolvulaceae

Climber

60

Ischaemum rugosum Salisb.

Poaceae

Herb

61

Ischaemum sp.

Poaceae

Herb

62

Ixora notoniana Wall.

Rubiaceae

Tree

63

Lantana tiliaefolia Cham.

Verbenaceae

Shrub

64

Lepidagathis cristata Willd.

Acanthaceae

Herb

65

Leucas sp.

Lamiaceae

Herb

66

Madhuca latifolia (Roxb.) J.F. Macbr.

Sapotaceae

Tree

67

Mangifera indica L.

Anacardiaceae

Tree

68

Melia dubia Cav.

Meliaceae

Tree

69

Mimosa pudica L.

Fabaceae

Shrub

70

Naringi crenulata (Roxb.) Nicolson

Rutaceae

Tree

71

Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb.

Rubiaceae

Herb

72

Parthenium hysterophorus L.

Asteraceae

Herb

73

Pavetta breviflora DC.

Rubiaceae

Shrub

74

Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin.

Poaceae

Herb

75

Perotis indica (L.) Kuntze

Poaceae

Herb

76

Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb.

Arecaceae

Palm

77

Polycarpaea corymbosa (L.) Lam.

Caryophyllaceae

Herb

78

Premna tomentosa Willd.

Lamiaceae

Tree

79

Pterolobium hexapetalum (Roth) Sant. & Wagh

Fabaceae

Shrub

80

Santalum album L.

Santalaceae

Tree

81

Semecarpus anacardium L.f.

Anacardiaceae

Tree

82

Senna occidentalis (L.) Link

Fabaceae

Shrub

83

Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby

Fabaceae

Tree

84

Shorea roxburghii G. Don

Dipterocarpaceae

Tree

85

Sida acuta N. Burm.

Malvaceae

Herb

86

Sida mysorensis Wight. & arn.

Malvaceae

Herb

87

Sida sp.

Malvaceae

Herb

88

Spermacoce pusilla wall.

Rubiaceae

Herb

89

Strychnos potatorum L.f.

Loganiaceae

Tree

90

Tamarindus indica L.

Fabaceae

Tree

91

Tarenna asiatica (L.) Kuntze ex K. Schum.

Rubiaceae

Shrub

92

Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth.

Bignoniaceae

Shrub

93

Tectona grandis L.f.

Lamiaceae

Tree

94

Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers.

Fabaceae

Shrub

95

Terminalia elliptica Willd.

Combretaceae

Tree

96

Terminalia paniculata Roth

Combretaceae

Tree

97

Themeda triandra Forssk.

Poaceae

Herb

98

Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam.

Rutaceae

Shrub

99

Tridax procumbens L.

Asteraceae

Herb

Vitex negundo L.

Lamiaceae

Shrub

100

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

52

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016

101

Wrightia arborea (Dennst.) Mabb.

Apocynaceae

Tree

102

Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br.

Apocynaceae

Tree

103

Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill.

Rhamnaceae

Shrub

Annexure 3
Locality wise checklist of plant species
Sl.
No:

Locality

Scientific name

Family

Habit

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Acacia chundra (Rottler) Willd.

Fabaceae

Tree

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Achyranthes aspera L.

Amaranthaceae

Herb

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Alangium salvifolium (L.f.) Wang.

Cornaceae

Shrub

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Albizia amara Boiv.

Fabaceae

Tree

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Annona squamosa L.

Annonaceae

Tree

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Aristida setacea Retz.

Poaceae

Herb

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

Meliaceae

Tree

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub.

Fabaceae

Tree

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Apocynaceae

Shrub

10

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br.


Canthium coromandelicum (Burm.f.)
Alston

Rubiaceae

Shrub

11

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Cassia fistula L.

Fabaceae

Tree

12

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq.

Meliaceae

Tree

13

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Corchorus spp.

Malvaceae

Herb

14

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Crotalaria pallida Aiton

Fabaceae

Shrub

15

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Cyanotis spp.

Commelinaceae

Herb

16

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Dalbergia lanceolaria L.f.

Fabaceae

Tree

17

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Diospyros montana Roxb.

Ebenaceae

Tree

18

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Eleusine aegyptia (L.) Desf.

Poaceae

Herb

19

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L.

Convolvulaceae

Herb

20

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Ficus benghalensis L.

Moraceae

Tree

21

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Flueggea leucopyrus Willd.

Phyllanthaceae

Shrub

22

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Garuga pinnata Roxb.

Burseraceae

Tree

23

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Colchicaceae

Climber

24

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Gloriosa superba L.
Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex
Roem. & Schult.

Poaceae

Herb

25

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch.

Ulmaceae

Tree

26

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Indigofera spp.

Fabaceae

Shrub

27

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth

Convolvulaceae

Climber

28

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Ischaemum rugosum Salisb.

Poaceae

Herb

29

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Lantana tiliaefolia Cham.

Verbenaceae

Shrub

30

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Mangifera indica L.

Anacardiaceae

Tree

31

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Melia dubia Cav.

Meliaceae

Tree

32

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Mimosa pudica L.

Fabaceae

Shrub

33

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb.

Rubiaceae

Herb

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

53

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016

34

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Polycarpaea corymbosa (L.) Lam.

Caryophyllacea
e

Herb

35

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Polygala elongata Klein ex Willd.

Polygalaceae

Herb

36

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Premna tomentosa Willd.

Lamiaceae

Tree

37

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Santalum album L.

Santalaceae

Tree

38

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Anacardiaceae

Tree

39

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Semecarpus anacardium L.f.


Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin &
Barneby

Fabaceae

Tree

40

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Sida acuta N. Burm.

Malvaceae

Herb

41

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Sida mysorensis Wight. & arn.

Malvaceae

Herb

42

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Sida spp.

Malvaceae

Herb

43

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Rubiaceae

Herb

44

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Spermacoce pusilla wall.


Tarenna asiatica (L.) Kuntze ex K.
Schum.

Rubiaceae

Shrub

45

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth.

Bignoniaceae

Shrub

46

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers.

Fabaceae

Shrub

47

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Themeda triandra Forssk.

Poaceae

Herb

48

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam.

Rutaceae

Shrub

49

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Tridax procumbens L.

Asteraceae

Herb

50

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Vitex negundo L.

Lamiaceae

Shrub

51

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Wrightia arborea (Dennst.) Mabb.

Apocynaceae

Tree

52

Ginidodi-kathrinatha

Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br.

Apocynaceae

Tree

53

Hanumanthalla

Acacia caesia (L.) Willd.

Fabaceae

Shrub

54

Hanumanthalla

Acacia chundra (Rottler) Willd.

Fabaceae

Tree

55

Hanumanthalla

Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd.

Fabaceae

Tree

56

Hanumanthalla

Albizia amara Boiv.

Fabaceae

Tree

57

Hanumanthalla

Andrographis serpyllifolia Wt.

Acanthaceae

Herb

58

Hanumanthalla

Apluda mutica L.

Poaceae

Herb

59

Hanumanthalla

Argyreia cuneata Ker.-Gawl.

Convolvulaceae

Shrub

60

Hanumanthalla

Aristida setacea Retz.

Poaceae

Herb

61

Hanumanthalla

Barleria buxifolia L.

Acanthaceae

Herb

62

Hanumanthalla

Cassine glauca (Rottb.) Kuntze

Celastraceae

Tree

63

Hanumanthalla

Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq.

Tree

64

Hanumanthalla

Cissampelos pariera L.

Meliaceae
Menispermacea
e

65

Hanumanthalla

Dendrocalamus strictus Nees

Poaceae

Bamboo

66

Hanumanthalla

Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC.

Fabaceae

Herb

67

Hanumanthalla

Diospyros montana Roxb.

Ebenaceae

Tree

68

Hanumanthalla

Eleusine aegyptia (L.) Desf.

Poaceae

Herb

69

Hanumanthalla

Eupatorium odoratum L.

Asteraceae

Herb

70

Hanumanthalla

Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L.

Convolvulaceae

Herb

71

Hanumanthalla

Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L.

Convolvulaceae

Herb

72

Hanumanthalla

Colchicaceae

Climber

73

Hanumanthalla

Gloriosa superba L.
Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex
Roem. & Schult.

Poaceae

Herb

Climber

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

54

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016

74

Hanumanthalla

Ipomoea grandifolia (Dammer) O' Donell

Convolvulaceae

Climber

75

Hanumanthalla

Ischaemum spp.

Poaceae

Herb

76

Hanumanthalla

Lantana tiliaefolia Cham.

Verbenaceae

Shrub

77

Hanumanthalla

Lantana tiliaefolia Cham.

Verbenaceae

Shrub

78

Hanumanthalla

Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin.

Poaceae

Herb

79

Hanumanthalla

Poaceae

Herb

80

Hanumanthalla

Perotis indica (L.) Kuntze


Pterolobium hexapetalum (Roth) Sant. &
Wagh

Shrub

81

Hanumanthalla

Shorea roxburghii G. Don

Fabaceae
Dipterocarpacea
e

82

Hanumanthalla

Sida acuta N. Burm.

Malvaceae

Herb

83

Hanumanthalla

Sida acuta N. Burm.

Malvaceae

Herb

84

Hanumanthalla

Spermacoce pusilla wall.

Rubiaceae

Herb

85

Hanumanthalla

Terminalia elliptica Willd.

Combretaceae

Tree

86

Hanumanthalla

Terminalia paniculata Roth

Combretaceae

Tree

87

Hanumanthalla

Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br.

Apocynaceae

Tree

88

Hallimaradoddi

Acacia chundra (Rottler) Willd.

Fabaceae

Tree

89

Hallimaradoddi

Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd.

Fabaceae

Tree

90

Hallimaradoddi

Albizia amara Boiv.

Fabaceae

Tree

91

Hallimaradoddi

Annona squamosa L.

Annonaceae

Tree

92

Hallimaradoddi

Apluda mutica L.

Poaceae

Herb

93

Hallimaradoddi

Aristida setacea Retz.

Poaceae

Herb

94

Hallimaradoddi

Meliaceae

Tree

95

Hallimaradoddi

Azadirachta indica A. Juss.


Canthium coromandelicum (Burm.f.)
Alston

Rubiaceae

Shrub

96

Hallimaradoddi

Cassia fistula L.

Fabaceae

Tree

97

Hallimaradoddi

Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng.

Rubiaceae

Tree

98

Hallimaradoddi

Chrysopogon sp

Poaceae

Herb

99

Hallimaradoddi

Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq.

Meliaceae

Tree

100

Hallimaradoddi

Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.

Hypoxidaceae

Herb

101

Hallimaradoddi

Dalbergia lanceolaria L.f.

Fabaceae

Tree

102

Hallimaradoddi

Diospyros montana Roxb.

Ebenaceae

Tree

103

Hallimaradoddi

Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq.

Sapindaceae

Shrub

104

Hallimaradoddi

Eucalyptus spp.

Myrtaceae

Tree

105

Hallimaradoddi

Flueggea leucopyrus Willd.

Phyllanthaceae

Shrub

106

Hallimaradoddi

Flueggea leucopyrus Willd.

Phyllanthaceae

Shrub

107

Hallimaradoddi

Rubiaceae

Tree

108

Hallimaradoddi

Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale


Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex
Roem. & Schult.

Poaceae

Herb

109

Hallimaradoddi

Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F. Muell.

Violaceae

Herb

110

Hallimaradoddi

Lantana tiliaefolia Cham.

Verbenaceae

Shrub

111

Hallimaradoddi

Lepidagathis cristata Willd.

Acanthaceae

Herb

112

Hallimaradoddi

Pavetta breviflora DC.

Rubiaceae

Shrub

113

Hallimaradoddi

Pavetta breviflora DC.

Rubiaceae

Shrub

Tree

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

55

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016

114

Hallimaradoddi

Pavonia odorata Willd.

Malvaceae

Herb

115

Hallimaradoddi

Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb.

Arecaceae

Palm

116

Hallimaradoddi

Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre

Fabaceae

Tree

117

Hallimaradoddi

Premna tomentosa Willd.

Lamiaceae

Tree

118

Hallimaradoddi

Setaria sp

Poaceae

Herb

119

Hallimaradoddi

Sida acuta N. Burm.

Malvaceae

Herb

120

Hallimaradoddi

Strychnos potatorum L.f.

Loganiaceae

Tree

121

Hallimaradoddi

Tectona grandis L.f.

Lamiaceae

Tree

122

Hallimaradoddi

Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers.

Fabaceae

Shrub

123

Hallimaradoddi

Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br.

Apocynaceae

Tree

124

Hallimaradoddi

Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br.

Apocynaceae

Tree

125

Shivanalli

Acacia chundra (Rottler) Willd.

Fabaceae

Tree

126

Shivanalli

Acacia chundra (Rottler) Willd.

Fabaceae

Tree

127

Shivanalli

Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.

Fabaceae

Tree

128

Shivanalli

Albizia odoratissima (L.f.) Benth.

Fabaceae

Tree

129

Shivanalli

Apluda mutica L.

Poaceae

Herb

130

Shivanalli

Bauhinia racemosa Lamk.

Fabaceae

Tree

131

Shivanalli

Bridelia retusa (L.) A. Juss

Phyllanthaceae

Tree

132

Shivanalli

Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub.

Fabaceae

Tree

133

Shivanalli

Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars

Fabaceae

Shrub

134

Shivanalli

Cassia fistula L.

Fabaceae

Tree

135

Shivanalli

Cassine glauca (Rottb.) Kuntze

Celastraceae

Tree

136

Shivanalli

Chrysopogon spp.

Poaceae

Herb

137

Shivanalli

Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq.

Meliaceae

Tree

138

Shivanalli

Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.

Fabaceae

Tree

139

Shivanalli

Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.

Ebenaceae

Tree

140

Shivanalli

Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq.

Sapindaceae

Shrub

141

Shivanalli

Eupatorium odoratum L.

Asteraceae

Herb

142

Shivanalli

Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L.

Convolvulaceae

Herb

143

Shivanalli

Ficus amplissima Sm.

Moraceae

Tree

144

Shivanalli

Ficus benghalensis L.

Moraceae

Tree

145

Shivanalli

Flueggea leucopyrus Willd.

Phyllanthaceae

Shrub

146

Shivanalli

Givotia moluccana (L.) Sreem

Euphorbiaceae

Tree

147

Shivanalli

Apocynaceae

Climber

148

Shivanalli

Poaceae

Herb

149

Shivanalli

Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br.


Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex
Roem. & Schult.
Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.)
Wall. ex G. Don

Apocynaceae

Tree

150

Shivanalli

Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W.T. Aiton

Apocynaceae

Climber

151

Shivanalli

Ipomoea grandifolia (Dammer) O' Donell

Convolvulaceae

Climber

152

Shivanalli

Ipomoea grandifolia (Dammer) O' Donell

Convolvulaceae

Climber

153

Shivanalli

Ixora notoniana Wall.

Rubiaceae

Tree

154

Shivanalli

Lantana tiliaefolia Cham.

Verbenaceae

Shrub

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

56

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016

155

Shivanalli

Leucas spp.

Lamiaceae

Herb

156

Shivanalli

Madhuca indica J.F. Gmel.

Sapotaceae

Tree

157

Shivanalli

Melia dubia Cav.

Meliaceae

Tree

158

Shivanalli

Naringi crenulata (Roxb.) Nicolson

Rutaceae

Tree

159

Shivanalli

Perotis indica (L.) Kuntze

Poaceae

Herb

160

Shivanalli

Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb.

Arecaceae

Palm

161

Shivanalli

Phyllodium pulchellum (L.) Desv.

Fabaceae

162

Shivanalli

Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.

Fabaceae

Tree

163

Shivanalli

Semecarpus anacardium L.f.

Anacardiaceae

Tree

164

Shivanalli

Rubiaceae

Herb

165

Shivanalli

Spermacoce articularis L.f.


Tarenna asiatica (L.) Kuntze ex K.
Schum.

Rubiaceae

Shrub

166

Shivanalli

Lamiaceae

Tree

167

Shivanalli

Tectona grandis L.f.


Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight
& Arn.

Combretaceae

Tree

168

Shivanalli

Terminalia elliptica Willd.

Combretaceae

Tree

169

Shivanalli

Terminalia elliptica Willd.

Combretaceae

Tree

170

Shivanalli

Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill.

Rhamnaceae

Shrub

171

Yelchvadi-tandya

Acacia chundra (Rottler) Willd.

Fabaceae

Tree

172

Yelchvadi-tandya

Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd.

Fabaceae

Tree

173

Yelchvadi-tandya

Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd.

Fabaceae

Tree

174

Yelchvadi-tandya

Aeschynomene spp.

Fabaceae

Herb

175

Yelchvadi-tandya

Alangium salvifolium (L.f.) Wang.

Cornaceae

Shrub

176

Yelchvadi-tandya

Albizia amara Boiv.

Fabaceae

Tree

177

Yelchvadi-tandya

Annona squamosa L.

Annonaceae

Tree

178

Yelchvadi-tandya

Aristida setacea Retz.

Poaceae

Herb

179

Yelchvadi-tandya

Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

Meliaceae

Tree

180

Yelchvadi-tandya

Barleria buxifolia L.

Acanthaceae

Herb

181

Yelchvadi-tandya

Cassia fistula L.

Fabaceae

Tree

182

Yelchvadi-tandya

Ceropegia candelabrum L.

Apocynaceae

Herb

183

Yelchvadi-tandya

Chrysopogon sp

Poaceae

Herb

184

Yelchvadi-tandya

Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.

Hypoxidaceae

Herb

185

Yelchvadi-tandya

Cymbopogon sp

Poaceae

Herb

186

Yelchvadi-tandya

Dalbergia lanceolaria L.f.

Fabaceae

Tree

187

Yelchvadi-tandya

Dendrocalamus strictus Nees

Poaceae

Bamboo

188

Yelchvadi-tandya

Diospyros montana Roxb.

Ebenaceae

Tree

189

Yelchvadi-tandya

Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq.

Sapindaceae

Shrub

190

Yelchvadi-tandya

Erythroxylon monogynum Roxb.

Erythroxylaceae

Shrub

191

Yelchvadi-tandya

Eupatorium odoratum L.

Asteraceae

Herb

192

Yelchvadi-tandya

Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L.

Convolvulaceae

Herb

193

Yelchvadi-tandya

Flacourtia spp.

Salicaceae

Tree

194

Yelchvadi-tandya

Flueggea leucopyrus Willd.

Phyllanthaceae

Shrub

195

Yelchvadi-tandya

Grewia spp.

Malvaceae

Shrub

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

57

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016

196

Yelchvadi-tandya

Shrub

Shrub

Yelchvadi-tandya

Grewia villosa Willd.


Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex
Roem. & Schult.

197

Poaceae

Herb

198

Yelchvadi-tandya

Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch.

Ulmaceae

Tree

199

Yelchvadi-tandya

Ipomoea grandifolia (Dammer) O' Donell

Convolvulaceae

Climber

200

Yelchvadi-tandya

Lantana tiliaefolia Cham.

Verbenaceae

Shrub

201

Yelchvadi-tandya

Leucas spp.

Lamiaceae

Herb

202

Yelchvadi-tandya

Merremia tridentata (L.) Hallier f.

Convolvulaceae

Climber

203

Yelchvadi-tandya

Morinda pubescens J. E. Smith

Rubiaceae

Tree

204

Yelchvadi-tandya

Naringi crenulata (Roxb.) Nicolson

Rutaceae

Tree

205

Yelchvadi-tandya

Perotis indica (L.) Kuntze

Poaceae

Herb

206

Yelchvadi-tandya

Rubiaceae

Tree

207

Yelchvadi-tandya

Psydrax umbellata (Wight) Bridson


Pterolobium hexapetalum (Roth) Sant. &
Wagh

Fabaceae

Shrub

208

Yelchvadi-tandya

Senna occidentalis (L.) Link

Fabaceae

Shrub

209

Yelchvadi-tandya

Spermacoce articularis L.f.

Rubiaceae

Herb

210

Yelchvadi-tandya

Bignoniaceae

Tree

211

Yelchvadi-tandya

Stereospermum tetragonum DC.


Tarenna asiatica (L.) Kuntze ex K.
Schum.

Rubiaceae

Shrub

212

Yelchvadi-tandya

Tectona grandis L.f.

Lamiaceae

Tree

213

Yelchvadi-tandya

Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers.

Fabaceae

Shrub

214

Yelchvadi-tandya

Tridax procumbens L.

Asteraceae

Herb

215

Yelchvadi-tandya

Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br.

Apocynaceae

Tree

216

Yelchvadi-tandya

Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill.

Rhamnaceae

Shrub

217

Devarahalli-durgadkallu

Albizia amara Boiv.

Fabaceae

Tree

218

Devarahalli-durgadkallu

Apluda mutica L.

Poaceae

Herb

219

Devarahalli-durgadkallu

Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq.

Meliaceae

Tree

220

Devarahalli-durgadkallu

Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.

Hypoxidaceae

Herb

221

Devarahalli-durgadkallu

Cymbopogon spp.

Poaceae

Herb

222

Devarahalli-durgadkallu

Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L.

Convolvulaceae

Herb

223

Devarahalli-durgadkallu

Malvaceae

Shrub

224

Devarahalli-durgadkallu

Grewia spp.
Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex
Roem. & Schult.

Poaceae

Herb

225

Devarahalli-durgadkallu

Lantana tiliaefolia Cham.

Verbenaceae

Shrub

226

Devarahalli-durgadkallu

Lantana tiliaefolia Cham.

Verbenaceae

Shrub

227

Devarahalli-durgadkallu

Acanthaceae

Herb

228

Devarahalli-durgadkallu

Lepidagathis cristata Willd.


Pterolobium hexapetalum (Roth) Sant. &
Wagh

Fabaceae

Shrub

229

Devarahalli-durgadkallu

Spermacoce articularis L.f.

Rubiaceae

Herb

230

Devarahalli-durgadkallu

Strychnos potatorum L.f.

Loganiaceae

Tree

231

Devarahalli-durgadkallu

Fabaceae

Tree

232

Devarahalli-durgadkallu

Rubiaceae

Shrub

233

Devarahalli-durgadkallu

Tamarindus indica L.
Tarenna asiatica (L.) Kuntze ex K.
Schum.
Tarenna asiatica (L.) Kuntze ex K.
Schum.

Rubiaceae

Shrub

234

Devarahalli-durgadkallu

Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br.

Apocynaceae

Tree

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

58

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016

235

Kvanaldoddi

Acacia chundra (Rottler) Willd.

Fabaceae

Tree

236

Kvanaldoddi

Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.

Fabaceae

Tree

237

Kvanaldoddi

Asparagus racemosus Willd.

Asparagaceae

Climber

238

Kvanaldoddi

Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

Meliaceae

Tree

239

Kvanaldoddi

Barleria spp.

Acanthaceae

240

Kvanaldoddi

Cassia fistula L.

Fabaceae

Tree

241

Kvanaldoddi

Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng.

Rubiaceae

Tree

242

Kvanaldoddi

Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq.

Meliaceae

Tree

243

Kvanaldoddi

Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq.

Sapindaceae

Shrub

244

Kvanaldoddi

Asteraceae

Herb

245

Kvanaldoddi

Eupatorium odoratum L.
Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex
Roem. & Schult.

246

Kvanaldoddi

Lantana tiliaefolia Cham.

Verbenaceae

Shrub

247

Kvanaldoddi

Leucas spp.

Lamiaceae

Herb

248

Kvanaldoddi

Merremia tridentata (L.) Hallier f.

Convolvulaceae

Climber

249

Kvanaldoddi

Parthenium hysterophorus L.

Asteraceae

Herb

250

Kvanaldoddi

Pavonia odorata Willd.

Malvaceae

Herb

251

Kvanaldoddi

Senna occidentalis (L.) Link

Fabaceae

Shrub

252

Kvanaldoddi

Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br.

Apocynaceae

Tree

253

Gangadarbetta-gomala

Acacia chundra (Rottler) Willd.

Fabaceae

Tree

254

Gangadarbetta-gomala

Alangium salvifolium (L.f.) Wang.

Cornaceae

Shrub

255

Gangadarbetta-gomala

Albizia amara Boiv.

Fabaceae

Tree

256

Gangadarbetta-gomala

Annona squamosa L.

Annonaceae

Tree

257

Gangadarbetta-gomala

Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

Meliaceae

Tree

258

Gangadarbetta-gomala

Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub.

Fabaceae

Tree

259

Gangadarbetta-gomala

Cassia fistula L.

Fabaceae

Tree

260

Gangadarbetta-gomala

Chrysopogon spp.

Poaceae

Herb

261

Gangadarbetta-gomala

Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq.

Meliaceae

Tree

262

Gangadarbetta-gomala

Cymbopogon spp.

Poaceae

Herb

263

Gangadarbetta-gomala

Dalbergia lanceolaria L.f.

Fabaceae

Tree

264

Gangadarbetta-gomala

Diospyros montana Roxb.

Ebenaceae

Tree

265

Gangadarbetta-gomala

Asteraceae

Herb

266

Gangadarbetta-gomala

Poaceae

Herb

267

Gangadarbetta-gomala

Eupatorium odoratum L.
Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex
Roem. & Schult.
Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.)
Wall. ex G. Don

Apocynaceae

Tree

268

Gangadarbetta-gomala

Lantana tiliaefolia Cham.

Verbenaceae

Shrub

269

Gangadarbetta-gomala

Leucas spp.

Lamiaceae

Herb

270

Gangadarbetta-gomala

Melia dubia Cav.

Meliaceae

Tree

271

Gangadarbetta-gomala

Morinda pubescens J. E. Smith

Rubiaceae

Tree

272

Gangadarbetta-gomala

Rubiaceae

Tree

273

Gangadarbetta-gomala

Psydrax umbellata (Wight) Bridson


Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin &
Barneby

Fabaceae

Tree

274

Gangadarbetta-gomala

Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers.

Fabaceae

Shrub

275

Gangadarbetta-gomala

Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br.

Apocynaceae

Tree

Herb

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

59

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016

276

Gangadarbetta-forest area

Achyranthes aspera L.

Amaranthaceae

Herb

277

Gangadarbetta-forest area

Albizia amara Boiv.

Fabaceae

Tree

278

Gangadarbetta-forest area

Annona squamosa L.

Annonaceae

Tree

279

Gangadarbetta-forest area

Apluda mutica L.

Poaceae

Herb

280

Gangadarbetta-forest area

Meliaceae

Tree

281

Gangadarbetta-forest area

Azadirachta indica A. Juss.


Canthium coromandelicum (Burm.f.)
Alston

Rubiaceae

Shrub

282

Gangadarbetta-forest area

Cardiospermum halicacabum L.

Sapindaceae

Climber

283

Gangadarbetta-forest area

Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng.

Rubiaceae

Tree

284

Gangadarbetta-forest area

Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng.

Rubiaceae

Tree

285

Gangadarbetta-forest area

Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq.

Tree

286

Gangadarbetta-forest area

Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels

Meliaceae
Menispermacea
e

287

Gangadarbetta-forest area

Dalbergia lanceolaria L.f.

Fabaceae

Tree

288

Gangadarbetta-forest area

Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC.

Asteraceae

Herb

289

Gangadarbetta-forest area

Ficus amplissima Sm.

Moraceae

Tree

290

Gangadarbetta-forest area

Phyllanthaceae

Shrub

291

Gangadarbetta-forest area

Flueggea leucopyrus Willd.


Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex
Roem. & Schult.

Poaceae

Herb

292

Gangadarbetta-forest area

Lantana tiliaefolia Cham.

Verbenaceae

Shrub

293

Gangadarbetta-forest area

Lepidagathis cristata Willd.

Acanthaceae

Herb

294

Gangadarbetta-forest area

Pavetta breviflora DC.

Rubiaceae

Shrub

295

Gangadarbetta-forest area

Psydrax umbellata (Wight) Bridson

Rubiaceae

Tree

296

Gangadarbetta-forest area

Senna occidentalis (L.) Link

Fabaceae

Shrub

297

Harekodi

Aristida setacea Retz.

Poaceae

Herb

298

Harekodi

Asparagus racemosus Willd.

Asparagaceae

Climber

299

Harekodi

Barleria spp.

Acanthaceae

300

Harekodi

Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub.

Fabaceae

Tree

301

Harekodi

Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars

Fabaceae

Shrub

302

Harekodi

Poaceae

Herb

303

Harekodi

Chrysopogon spp.
Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex
Benth.

304

Harekodi

Cymbopogon spp.

Poaceae

Herb

305

Harekodi

Eucalyptus spp.

Myrtaceae

Tree

306

Harekodi

Eupatorium odoratum L.

Asteraceae

Herb

307

Harekodi

Apocynaceae

Climber

308

Harekodi

Poaceae

Herb

309

Harekodi

Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br.


Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex
Roem. & Schult.
Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.)
Wall. ex G. Don

Apocynaceae

Tree

310

Harekodi

Iphigenia indica (L.) A. Gray ex Kunth

Colchicaceae

Herb

311

Harekodi

Ischaemum spp.

Poaceae

Herb

312

Harekodi

Ixora notoniana Wall.

Rubiaceae

Tree

313

Harekodi

Jasminum spp.

Oleaceae

Climber

314

Harekodi

Naringi crenulata (Roxb.) Nicolson

Rutaceae

Tree

315

Harekodi

Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb.

Rubiaceae

Herb

Herb

Tree

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

60

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc 2016

316

Harekodi

Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb.

Arecaceae

Palm

317

Harekodi

Phyllanthus emblica L.

Tree

318

Harekodi

Psydrax umbellata (Wight) Bridson

Rubiaceae

Tree

319

Harekodi

Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Merr.

Sapindaceae

Tree

320

Harekodi

Striga angustifolia (Don) Sald.

Orobanchaceae

Herb

321

Harekodi

Myrtaceae

322

Harekodi

syzygium sp
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight
& Arn.

Combretaceae

Tree

323

Harekodi

Terminalia chebula Retz.

Combretaceae

Tree

324

Harekodi

Terminalia paniculata Roth

Combretaceae

Tree

325

Harekodi

Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam.

Rutaceae

Shrub

326

Harekodi

Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam.

Rutaceae

Shrub

327

Harekodi

Vitex altissima L.f.

Lamiaceae

Tree

328

Begihalli-Mantapa

Acacia chundra (Rottler) Willd.

Fabaceae

Tree

329

Begihalli-Mantapa

Fabaceae

Tree

330

Begihalli-Mantapa

Albizia odoratissima (L.f.) Benth.


Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall.
ex Guill. & Perr.

Combretaceae

Tree

331

Begihalli-Mantapa

Argyreia cuneata Ker.-Gawl.

Convolvulaceae

Shrub

332

Begihalli-Mantapa

Bauhinia racemosa Lamk.

Fabaceae

Tree

333

Begihalli-Mantapa

Phyllanthaceae

Tree

334

Begihalli-Mantapa

Bridelia retusa (L.) A. Juss


Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex
Benth.

Rutaceae

Tree

335

Begihalli-Mantapa

Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.

Hypoxidaceae

Herb

336

Begihalli-Mantapa

Dendrocalamus strictus Nees

Poaceae

Bamboo

337

Begihalli-Mantapa

Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.

Ebenaceae

Tree

338

Begihalli-Mantapa

Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L.

Convolvulaceae

Herb

339

Begihalli-Mantapa

Ficus microcarpa L.f.

Moraceae

Tree

340

Begihalli-Mantapa

Malvaceae

Shrub

341

Begihalli-Mantapa

Poaceae

Herb

342

Begihalli-Mantapa

Grewia villosa Willd.


Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex
Roem. & Schult.
Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.)
Wall. ex G. Don

Apocynaceae

Tree

343

Begihalli-Mantapa

Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb.

Lythraceae

Tree

344

Begihalli-Mantapa

Lantana tiliaefolia Cham.

Verbenaceae

Shrub

345

Begihalli-Mantapa

Spermacoce pusilla wall.

Rubiaceae

Herb

346

Begihalli-Mantapa

Terminalia elliptica Willd.

Combretaceae

Tree

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation
Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

61

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

2016

Plate 1: BNP Forest types


A: Tropical deciduous forest with Shorea talura-Terminalia sp-Anogiessus latifolia series, B: Tropical dry deciduous forest with
Chloroxylon swietenia-Anogiessus latifolia-Albizzia sp series, C: Acacia thorn forest, D: Bilikal gudda-dry deciduous forest
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016.
Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

62

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

2016
C

Plate 2: Plant diversity in BNP


A: Acacia chundra (Rottler) Willd, B: Acacia caesia (L.) Willd, C: Morinda sp.. yellow bark, D: Argyreia cuneata Ker.-Gawl, E:
Tribulus terrestris L., F: Shorea roxburghii G. Don

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016.
Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

63

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

2016

Plate 3: Plant diversity in BNP


A: Ceropegia candelabrum L., B: Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq., C: Grewia villosa Willd., D: Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C.
Jeffrey, E: Givotia moluccana (L.) Sreem, F: Gmelina arborea Roxb.

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016.
Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

64

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

2016

Plate 4: Plants of BNP


A: Canthium dicoccum (Gaertn.) T. & B., B: Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W.T. Aiton, C: Lepidagathis cristata Willd., D: Naringi
crenulata (Roxb.) Nicolson, E: Premna tomentosa Willd. F: Rotala fimbriata Wt.

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016.
Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

65

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

2016
C

Plate 5: Plants of BNP


A: Semecarpus anacardium L.f. B: Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br. C: Wrightia arborea (Dennst.) Mabb. D: Andrographis
serpyllifolia Wt. E: Byttneria herbacea Roxb. F: Dioscorea sp.

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016.
Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

66

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

2016

Plate 6: Forest disturbances in BNP


A: Large scale cattle grazing inside core area, B: Highly degraded gomala after the sand filtration, C: Gomala encroachment, D:
Illegal sand filtering in gomala
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016.
Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

67

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

2016

Plate 7: Field work study team and interactions

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016.
Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

68

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

2016
H

Plate 8: Field work study team and interactions

Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016.
Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012

69

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