A

Answers to Exercises

Below are the answers to the exercises given in the text. In a few cases there is a little
explanation, but your work for the exam should be more fully explained.
Health warning. When giving the parametric equation of a line, all that is required is some
point on the line and some direction vector; there are infinitely many choices for each item,
so the answer is not unique. Similar remarks hold for solutions of systems of linear equations
when there are parameters involved, or finding eigenvectors of matrices. Consequently you
could well find a correct answer in these cases that doesnt appear to be the same as the one
below.

Section 1.4.
1.

(i) 50 100i
(v) 36 + 50i

(ii) 1 9i
(vi) 6 i

(iii)
(vii)

i
2 11i

(iv)
(viii)

6 + 52 i
0

(a) In (i) and (iv), 0 < arg z < 2 ; in (ii) < arg z < 2 .

(ii) |z| = 3 5, arg z = tan1 2 2.03

(i) |z| = 17, arg z = tan1 4 1.33

(iii) |z| = 14, arg z =

(iv) |z| = 3 10, arg z = tan1 3 1.25
2

(b) (i) 32 (1 + i) (ii) 7( 3 i) (iii) 72 (1 + i 3)

2.

3.

7
2
2
(i) Re z 2 = 22 cos 7
4 = 2 2, Im z = 2 sin 4 = 2 2
1
(ii) Re z 1 = 41 cos 2
= 41 sin 2
5 , Im z
5

5
5
5
5
11/2
(iii) Re 4z 5 = 4.35 . cos 5
3 = 2.3 , Im 4z = 4.3 . sin 3 = 2.3

3
3
3
3
(iv) Re 3iz = 3.4 . cos( 2 + 3 3 ) = 0, Im 3iz = 3.4 . sin( 2 + 3

2
3 )

= 3.43

4. Let z = r(cos + i sin ) and w = s(cos + i sin ). So w = s(cos i sin ), |w|2 = ww =

1
s2 and 1/w = w/ww = (cos i sin ). Hence
s
r
z
= (cos + i sin ) (cos i sin )
w
s
i
rh
= (cos cos + sin sin ) + i(sin cos cos sin )
s
i
rh
= cos( ) + i sin( ) ,
s
z r
z
 
so that   = and arg
= .
w
s
w
5. (i) |z 8 + 4i| = 9 is the circle centre 8 4i, radius 9.

(ii) |z| = |z i| is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment between 0 and i, i.e. the line
y = Im z = 21 .
(iii) |z|2 + Im z = 16: writing z = x + iy this becomes x2 + y 2 + y = 16, which is equivalent

2




7 2
1
7
to x2 + y + 12 = 49
4 = 2 , i.e. the circle centre 0, 2 , radius 2 .
(iv) |z i| < |z 1| if z is closer to i than 1, i.e. if z lies above the line y = x.
(v) This just means any z with /4 < arg z 6 3/4, so a sector in the plane.
(vi) |z 2| > 3 and |z| < 2: the set |z| < 2 is the disc centred on 0 of radius 2, and the set
|z 2| > 3 is the set of points outside the disc of radius 3, centred on 2. So overall we want
the points that are in the former disc, but outside the latter.
140

ANSWERS TO EXERCISES

Image of(i) under w = (1 + i)z + (3 + 2i) is |w + 1 14i| = 9 2, the circle centre 1 + 14i,
radius 9 2.
Image of (ii) under w = (1 + i)z + (3 + 2i) is |w 3 2i| = |w 2 i|, the perpendicular
bisector of the line segment between 3 + 2i and 2 + i, so the line u + v = 4.
|z| = |z i| means z = x + 2i , and putting this into w = iz 2 gives w = u + iv = x + i(x2 14 ),
so v = u2 1/4, a parabola.
Image of (ii) under w = 1/z is |w + i| = 1, the circle centre i, radius 1.

If w = (z i)/(z + 2) then z = (2w + i)/(1 w), and the image of (ii) is 2|w + 2i | =

which is equivalent to u2 + (v 2)2 = 5, the circle centre (0, 2), radius 5.

5|w|,

Section 1.8.
1. (i) |in /n| = 1/n 0 as n , and so limn in /n = 0.

(ii) (1)n n/(n + i) = (1)n (n2 in)/(n2 + 1), whose real part is (1)n n2 /(n2 + 1). But
n2 /(n2 + 1) 1, so (1)n n2 /(n2 + 1) (1)n for large n, and thus not convergent. So the
complex sequence cannot be convergent. [The imaginary part converges to 0.]

2 

2
2
2
 i(1 n) 2

n2 + in 

 = |i(1 n)| = n 2n + 1 0 n + in 1.

= 2
(iii) 1 2


n +i
n +i
|n2 + i|2
n4 + 1
n2 + i
2
2
2
Alternatively, (n + in)/(n + i) = (1 + i/n)/(1 + i/n ) (1 + 0)/(1 + 0) = 1 as n , or
look at real and imaginary parts.
(iv) |e(1+i)n | = |en ||ein | = en + as n +, hence the sequence cannot be convergent.

2. (i) Write cos z = cos(x + iy) = cos x cosh y i sin x sinh y. Since cosh y 1 for all y, for
cos z = 0 we must have cos x = 0, hence sin x 6= 0, and so sinh y = 0, hence y = 0. Thus
cos z = 0 when z = /2 + n for n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
(ii) This time equating real and imaginary parts leads to (sin x cos x) cosh y = 0 and (cos x+
sin x) sinh y = 0 respectively. So we need sin x = cos x, in which case cos x+ sin x 6= 0, thus we
must have sinh y = 0 again, and hence y = 0. It follows that sin z = cos z when z = /4 + n
for n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

(iii) Now ez = ex (cos y + i sin y), so we must solve ex cos y = 0, and ex sin y = 1. But ex > 0
for all x, so we must have cos y = 0, in which case sin y = 1. But sin y = ex > 0 from
the imaginary parts, so we must have y such that cos y = 0 and sin y = 1, and x such that
ex = 1. Thus ez = i when z = i(/2 + 2n) for n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

3. By De Moivres Theorem
cos 4 + i sin = (cos + i sin )4
= cos4 + 4 cos3 (i sin ) + 6 cos2 (i sin )2 + 4 cos (i sin )3 + (i sin )4
= cos4 6 cos2 sin2 + sin4 + 4i(cos3 sin cos sin3 )
and so cos 4 = cos4 6 cos2 sin2 + sin4 . Next use cos2 + sin2 = 1 to eliminate cos2
and cos4 = (cos2 )2 .

4.
(i) 64(1 + i 3)
(ii) 4
(iii) 12 (1 + i)

5 7
(iv) 2ei for = 5
(v) 3 4 2ei for = 11
6 ,6, 2
12 , 12 , 12 , 12

141

Section 2.4.
1.

2.

(i) 13
(ii) not defined
(v) (52, 52, 52)
(vi) 0
(ix) (34, 11, 19)
(x) (0, 0, 0)
q

q

3
(i) cos1 25 = sin1
5 2.26




(iii) cos1 685 = sin1 785 0.86

(ii)

cos1

(iv)

(iv)
(viii)

not defined
(60, 60, 0)

2.03
5


1
cos1 170
= sin1

169
170

z+3
= 2 t, z = 3 + 4t; x1
2 = 2y = 4
= 1 t, z = 3 + t; x2
2 = 1y = z3
= 4, z = 1 + t; 1x
=
z 1, y = 4
3
x2
1z
= t, z = 1 2t;
4 =y = 2

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

4.

(i) Intersect at (4, 2, 3)

5.

(i) 2x y + 5z = 9
(iv) 2x + 6y 3z = 8

6.

(i) x = 8 + 3t, y = 12 + 5t, z = t (ii) x = 11 + 4t, y = 8 3t, z = t

(i) 11/ 14 (ii) Plane is 11x 4y + 3z = 18, distance is 8/ 146

(i) Nearest point is (3, 0, 2), at a distance 4 6 from P0

(ii) Nearest point is (1, 9, 5), at a distance 3 14 from P0

8.

y
y
y
y

100
0

3.

7.

x = 1 + 2t,
x = 2 + 2t,
x = 1 3t,
x = 2 + 4t,

(iii)
(vii)

(ii)
(ii)
(v)

Intersect at (3, 3, 4)
3x 2z = 6
3x y + 2z = 3

(iii)
(vi)

(iii)

1.49

Parallel

2x 7y 3z = 5
2x z = 5

9. The distance is |P1 P0 | sin where is the angle between the vector P1 P0 and the line,

which has direction a. Express sin in terms of the vector product of P1 P0 and a.

Section 3.1.
1.

(i)

x y + 6z = 0
y
=3
2x y
=1

(ii)

2x y
= 1
3x + 2y + z = 0
y+z= 3

2.

(i) x = 3, y = 2
(iii) no solution
(v) x = 15t 21, y = 11t 17, z = t

(ii) x = 17, y = 13
7
(iv) x = 19 , y = 10
9 , z = 3
(vi) x = 7, y = 9, z = 1

1
5
11
3. a = , b = , c =
9
9
9
4.

5b + 2
a+5
,y=
.
ab 2
2 ab
If ab = 2 and a 6= 5 then there are no solutions.
2t
If ab = 2 and a = 5 then x =
1, y = t.
5
1b
ab 2
(ii) If a 6= 2 then the unique solution is x =
,y=
.
a2
a2
If a = 2 and b 6= 1 then there are no solutions.
1t
If a = 2 and b = 1 then x =
, y = t.
2
(iii) The unique solution is x = 2a + b + 5c, y = 3a b 6c, z = 2a + b + 4c.
(i) If ab 6= 2 then the unique solution is x =

142

ANSWERS TO EXERCISES

5.

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

2 if a = 0 or a = 2; 3 otherwise

6. Either 8 20c coins, 4 10c coins and 5 2c coins, or 4 20c coins, 13 10c coins, and no 2c coins.


1 1 0
7. (i) False: the system with augmented matrix
corresponds to a homogeneous
0 0 0
system and includes x = 1, y = 1 as a solution.
(ii) False: the example above has nontrivial solution and is homogeneous.


1 0 0
(iii) False: the system with augmented matrix
has the unique solution x = 0,
0 1 0
y = 0.

1 0 0
(iv) False: the system with augmented matrix 0 1 0 has the same unique, trivial
0 0 0
solution as in (iii).
8. (i) We must have a = 3, in which case x = 9t, y = 5t and z = t.
(ii) Either a = 1, in which case x = t, y = t and z = 0, or a = 1, in which case x = t,
y = 0 and z = t.

Section 4.4.
1.

(i)
(iv)

2.
3.

(i)
(i)
(iv)





15 5
1 3
Not possible (ii)
(iii)
10 0
2 4


5 2
Not possible (v)
(vi) Not possible
0 1






 
2 0
2
7
2 1
4
(iii)
(iv)
(ii)
1
1 1
29 5
2 1
2






1 6 2
1 0
(ii) 3 15
(iii)
0
6
10
0 1



aa
0
0
4
10
0 bb 0 (v) Not possible (vi)
2 1
0
0 cc

4. In each case the first vector is a particular solution and the second vector is the general
solution of the homogeneous system neither is unique.




x1
3
1
x
2
1
x2 9
4


(i) y = 2 + t 3
(ii)
x3 = 2 + t 1
z
0
1
x4
0
1
5.

(a)
(b)
(c)

A must be square
A is m n and B is n m for some m and n, but m and n need not be the same.
B is 3 5.

6. Y is in the span for (i), (iii) and (iv), but not for (ii).
7.

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

The
The
The
The

set
set
set
set

is
is
is
is

spanning but not linearly independent, nor spanning.

not spanning, nor linearly independent, nor a basis.
spanning, linearly independent, and a basis.
not spanning, nor a basis, but is linearly independent.
143

Section 4.6.
1.


 
 
1 4 3 0
3
= 15
5 1 2 1
2

9
14 6
1
23
1
1
4
4
1 1 = 8
5
5
10 15 5 0 25

0 1 1 1
1
1

1
1 1
0 1
1 = 2

2 2 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1
1
2
1

(i)
(ii)

(iii)

2. B = (A1 A)B

4
B= 7
1

= A1 (AB) and C = C(A1 A) = (CA1 )A. Also, A = (A1 )1 . So

5 3 5
3
3 3
2 1
1
1
1
2 4 , and A = 5 3 1 C = 5 3
6
6
2 0 2
25 9 13
2 1
2



c 2 c 1
1
3 c
1
0
=
(ii) A1 = c
6 + c2 c 2
3 c2 c 1

3.

(i) A1

4.

(a) Since AX = AY , we can multiply on the left by A1 to get

A1 (AX) = A1 (AY ) (A1 A)X = (A1 A)Y IX = IY X = Y.

Similarly, multiplying P A = QA on the right by A1 gives P = Q.





1 2
1 1
= CA and det A = 1 6= 0, so that A1 =
, but clearly B 6= C.
(b) AB =
1 2
0 1

 







5 6
1 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 1
1
5.
(i) A =
=
, A=
4 5
0 1
4 1 0 1
0 1 4 1 0 1

 


1

1
1 0 3 0
1 3
0 1 1 0
(ii) B 1 =
=
1 0 0 12 1 1 0 1
6 2 0





3 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
B=
0 1 1 1 0 2 1 0

1 2 5
1
(iii) C 1 = 8 4 10 , which is equal to the following product:
6
2 2
1
4

1 0 0
0
0
1
1
0 1 0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
2
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0
1
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 3 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 0
C = 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1

1 0 0 1 1 1
5
6.
(i) A = 1 1 0 0 1 2 , X = 13 1
0 2 1 0 0 3
17 1
1 0 0 2 3 0
2
(ii) A = 2 1 0 0 1 1 , X = 3
4
1 3 1 0 0 1

1 0 0 3 1 1
1
(iii) A = 4 1 0 0 3 4 , X = 2
1 3 1 0 0 5
1
144

ANSWERS TO EXERCISES

1 0
(iv) A = 2 1
3 2

0 1 2
3
0 0 1 2 ,
1 0 0
0

AX = B has no solution

Section 4.10.
1.

(i)
(vii)

0
56

(ii)
(viii)

1
abcd

(iii)

(iv)

39

(v) 2abc

(vi) 0

2. (2 x)(x2 + 2x 12)
3. Ignore this question.
4.

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Determinant = c2 , so invertible if c 6= 0.
Determinant = 2, so invertible for all c.
Determinant = 1 c3 , so invertible if c 6= 1.

5. (i) Characteristic polynomial is ( + 2)( 3), eigenvalues are 2 and 3, corresponding


T

T
eigenvectors are 4 1 and 1 1 .
(ii) Characteristic polynomial is (2 )3 , only eigenvalue is 2, with two corresponding eigen
T

T
vectors being 1 1 0 and 3 0 1 . There are not three linearly independent eigenvectors.

(iii) Characteristic polynomial is ( + 1)2 (2 ), eigenvalues are 1 and 2. Eigenvectors


T

T
corresponding to 1 include 1 1 0 and 1 0 1 ; an eigenvector corresponding

T
to 2 is 1 1 1 .
(iv) Characteristic polynomial is ( 1)2 (3 ), so eigenvalues are 1 and 3. Eigenvector

T

T
corresponding to 1 is 1 0 1 ; eigenvector corresponding to 3 is 1 0 1 .

In each case recall that scalar multiples of the vectors are again eigenvectors, as are linear
combinations of eigenvectors corresponding to the same eigenvalue.
 
 
1
1
6. Eigenvalues of A are 1 and 3, with corresponding eigenvectors
and
. Then
3
4
 
 
 
 
 
4
1
1
1
1
5
5
X=
= 17
13
A X = 17
13 3
1
3
4
3
4
7. Eigenvalues of A are 1 and 1, with corresponding eigenvectors




1
4
and
. Then
4
17

 
 


 

  
0
1
4
1
4
0
100
X=
= 12
3
A X = 12
3
=
3
4
17
4
17
3
 

 

1
4
24
201
and A X = 12
+3
=
4
17
99
since (1)100 = 1 and (1)201 = 1.
 
 
2t 2
t 1
+e
8.
(i) X(t) = e
3
1
 
 
i
i
(iii) X(t) =
+ e2t
1
1

(ii)
(iv)

 
 
6
2t 3
X(t) =
+e
6
8
0
2
X(t) = et 2 + e2t 2
1
0
145

Section 5.4.
In the following A and B are arbitrary constants.
1.

(i) Ae3x + Be2x

(ii)

(iii) e5x (A cos 2x + B sin 2x)

(iv)

5x

2.

(v) (A + Bx)e

(i) ex cos 3x +

(iii)

6 x
6x
4 e (e

(vi)

1 sin
3
6x

e2x (Ae

(ii)

3x

+ B

3x

(iv) cos 2x 4 sin 2x

(i) 5e4x

4.

(i) Ae2x + Bex x2 + x 4

(ii) Ae2x + Be4x + ex
(iii) e2x (A cos 3x + B sin 3x) + 13 e2x 12 e3x

1
(iv) A cos 2x + B sin 2x + 1 17
cos 6x

(iii)

5 2e3x

3.

(ii)

e2x 2


3x

Ae5x + Be4x



ex/2 A cos 23x + B sin 23x

3ex cos x

(iv)

e2x (A cos x + 14 sin x)

In part (iv) the identity cos2 = 12 (cos 2 1) is useful to convert the RHS.
5.

(i) 3 + 2e4x 2 cos x + 8 sin x + 2x

(iii) 51 + e3x 15 e2x (cos x + 3 sin x)

6.

(i) A + Bx2 2x

7.

(i) Ax4 +

8.

(i) x2 ln x + 21 Ax2 + B/x



(iii) x2 16 (ln x)3 + A + B ln x

B
x2

(ii)

(ii)

(ii) 4 cos x + 31 sin x

(iv) e3x (1 x + 2x2 )

A + Be2x/3 2x2 + 5x

Ax + B(1 + x2 )
(ii)

(iii)
1
2 (x

(iii)

2
A

5
3

sin 2x 4

tan1

x
A

+B

Ax + Bxex

1)e2x + A(1 + x) + Bex

Section 6.4.
1.

(i) (x, y) such that 3x2 + y 2 6 8

(iii) (x, y) such that x2 + y 2 6 1, and x 6= y

2.

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

3.

(i) fxx = 6x, fyy = 8x, fxy = 8y

(ii) fxx = 12x2 6y 3 , fxy = 18xy 2 , fxyy = 36xy
2z 2
4
(iii) fxx = 4y 2 e2xy , fyy = 4x2 e2xy 3 xz sin y, fyyzz = 3
y
y

4.

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)

fx
fx
fx
fx

(ii) (x, y) such that x 6= y 2

(iv) function is defined for all (x, y)

= 3x2 4y 2 , fy = 8xy + 4y 3
= 2xey , fy = x2 ey 4
= 2x sin xy + x2 y cos xy, fy = x3 cos xy 6y
= 3 sin y + 12x2 y 2 z, fy = 3x cos y + 8x3 yz, fz = 4x3 y 2

plane:
plane:
plane:
plane:
plane:
plane:

z = 4x + 2y 6; line: x = 2 + 4t, y = 1 + 2t, z = 4 t

z = 1; line: x = y = 0, z = t
z = x; line: x = t, y = , z = t
z = 6x + 4y + 4; line: x = 2 + 6t, y = 3 + 4t, z = 4 t
3x 4y + 5z = 0; line: x = 3 + 3t, y = 4 4t, z = 5 + 5t
z = 2x y + 2; line: x = 1 + 2t, y = 2 t, z = 2 t
146

ANSWERS TO EXERCISES

Section 6.8.
z
2z
= k cos kx cos kct and
= k 2 sin kx cos kct. Similarly
x
x2
z
2z
2z
2z
= kc sin kx sin kct and 2 = k 2 c2 sin kx cos kct. Hence c2 2 = 2 .
t
t
x
t
z
df u

If z = f (u) and u = x ct then

=
= f (u) (x ct) = f (u) by the chain
x
du x
x
2z
d
u

z
df u

=
(f (u))
= f (u) (x ct) = f (u). Similarly,
=
=
rule. Then
2
x
du
x
x
t
du t
2

z
d
u

=
(cf (u))
= cf (u) (x ct) = c2 f (u).
f (u) (x ct) = cf (u) and
t
x2
du
t
x
2z
2z
Hence c2 2 = 2 .
x
t

1. Since z = sin kx cos kct,

2.

3.

g (t) = et (t2 + 2t + 1 cos et )

1/2
(ii) g (t) = sin t cos t + 2t(t2 + 2) sin2 t + (t2 + 2)2
z
z
= uv 2 (2 + u)eu cos(u2 v 2 eu ),
= 2u2 veu cos(u2 v 2 eu )
(iii)
u
v

 z
z
2
2
(iv)
= eu (v 2 + 1)3/2 sin2 u 2u sin u + 3 cos u ,
= 3eu v(v 2 + 1)1/2 sin3 u
u
v

2
(i) 1/ 2 (ii) (16e + 11)/e 65 (iii) 28/ 5 (iv) 103/ 26
(i)

4.

(i)

5.

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)

4x 2y + z = 13
(0, 0)
(0, 0)
(0, 1)
(0, 0)
(0, 0)
(0, 0)

(ii)

x=2

(iii)

x + 24y + 2z = 80

saddle pt
saddle pt, (1, 1) and (1, 1) local maxs
local min, (2, 1) and (2, 1) saddle pts
local max
saddle pt, (1, 1) and (1, 1) local mins




1
saddle pt, 12 , 12 and
, 12 local maxs,
2

147

1
1 ,
2
2

and

1 1

, 2
2

local mins