AXIAL LOAD

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Principle of Superposition
Axial - force / Stress diagram
Strain
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Mechanical
Thermal

Force - deformation relationship

Deformation
Compatibility conditions

Principle of Superposition
P=P1+ P2
The following two conditions must be
valid if the principle of superposition is
to be applied.

P1

2. The loading must not significantly change the original geometry or

configuration of the member.

1. The loading must be linearly

related to the stress or displacement that
is to be determined.

P2

Strain

Mechanical Strain

(MPa)

LAB

400
350

LBC

300
200
150
100
50
0
0.00
0.0000

BC

250

AB

AB

pl
AB
0.10

(mm/mm)
0.20

0.30

0.40

0.0010 0.0020 0.0030 0.0040

AB =

Upper scale
Lower scale

AB
LAB

Strain
Thermal Strain
A

= /L

LAB

LBC
C

()
AB

BC

()AB
(T)AB
=

( T ) AB
(T ) AB

T (Co)
(mm/mm)/oC

( T ) AB = ( T ) AB

 Hookeans Force - deformation relationship

(MPa)

A
LAB

400
350

LBC

300

BC

250

AB

AB

200

150

pl

100
50
0
0.0000

AB

(mm/mm)

0.0010 0.0020 0.0030 0.0040

AB = AB LAB = AB LAB
E
PLAB
=
AE

 Temperature - deformation relationship

AB

= /L

LAB

()
A
B

LBC
C

AB

BC

()AB
(T)AB
=

( T ) AB
(T ) AB

T (Co)
(mm/mm)/oC

( T ) AB = ( T ) AB LAB

 Total Strains
P1

LAB

()

A
P2

AB

LBC

BC

C
P3

( Total ) AB = ( T ) AB + ( F ) AB
= (T ) AB +

AB
E

( Total ) AB = ( T ) AB + ( F ) AB
= (T ) AB LAB +

PAB LAB
AE

Elastic Deformation
x

(x)

dx

P0

P0
L
x

P0

E=

(mm/mm)

P(x)

=E

A(x)
P (x )
d
=E
A( x )
dx

P(x)
x

(x) =

d =

P ( x )dx
A ( x )E
L

P(x)
A(x)

d =
0

P( x)dx
A( x) E

 Axial-force diagram
RA
A

P1/2

P1/2 C
ACD = (/4)(do2 - di2 )
LAB
LBC

di

P2/2

P3
D

P2/2

AAC= (/4)(di2 )
LCD

do

PCD = RA + P1 + P2 = P3

P
PAB=RA

PBC = RA + P1
+

+
x

CD

AB

BC
+

+
x

 Deformation diagram
RA
A

P1/2 C
ACD = (/4)(do2 - di2 )
LAB
LBC

P3
D

P2/2

AAC= (/4)(di2 )
LCD

do

PCD = RA + P1 + P2 = P3

P
PAB=RA

x/A (mm)

di

P2/2

P1/2

PBC = RA + P1
+

C
B

+
B = A + B/ A = o +

PAB LAB
AAB E AB

C = C/ A = B + C/B = B +

PBC LBC
ABC E BC

D = D/ A = C + D/C = C +

PCD LCD
ACD ECD

x (mm)

10

Example 1
The rod is made from a solid steel section AB and aluminum section BC. If it is
fixed to a rigid support at A. A solid aluminum having an inner diameter of 30
mm and outer diameter of 60 mm. Determine (a) draw the quantitative stress and
strain diagram of the bar (b) the horizontal displacement of end D and the
displacement of C relative to B. Take Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa

100 kN

di = 30 mm

375 kN
400 kN

A
500 mm

100 kN C 375 kN
400 mm

600 mm

D
do = 60 mm

11

100 kN

150 kN

di = 30 mm

375 kN
400 kN

A
500 mm

100 kN C 375 kN
400 mm

do = 60 mm

600 mm

P (kN)

AB =

350

150

x (mm)

-400

Stress diagram

350 kN

( )( 0 . 06 2 )
4
= 159 . 2 MPa

159.2

CD =

-188.6

( )(0.06) 2
4
= 53.05 MPa

BC =

(MPa)

53.05

150 kN

x (mm)

400 kN

( )( 0 . 06 2 0 . 03 2 )
4
= 188 . 6 MPa

12

100 kN

150 kN

di = 30 mm

375 kN
400 kN

D
B 100 kN C 375 kN
Est = 200 GPa
Eal = 80 GPa

500 mm

400 mm

do = 60 mm

600 mm

P (kN)
150

B/A

350

x/A (mm)

x (mm)

-400

C /B

( 350 )( 0 . 4 )

( 0 . 06 2 ))( 200 10 6 )
4
= 0 . 248 mm

0.133+0.248 = 0.381
0.133

( 0 . 06 2 ))( 200 10 6 )
4
= 0 . 133 mm
(

Displacement diagram

(150 )( 0 . 5 )

( 400 )( 0 . 6 )

D /C =

( 0 . 06 2 0 . 03 2 ))( 70 10 6 )
4
= 1 . 617 mm
D = 0.381-1.617 = -1.236

13

Example 2
The assembly shown consists of an aluminum tube AB having a cross-sectional
area of 400 mm2. A steel rod having a diameter of 10 mm is attached to a rigid
collar and passes through the tube. If a tensile load of 80 kN is applied to the rod,
determine the displacement of the end C of the rod. Take Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70
GPa.

400 mm
B

A
C

80 kN

600 mm

14

400 mm
B

A
80 kN

C
600 mm
- Rod BC

- Aluminum tube AB
80 kN

A
0.4 m

B/A =
=

PAB = 80 kN
A = 400 mm2

PAB LAB
Atube E al

80 kN

= 1 . 143 10 3 m = 1 . 143 10 3 m

d = 10 mm

80 kN

0.6 m
C /B =

( 80 kN)( 0 . 4 m)
( 400 10 6 m 2 )( 70 10 6 kN / m 2 )

PBC LBC
Arod E st
( 80 kN)( 0 . 6 m )
[ ( 0 . 005 m) 2 ]( 200 10 6 kN / m 2 )

= 3 . 056 10 3

- Displacement of the end C

+
(
)

C = B + C / B = 0 . 001143 + 0 . 003056 = 0 . 00420 m = 4 . 20 m

15

Example 3
A rigid beam AB rests on the two short posts shown. AC is is made of steel and
has a diameter of 20 mm, and BD is made of aluminum and has a diameter of 40
mm. Determine the displacement of point F on AB if vertical load of 90 kN is
applied over this point. Take Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa.
90 kN
200 mm

400 mm
B

A
F

300 mm
C

16

90 kN
200 mm

- Compatibility Equation

400 mm

600 mm
B

400 mm

F
60 kN

30 kN
0.286 mm

dAC = 20 mm
C

Est = 200 GPa

60 kN
A =

dBD = 40 mm
Eal = 70 GPa.

300 mm
D

30 kN

PAC LAC
( 60 kN)( 0 . 3 m )
=
AAC E st
[ ( 0 . 01 m ) 2 ]( 200 10 6 kN / m 2 )]

= 2 . 86 10 4 m = 0 . 286 mm

B =

PBD LBD
( 30 kN)( 0 . 3 m )
=
ABD E al [ ( 0 . 02 m ) 2 ]( 70 10 6 kN / m 2 )

= 1 . 02 10 4 m = 0 . 102 mm

B
0.102 mm

y
0.286 0.102
=
400
600
y = (0.286 0.102)(

400
)
600

y = 0 . 123 mm

F = 0 . 102 + y
= 0 . 102 + 0 . 123
= 0 . 225 mm

17

Example 4a
The rod is made from a solid steel section AB and aluminum section BC. If it is
fixed to a rigid support at A. A solid aluminum having an inner diameter of 30
mm and outer diameter of 60 mm. Draw the quantitative stress diagram of the
rod. Temperature in member AB and CD are increase 20 oC and 10 oC
respectively prior to the loads are applied. Take Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa, st
= 12x10-6 /oC and al = 23x10-6 /oC.
steel

375 kN

di = 30 mm

aluminum
400 kN

+ 20 oC
900 mm

B 375 kN

+ 10 oC C

600 mm

do = 60 mm

18

steel

350 kN
= 12x10-6 /oC

P (kN)

aluminum
C
400 kN

375 kN

(T)st = 20 oC
Est = 200 GPa
900 mm

(T)al = 10 oC
B 375 kN E = 80 GPa
al
600 mm

AAB = (/4)(0.062 )
= 2.827x10-3 m2

di = 30 mm

do = 60 mm

ABC = (/4)(0.062 - 0.032 )

= 2.121x10-3 m2

350
+

x (mm)

(MPa)

P
A

350 10 N
( 2 . 827 10 3 m 2 )
= 123 . 8 MPa
3

st =

123.8

-400

x (mm)

400 10 3 N
( 2 . 121 10 3 m 2 )
= 188 . 6 MPa

-188.6 =
al

19

steel

350 kN
= 12x10-6 /oC

P (kN)

aluminum
C
400 kN

375 kN

(T)st = 20 oC
Est = 200 GPa
900 mm
AAB = (/4)(0.062 )
= 2.827x10-3 m2

(T)al = 10 oC
B 375 kN E = 80 GPa
al
600 mm

di = 30 mm

do = 60 mm

ABC = (/4)(0.062 - 0.032 )

= 2.121x10-3 m2

350
+

x/A (mm)

x (mm)

-400
(350)(0.9)
6
B/ A =
+
(
12

10
)(20)(0.9)
3
6
(2.827 10 )(200 10 )
= 0.557 mm + 0.216 mm = 0.773 mm
0.773

PL
+ (T ) L
AE

x (mm)
0.773-1.479 = -0.706
6
+ ( 23 10 )(10 )( 0 . 6 )

( 400 )( 0 . 6 )
( 2 . 121 10 3 )( 70 10 6 )
= 1 . 617 mm + 0 . 138 mm = 1 . 479 mm

C /B =

20

Example 4b
The rod is made from a solid steel section AB and aluminum section BC. If it is
fixed to a rigid support at A. A solid aluminum having an inner diameter of 30
mm and outer diameter of 60 mm. Temperature in member AB and CD are
increase 20 oC and 10 oC respectively. Determine the maximum load P the rod
can take at end C, if the allowable normal stress in steel is (st)allow = 120 MPa
and the in aluminum is (al)allow = 180 MPa . Take Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa,
st = 12x10-6 /oC and al = 23x10-6 /oC.
steel

375 kN

aluminum

di = 30 mm

P
+20 oC
A
900 mm

B 375 kN

+10 oC C

600 mm

do = 60 mm

21

RA

375 kN

steel

aluminum
P

di = 30 mm

+20 oC
+10 oC C
st = 12x10-6 /oC
375
kN
B
Est = 200 GPa
A
Eal = 80 GPa
al = 23x10-6 /oC
900 mm
600 mm
(st)allow = 120 MPa
do = 60 mm
+
(al)allow = 180 MPa
Fx = 0 : RA + 750 P = 0,
RA = 750 P
C = 0
AAB = (/4)(0.062 )
ABC = (/4)(0.062 - 0.032 )
P (kN)
= 2.827x10-3 m2
= 2.121x10-3 m2
750-P
+

( st ) allow :

750 P
= 120 10 3 ,
3
( 2 . 827 10 )

-P
P1 = 410 . 76 kN

( al ) allow :

P
= 180 10 3 ,
3
( 2 . 121 10 )

P2 = 381 . 78 kN

C :

x (mm)

( 750 P )( 0 . 9)
( P )( 0 . 6 )
6
+
(
12

10
)(
20
)(
0
.
9
)
+
( 2 . 827 10 3 )( 200 10 6 )
( 2 . 121 10 3 )( 70 10 6 )
+ ( 23 10 6 )(10 )( 0 . 6 ) = 0 ,

P3 = 274 . 80 kN

22

Principle of Superposition
P=P1+ P2

The following two conditions must be

valid if the principle of superposition is
to be applied.

P1

1. The loading must be linearly

related to the stress or displacement that
is to be determined.

2. The loading must not significantly change the original geometry or

configuration of the member.

P2

23

Statically Indeterminate Axially Loaded Members

Compatibility Conditions

End to end bars

P

D/A = B/A + C/B+ DC = 0

B P

Co-axial bars

material#1, core
B

A
material#2, sleeve
Parallel bars

(B)1 = (B)2

E
P

LAB

C
LAC

D
LAD

24

Statically Indeterminate Axially Loaded Members: End to End Bars

d2

d1
RA

P1/2
B P1/2

A
Steel
LAB

P (kN)

d1

P2/2
P2/2

Aluminum

Steel

LBC

LCD

RA+ P1

RA

RD
Est
Eal

RA+ P1 - P2 = RD
x

- Equilibrium Equation : Fx = 0

- RA- P1 + P2 + RD = 0

-----(1)

- Compatibility Equation :

D/A = B/A + C/B+ D/C = 0

R A LAB ( R A + P1 ) LBC RD LCD
+
+
=0
AAB Est
ABC Eal
ACD Est

(2)

25

Example 5
A solid steel rod shown in the figure, having an inner diameter of
30 mm and outer diameter of 60 mm. Determine the reactions at supports. Draw
the quantitative normal stress and deformation diagrams of the rod. Take E = 200
GPa.
100 kN

A
500 mm

100 kN C 375 kN
400 mm

di = 30 mm

375 kN

600 mm

D
do = 60 mm

26

100 kN

di = 30 mm

375 kN

RA

RD
B

A
500 mm

P (kN)

100 kN C 375 kN
400 mm

AAC = (/4)(0.062 )
= 2.827x10-3 m2
RA + 200

RA

600 mm

do = 60 mm

ACD = (/4)(0.062 - 0.032 )

= 2.121x10-3 m2
RA -550 = RD
x (mm)

- Equilibrium equation:

RA -550 = RD

-----(1)

- Compatibility equation:

D/A = B/A + C/B + D/C = 0

R A ( 0 . 5)
(R A + 200 )( 0 . 4 )
(R A 550 )( 0 . 6 )
+
+
= 0 ( 2 )
( 2 . 827 10 3 )( 200 10 6 ) ( 2 . 827 10 3 )( 200 10 6 ) ( 2 . 121 10 3 )( 200 10 6 )

RA = 211.73 kN
RD = RA - 550 = 211.73 -550 = -338.27 kN

27

100 kN

211.73 kN

di = 30 mm

375 kN
338.27 kN

A
500 mm

P (kN)

400 mm

AAC = (/4)(0.062 )
= 2.827x10-3 m2
211.73

100 kN C 375 kN

600 mm

do = 60 mm

ACD = (/4)(0.062 - 0.032 )

= 2.121x10-3 m2

411.73
+

x (mm)

-338.27
(MPa)

P
A

74.9
AB

145.64
+
( 211 . 73 kN)
=
(2.827 10 -3 m 2 )

= 74 . 9 MPa

BC =

( 411 . 73 kN)
(2.827 10 - 3 m 2 )

= 145 . 64 MPa

-159.49

x (mm)

CD =

( 338 . 27 kN)
(2.121 10 - 3 m 2 )

= 159 . 49 MPa

28

100 kN

211.73 kN

di = 30 mm

375 kN
338.27 kN

A
500 mm

P (kN)

100 kN C 375 kN

400 mm

600 mm

do = 60 mm

ACD = (/4)(0.062 - 0.032 )

= 2.121x10-3 m2

AAC = (/4)(0.062 )
= 2.827x10-3 m2
411.73

211.73

x (mm)

-338.27

x/A (mm)
0.19

0.48
x (mm)

D/A =

( 211 . 73 )( 0 . 5 )
( 411 . 73 )( 0 . 4 )
( 338 . 27 )( 0 . 6 )
+
+
( 2 . 827 10 3 )( 200 10 6 ) ( 2 . 827 10 3 )( 200 10 6 ) ( 2 . 121 10 3 )( 200 10 6 )

= 0 . 19 + 0 . 29 0 . 48 = 0 mm

29

Statically Indeterminate Axially Loaded Members: Coaxial Bars

RA = F1+ F2

Axial
Force

material#1 core, d1

material#1 core, d1
P

A
material#2, sleeve
L

material#2 post, d2

(F1+ F2) = P
x

F1
F2/2

- Equilibrium Equation :
- (F1+ F2) + P = 0

F2/2
B

------(1)

- Compatibility Equation :
(B/A)1 = (B/A)2
F1 L
FL
= 2
A1 E1 A2 E2

( 2)

30

Example 6
The rod is made from a solid steel section AB and a tubular portion made of
steel and having a aluminum core section BC. If it is fixed to a rigid support
at A. Take Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 80 GPa
(a) Compute the normal stress in steel and aluminum.
(b) Determine the displacement of the end C of the rod.
175 kN

B 175 kN

A
1.0 m

0.6 m

200 kN

Aluminum core
dal = 30 mm

C
steel dst = 50 mm

31

(a) Compute the normal stress in steel and aluminum.

175 kN

150 kN
A

200 kN

B 175 kN
0.6 m

1.0 m
P (kN)

Aluminum core
di = 30 mm

C
do = 50 mm

200
+
-

x (mm)

-150
- Compatibility equation

- Equilibrium equation

(C/B)st = (C/B)al

Pst + Pal = 200

PL
PL
) st = (
) al
AE
AE

4 . 444 Pal + Pal = 200

Pst (0.6)
Pal (0.6)
=
(1)
2
2
6
2
6
( / 4)(0.05 0.03 )(200 10 ) ( / 4)(0.03 )(80 10 )

Pst = ( 4 . 444 )Pal

(2)

Pal = 36 . 75 kN
Pst = 163 . 25 kN

32

175 kN

150 kN
A
1.0 m
P (kN)

200 kN

B 175 kN
0.6 m

C
do = 50 mm

200
+
-150

- Normal stress

Aluminum core
di = 30 mm

x (mm)

Pal = 36.75 kN
Pst = 163.25 kN

( BC ) st =

(PBC ) st
(163 . 25 )
=
= 129 . 91 MPa
2
2
Ast
( / 4 )( 0 . 05 0 . 03 )

( BC ) al =

(PBC ) al
( 36 . 75 )
=
= 51 . 28 MPa
Aal
( / 4 )( 0 . 03 2 )

33

(b) Determine the displacement of the end C of the rod.

175 kN

150 kN
A
1.0 m
P (kN)

200 kN

B 175 kN
0.6 m

C
do = 50 mm

200
+
-150

Aluminum core
di = 30 mm

x (mm)

Pal = 36.75 kN
Pst = 163.25 kN

C/A = B/A + C/B

C / A =

( 150 )(1 . 0 )
( 36 . 75 )( 0 . 6 )
+
= 0 . 115 mm
( / 4 )( 0 . 05 2 )( 200 10 6 ) ( / 4 )( 0 . 03 2 )( 80 10 6 )

34

Statically Indeterminate Axially Loaded Members: Parallel Bars

- Equilibrium Equation
F
E

- Compatibility Equation
F
E
P

Ay
A

FBE
B

Fy = 0:

Ay + FBE + FCF - P = 0 -----(1)

+ MA = 0:
FBE(LAB) + FCF(LAC) + P(LAD) = 0 -----(2)

C
LAC

P
LAB

FCF
C

D
LAD

FBE LBE
FCF
=
ABE EBE ACF ECF

(3)

35

Example 8
The three A-36 steel bar shown are pin-connected to a rigid member. If the
applied load on the member is 15 kN, determine the fore developed in each bar.
Bars AB and EF each have a cross-sectional area of 25 mm2 , and bar CD has a
cross-sectional area of 15 mm2
B

0.5 m
C

A
0.2 m

0.2 m

E
0.4 m

15 kN

36

0.5 m
C

A
0.2 m
FAB

0.2 m

15 kN

0.4 m
FCD

FEF

A
0.2 m

0.2 m

E
0.4 m

15 kN
- Equilibrium Equation
+

Fy = 0:

+ MC = 0:

FAB + FCD + FEF - 15 kN = 0 -----(1)

-FAB(0.4 m) + 15 kN(0.2 m) + FEF(0.4 m) = 0 -----(2)

37

0.5 m
C

A
0.2 m

0.2 m

15 kN

A
A
- Compatibility Equation

0.4 m
C

C C

E
E

A E C E
=
0.8 m
0.4 m

C =

1
1
A + E
2
2

FCD ( 0 . 5 m )
1 FAB ( 0 . 5 m )
1 FEF ( 0 . 5 m )
[
]
[
=
+
]
2
2
2
2 ( 25 mm )E st
2 ( 25 mm )E st
(15 mm )E st

Solving Eqs. 1-3 : FAB = 9.52 kN,

FCD = 3.46 kN,

( 3)

FEF = 2.02 kN,

38

Thermal Stress

/L

T
(/ L)

T = T dx = (T )dx
0

T
= (/ L)/(T)

Temp(oC)
(mm/mm)/oC

= (T)L
T = (T)

39

RA
A

P (kN)

RB
B

RA = RB
x (mm)

B/A = 0 =

R AL
+ ( T )L
AE

R A = ( T ) AE = R B

40

 Compatibility condition with thermal strain

d1
RA

Steel
LAB
P (kN)

RA

d1

P2/2

P1/2

P2/2

B P1/2

d2

Aluminum

Steel

LBC

LCD

RA+ P1

RD
Eal

st

RA+ P1 - P2 = RD

Eal

al

= Force + = [(Force L) + ( L)] = [(PL/ AE)] + [() L]

Compatibility equation:

D/A =

B/A + C/B + D/C =

41

Example 7
A solid steel rod shown in the figure, having an inner diameter of
30 mm and outer diameter of 60 mm. Draw the quantitative normal
stress and the Elongation of the rod. Temperature in member AB and
CD are increase 30 oC. Take E = 200 GPa, = 12x10-6 /oC.

100 kN

A
500 mm

375 kN

100 kN C 375 kN
400 mm

0.5 mm

600 mm

di = 30 mm

D
do = 60 mm

42

+30

RA

100 kN

oC

375 kN

+30

di = 30 mm

oC

RD
B

A
500 mm

100 kN C 375 kN
400 mm

AAC = (/4)(0.062 )
= 2.827x10-3 m2
- Equilibrium equation:
P (kN)
RA

600 mm
ACD = (/4)(0.062 - 0.032 )
= 2.121x10-3 m2

do = 60 mm

RA + 200
+

RA -550 = RD
x (mm)

- Compatibility equation:
0 . 5 10 3 =

D/A = 0.5x10-3 m = Force + = [(PL/ AE) + ()L]

R A ( 0 . 5)
(R A + 200 )( 0 . 4 )
6
+

+
+
(
12
10
)(
30
)(
0
.
5
)
( 2 . 827 10 3 )( 200 10 6 )
( 2 . 827 10 3 )( 200 10 6 )
+

(R A 550 )( 0 . 6 )
6
+
(
12

10
)( +30 )( 0 . 6 )
3
6
( 2 . 121 10 )( 200 10 )

RA = 246.32 kN ,

RD = RA - 550 = 246.32 -550 = -303.68 kN

43

100 kN

246.32 kN

di = 30 mm

375 kN

303.68 kN
A
500 mm

P (kN)

400 mm

AAC = (/4)(0.062 )
= 2.827x10-3 m2
246.32

100 kN C 375 kN

600 mm
ACD = (/4)(0.062 - 0.032 )
= 2.121x10-3 m2

do = 60 mm

446.32
+

x (mm)

-303.68
(MPa)

P
A

87.13

AB =

157.88

BC =

( 446 . 32 kN)
( 2 . 827 10 3 m 2 )

+
( 246 . 32 kN)
( 2 . 827 10 3 m 2 )

= 87 . 13 MPa

-143.18

x (mm)
CD =

( 303 . 68 kN)
( 2 . 121 10 3 m 2 )

= 143 . 18 MPa

44

100 kN

246.32 kN

di = 30 mm

375 kN

303.68 kN
B

A
500 mm

100 kN C 375 kN
400 mm

600 mm
ACD = (/4)(0.062 - 0.032 )
= 2.121x10-3 m2

AAC = (/4)(0.062 )
= 2.827x10-3 m2
P (kN)
446.32
246.32
+

do = 60 mm

x (mm)

-303.68

(mm)
0.4

0.72

0.50
x (mm)

D/ A

( 246.32)(0.5) 103
( 446.32)(0.4) 103
6
=
+ (12 10 )(30)(.500) +
3
6
(2.827 10 )(200 10 )
(2.827 10 3 )(200 106 )
( 303.68)(0.6) 103
+
+ (12 10 6 )(30)(.600)
3
6
( 2.12110 )(200 10 )
= 0.218 + 0.18 + 0.316 0.43 + 0.216 = 0.5 mm

45

Example 8
From the frame shown, determine:
(a) Reactions at all support
(b) Normal stress in steel and aluminum
(c) Displacement at A and B
Take Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa, st = 12x10-6 /oC and al = 23x10-6 /oC.
800 kN
0.75 m
A

0.90 m

B
+20oC
Steel
d = 60 mm
0.5 m

+10oC
Aluminum
di = 30 mm

C
0.6 m

do = 60 mm
0.5 m

46

800 kN
0.75 m
A

Steel
d = 60 mm
Fst

st

Cy
+10oC
Aluminum 0.6 m
di = 30 mm

+20oC

0.90 m

Compatibility
A

0.5 m
st al
=
1 0.5
st = 2 al

st =

0.5 m

(2)

Fst (0.9)

( (0.06 2 ))(200 106 )

4
+ (12 10 6 )(20)(0.9)

0.5 m

(a) Reactions at all support

Equilibrium equation

al =

+ M C = 0 : 800(0.75) + 0.5 Fal + 1Fst = 0

Fal = 1200 2 Fst

Fal do = 60 mm

0.5 m

B
al

(1)

Fal (0.6)

( (0.062 0.032 ))(70 106 )

4
+ (23 106 )(10)(0.6)

Substitute st and al in eq.(2) from eq.(1) and (2) can solve

Fst = -542.78 kN (C)
Fal = -114.44 kN (C)
+

Fy = 0 :

542 . 78 + 114 . 44 800 C y = 0 ,

C y = 142 . 78 kN,

47

800 kN

(b) Normal stress in steel and aluminum

0.75 m
A

0.90 m

B
+20oC
Steel

+10oC
142.78 kN
Aluminum 0.6 m
di = 30 mm
al

do = 60 mm
114.44 kN
d = 60 mm
542.78 kN

0.5 m

542 . 78 kN
= 191 . 97 MPa (C )

( 0 . 06 2 )
4
114 . 44 kN
=
= 53 . 97 MPa(C )

( 0 . 06 2 0 . 03 2 )
4

st =

0.5 m

(c) Displacement at A and B

(542 . 78 )( 0 . 9)

st =

Est = 200 GPa

Eal = 70 GPa
st = 12x10-6 /oC
al = 23x10-6 /oC.

+ (12 10 6 )( 20 )( 0 . 9)

( 0 . 06 2 ))( 200 10 6 )
4
= 0 . 864 mm + 0 . 216 mm = 0 . 648 mm
(

( 114 . 44 kN)( 0 . 6 )

al =

+ ( 23 10 6 )(10 )( 0 . 6 )

( 0 . 06 2 0 . 03 2 ))( 70 10 6 )
4
= 0 . 463 mm + 0 . 138 mm = 0 . 325 mm
(

48