King faisal university

College of engineering
Department of mechanical & civil
engineering

Experiment#5
Fluid mechanics Lab
Orifice and Jet Flow

Tested by [Group (B)]

Arafat . A . Ali
ID# 213189413
Experiment date :- Feb 7th,2016
Submit date :- Mar 21th,2016

Engr312

Engr312 FLUID MECHANICS

Laboratory Experiment #5

Orifice and Jet Flow

Objective:

Studying the flow through small orifice discharging to atmosphere.

Calculating the coefficient of discharge (Cd).

Calculating the coefficient of velocity (Cv).

Calculating the coefficient of contraction (Cc)

Introduction

An Orifice is an opening in the side or base of tank or reservoir

through which fluid is discharge in the form of a jet.

The discharge will depend upon the head of the fluid (H) above the
level of the orifice.

The term small orifice means that the diameter of the orifice is small
compared with the head producing flow.

List of Equipment

1. Basic hydraulic bench

2. Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus
3. Hydrostatic pressure apparatus
4. Bernoullis Demonstration apparatus
5. Dead weight calibrator
6. Orifice and free jet flow apparatus
7. Orifice discharge apparatus
8. Free and Forced vortices apparatus
9. Compressible flow bench

Theory:

Two reasons for the difference between theoretical and actual discharge.
First: The velocity of jet is less than the velocity calculated because there is losses
of energy between point A and B.

Vactual Cv .Vtheo. Cv 2 gH
,Cv is the coefficient of velocity
Second: The stream line of the orifice contract reducing the area of flow. (Vena
Contraction)

Aactual Cc . A
Where. Cc is the coefficient of contraction.

Qactual Cv .Cc . A 2 gH
Qactual Cd A 2 gH
Cd in the range [0.6-0.65]

Measurement of Jet Trajectory

Procedure:

1. Install the required orifice

2. adjust the overflow pipe to obtain a required level in the tank
3. Open the water supply valve to obtain a steady flow with minimum overflow
4. wait until the level in the tank and jet profile is stable before adjusting the probes tips
to be in-line with the center of the jet and record the probe tip profile as well as the Y =
0 mark
5. Record the flow volume by using the stopwatch and bench-measuring tank.
Data & Results:
Table 1 : Parameters of the apparatus and some reading from the experiment

Water level, H

379 (mm)

Volume, Lt

Time, s

16.44
0.30414 * 10-3 (m3/s)

Flow rate, QA = volume/time

Diameter of orifice, m

0.013

Area (m )

0.000133

Table 2 : Reading from the experiment

YTHEORETICAL
=

X1

40

Y1

X2
4H
1.055

2 YH
Error %
38.93584

5.540897

X2

80

Y2

4.221

87.0632

77.83641

X3

120

Y3

12

9.499

134.8777

250.1319

X4

160

Y4

21.5

16.887

180.5381

461.3456

X5

200

Y5

31

26.385

216.7856

461.4776

X6

240

Y6

45.5

37.995

262.6366

750.5277

X7

280

Y7

62

51.715

306.5811

1028.496

X8

320

Y8

78.5

67.546

344.9725

1095.383

X9

360

Y9

100

85.488

389.3584

1451.187

X10

400

Y10

122

105.541

430.0605

1645.91

Analysis and Calculations

The theoretical velocity

2 gH
Vth=
= 2.72 m /s
The actual velocity

0.360

Vact=Vx =
-

2Y
g

Coefficient of velocity Cv
Cv=

V act
V th

2(0.1)
9.81

= 2.52 m/s

= 0.926

The actual volume flow rate

=

= 0.30414 * 10-3 (m3/s)

The theoretical volume flow rate th

2

2 gH
2
d
(0.013)
th = VA = 4
= 4

Coefficient of discharge

0.05
16.44

2 * 9.81 * 0.379
= 0.3619* 10-3 (m3/s)

Cd =

Q act

Q th

0.3041410
3
0.361910

= 0.84

The coefficient of contraction Cc

Cd
Cv

Cc =

= 0.907

X versus 2
500
400
300

200
100
0
0

50

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

X

Frome the graph

dX
CV= d (2 ( YH ) .5)

Figure 1 : X (m) vs ()

282240
308260

= 0.875

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

0
20
40
60

Teoretical curves of
the jet trajectory

80

experimental curves
of the jet trajectory

100
120
140

Figure 2 : Theoretical and Experimental Curves of the Jet Trajectory Path

Figure 3 : The values of Y(exp) from the lab

Discussion

Discussion
that the actual flow rate QA is different from the
theoretical one, Q, which is corresponding to that the velocity of jet is
less than the velocity calculated because there is losses of energy
7

 The coefficient of contraction indicates the losses of flow energy due to the change of
the orifice shape. Mathematically expressed as The ratio of the area of the jet, at venacontracta, to the area of the orifice

Typical values of coefficient of velocity, coefficient of discharge and

coefficient of contraction include 0.96, 0.62 and 0.64 respectively. As
it can be observed errors have been introduced within the
experiment most of them systematic as the values although precise
are not accurate. The experimental procedure has been observed
to be flawed in the following respect
There was a differences between the calculated ( theoretical) and measured
(experimental) due to the human error during experiment for many factors : such that
the apparatuses does not stand with level, the accuracy for determining the flow bath
has not done well.
What is the effect of the water height H on the jet trajectory path.
The effect of the water head on the orifice is the increasing of the flow energy such that
the more height of the water head the more velocity value will experiences the water
flow ejected by the orifice.
Conclusions

Experimental errors have significantly affected the values of the

coefficients. The precision of the results show that the errors are mostly
systematic as well as human errors during the insertion of gauge pins and
hence procedure wise it is deemed to be successful. The experimental
values for the coefficients are therefore not a good approximation of the
true value.
References:

[1] http://www.academia.edu/8952330/Flow_through_an_orifice
[2] http://uh.edu/engines/VelocityCoefficients.pdf
[3]Fluid Mechanics Report 3ed edition, (Nov.2015), King Faisal
University department of mechanical engineering, (Eng. Omar Osta).