COPYRIGHT LAW LEON FRIEDMAN [FALL 2015]

BurrowGilesv.Sarony(photographcase):
BurrowGilessoldcopiesitmadeofaposedphotographofOscarWilde
takenbySarony.
o ISSUE:Arephotographscopyrightable?
Yes.
o RULE:Photographsevidencingoriginalityandcreativity,infeaturessuch
asselectionofcostume,pose,andsoon,arecopyrightable.
Bleisteinv.DonaldsonLithographing(circuspostercase):
DonaldsonLithographingCo.copiedinreducedformthree
chromolithographsthatBleisteinhadpreparedtoadvertiseWallaces
Circus.
o ISSUE:AreChromolithographs,designedforadvertisingpurposes,
barredfromcopyrightprotection?
No.
o RULE:Chromolithographsareentitledtocopyrightprotectionevenif
designedforadvertisingpurposes.
PrinciplesofPatentlaw&trademarklaw:

AlfredBellv.CataldaFineArts(definitionoforiginal):
AlfredBell&Co.producedmezzotintengravingsofpaintingsbytheirold
masters,whichCataldaFineArts,Inc.thencopiedbylithographicprocess
andsold.
o ISSUE:Ifonecopiesaworkinthepublicdomaincontributes
somethingofhisowntothecopy,somethingmorethanameretrivial
variation,canthecopybecopyrighted?
Yes.Copyrightedworkrequirestheauthortocontributetothe
worksomethingoriginatingwithhim,butthereisnorequirement
forittobenovel.
o RULE:Acopyofsomethinginthepublicdomainmayitselfbe
copyrightediftheauthorthereofhascontributedsomethingofhisown
thereto,thatis,morethanatrivialvariation.
Copyrightablesubjectmatter;requirementsoforiginalityandworkof
authorship:
BakervSelden(describingbookkeepingsystemprovidesnorighttosystemitself):
BakersoldformssimilartothoseSeldenhadinhiscopyrightedbook
settingforthhissystemofbookkeeping.
o ISSUE:Doesacopyrightonabookexplaininganartorsystempreclude
othersfromusingthesystemortheformsincidentaltosuchuse?
No.
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o RULE:Theprotectionaffordedbyacopyrightonabookexplainingan
artorsystemextendsonlytotheauthorsuniqueexplanationthereofand
doesnotprecludeothersfromusingthesystemortheformsnecessarily
incidentaltosuchuse.
Morrisseyv.Proctor&Gamble(wordsthatarepartofthemethodofoperationarenot
subjecttocopyright):
FeistPublicationsv.RuralTelephoneService(nooriginalityinlistingtelephonenumbers
mechanically):
o Plaintiffowneroftelephonedirectoryclaimedthatdefendantcopiedthe
listingsofitsdirectoryasevidencedbythepresenceofintentionalor
fictitiouslistingsthatplaintiffplantedinitstelephonedirectory.
Defendant'sworkcloselyresembledtheplaintiff'sdirectorybecausethe
former'slistingsincludedthefictitiouslistingsincludedbyplaintiffinits
directory.Thepresenceofthesefictitiouslistingscouldonlybeexplained
bytheactofcopyinginthefactualsense.
o ISSUE:Tobecopyrightable,mustaworkbeoriginaltotheauthorand
possessatleastsomeminimaldegreeofcreativity?
Yes.
o RULE:Tobecopyrightable,aworkmustbeoriginaltotheauthorand
possessatleastsomeminimaldegreeofcreativity.
Nashv.CBS(nocopyrightinfactsortheoriesorideas):
Compilations
*Obviousorsimplecollectionoffactscannotbecopyrighted
CCCInformationServicesv.MacleanHunterMarketReports,Inc.
DallegedthatPinfringeditscopyrightbycopyingportionsofMacleans
RedBookintoitscomputerdatabaseandsellingit.
o ISSUE:Doescopyrightprotectionextendtoideas?
No.Butitdoesextendtocompilationsandexpressionofideas.
o
RULE:Copyrightdoesnotextendtoideasbutdoesextendto
compilationsandtheexpressionofthoseideas.
BellSouthAdvertising&Publishingv.DonnellyInformationServices:
PallegedcopyrightinfringementagainstDforcopyinginformationfrom
Psdirectory.
o ISSUE:Arethenames,addresses,telephonenumbers,andbusinesstypes
listedinayellowpagesdirectoryprotectedbyaregisteredcopyrightinthe
directoryasawhole?
No.Thecopyrightprotectionextendedtoacompilationdoesnot
godeepanddependsonwhetherthecompilerhasdemonstrated
originalityintheselection,arrangementandcoordinationofthe
informationcompiled.
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o RULE:thenames,addresses,telephonenumbers,andbusinesstypes
listedinayellowpagesdirectoryaddresses,telephonenumbers,and
businesstypeslistedinayellowpagesdirectoryarenotoriginalelements
ofaworkandarenotcopyrightable.
LBatlin&Sonv.SnyderUncleSameBankCase:(nooriginalityinplasticversionof
publicdomainwork)
AnimporterofnoveltyUncleSammechanicalbanksfiledsuitagainstthe
holderofacopyrightonplasticUncleSambanks.
o ISSUE:Doescopyrightprotectionextendtoareplicaofaworkofartinthe
publicdomain,wherethereplicamakesonlyminisculevariationsfromthe
original?
No.Althoughthetestfororiginalityisalowone,areplicamustbe
morethanamerecopytogaincopyrightprotection.Somedegree
ofskillmustbedemonstratedtomakethereproduction
copyrightable.
Heretherewereonlysubtlevariationsnotsufficientforcopyright
protection.
o RULE:Areplicaofaworknotsubjecttocopyrightprotectionmustbemore
thanamerecopytogaincopyrightprotection.
o Veryminutedetailsthatweredifferent;notperceptibletocausalobserver.Not
sufficienttobeanoriginalwork.(Snyderloses).
ComputerProgramsprotectionisneededtoencouragethecreationandbroad
distributionofcomputerprogramsinacompetitivemarket.
AppleComputerv.FranklinComputerCorp:
DsresponsetoPsallegationthatitwasinfringingthecopyrightson14
computerprogramswasthatPoperatingsystemswerenotcapableof
copyrightprotection.
o ISSUE:Arecomputeroperatingsystemsprogramsperseuncopyrightable?
No.
o RULE:Thereisnomerittothecontentionthatcomputeroperatingsystem
programs,asdistinguishedfromapplicationprograms,arepersenot
copyrightable.

LotusDevelopmentv.BorlandIntl:(bothsourcecodeandobjectcodeareprotectable)
Dincludedinitsownspreadsheetprogramsthecommandsusedbythe
computerprogramLotus123sothatspreadsheetuserswhowerealready
familiarwith123couldeasilyswitchtotheDsprogramswithoutlearning
newcommands.
o ISSUE:Isacomputermenucommandhierarchycopyrightablesubject
matter?
No.Amenucommandhierarchyisanuncopyrightablemethodof
operationasthattermisusedin102(b)ofthecopyrightact.
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o RULE:Acomputermenucommandhierarchyisnotcopyrightablesubject
matter.
Photographs:
Mannionv.CoorsBrewingCompany:
o Aphotoisoriginalandthereforecopyrightable.

Pictorial:twodimensionalandthreedimensionalworksoffine,graphic,and
appliedart,photographs,printsandartreproductions,etc.Worksincludeworks
ofartisticcraftsmanshipinsofarastheirformbutnottheirmechanicalor
utilitarianaspectsareconcerned.Expressedinpicturesorillustrated.

UsefulArticle:anarticlehavinganintrinsicutilitarianfunctionthatisnotmerely
toportraytheappearanceofthearticleortoconveyinformation.Anarticlethatis
normallypartofausefularticleisconsideredausefularticle.
PivotPointInternationalv.CharleneProducts:(mannequinheadcase)
o ISSUE:Isamannequinheadsubjecttocopyrightprotection?
Yes.Themannequinheadisusefulandthissubjecttocopyright
protection.
o RULE: If an article is not useful, then the article is a pictorial, graphic,
and sculptural work entitled to protection.
Characters
Nicholsv.UniversalPictures
UniversalPicturesCorp.smovieaboutmarriagebetweenaJewishandan
Irishfamily,promptedNicholstobringsuitforcopyrightinfringementofher
playAbiesIrishRose.
o ISSUE:Iscopyrightprotectionofliterarypropertylimitedmerelyto
protectingtheliteraltextofthework?
No.Everyworkcanbeabstractedonseverallevels.
o RULE:Copyrightprotectionofliterarypropertyisnotlimitedto
protectingmerelytheliteraltextofthework.
SoundRecordings:
Newtonv.Diamond:
PsuedD(Beastieboys)forinfringementwhentheyusedsomeshortportions
ofhiscopyrightedmusicintheirownsong,Darguedthatsuchusewasde
minimumshencenotactionable.
RULE:Thedeminimisuseofacopyrightedmusicalcompositiondoesnot
constituteinfringement.
HOLDING:NOreasonablejurorcouldfindthatthesampledportionofthe
compositiontobequantitativelyorqualitativelysignificantportionoftheDs
compositionasawhole.

GovernmentWorks:YoucannotgetacopyrightforworksoftheUnitedStates
government.
Whetonv.Peters
o EveryworkoftheU.S.governmentisnotsubjecttocopyright.Thisis
whysomanycompaniescanprinttheSCOTUSdecisions.
Veeckv.SouthernBuildingCode:
Modelbuildingcodewasenactedintolaw.AnotherCompanycopiesthelaws.
Isthisinfringingonthemodelcode?
Nobecauselawscannotbecopyrightedbecauseoncetheyareenacted
theybecomefacts.
SecondaryLiability:
MGMv.Grokster:
WhenGroksterfreelydistributedsoftwarebywhichanycomputer
usercouldeasilyandwithoutpaymentdownloadcopyrightedmusic,
MGM&otherssuedDfortheirusersinfringements.
o Nearly90%ofthefilesavailablefordownloadonGroksters
systemwerecopyrightedworks.
o Over1millioncopiesofthesoftwareinquestionhavebeen
downloadedandbillionsoffilesaresharedacrossthenetworks
eachmonth.
o Groksterreceivedrevenuefromthesaleofadvertisingonits
website.notdirectlyfromtherevenuefromthe
infringements.
RULE:onewhodistributesadevicetopromoteitsusetoinfringe
copyright,asshownbyaffirmativestepstofosterinfringement,is
liablefortheresultingactsofinfringementbythirdparties.
Fonovisa,Inc.v.CherryAuction,Inc.:
PsuedD,theoperatorsoffleamarketwherethirdpartyvendorsroutinely
soldcounterfeitrecordingsthatinfringedonPscopyrightsandtrademarks.
HOLDING:Dwasheldtobevicariouslyliablefortheinfringingactsofthe
thirdpartiesathisfleamarketbecausehehastherightandabilitytosupervise
theinfringingactivityandhadafinancialinterestinsuchactivities.Dwas
alsoheldasacontributoryinfringerbecausehehadknowledgeofthe
infringingactivityandinducedit.
Perfect10,Inc.v.VisaInternational:
Psuedseveralcreditcardcompaniesandaffiliatedbanks(D)forsecondary
liabilityunderthecopyrightlawsbecauseDcontinuedtoprocesscreditcard
paymentstowebsitesthatinfringedPsIPrightsafterbeingnotifiedbyPof
infringementbythosewebsites.
RULE:theownerofacreditcardpaymentsystemisnotliableforcontributory
infringementwheretheownerhasknowledgeofinfringementbywebsitesbut
neverthelesscontinuestoprocessandprofitfrompurchasesmadeatthose
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websites.Theownerofacreditcardpaymentsystemisnotlaibleforvicarious
infringementwheretheownerfoesnothavetherightandabilitytosupervisethe
infringingconduct.
HOLDING:Essentiallytheownershadknowledgebutdidnotinducesothey
werenotmateriallycontributing.Also,paymentviacreditcardisnotessentialto
theinfringingactivity.WhileDcouldhavestoppedprocessingpeoplescredit
cardsthisdoesnotrisetothelevelofliabilitythathasrightandabilityto
control.

A&MRecords,Inc.v.Napster,Inc.
Thedistrictcourtgrantedapreliminaryinjunction,findingthatDsusersarenot
fairusers.
RULE:theretransmissionbyaserviceoforiginalworksandthefreedistribution
ofthoseworkstousersoftheservicedoesnotconstitutefairuse.
HOLDING:Dmerelyretransmitsoriginalworksinadifferentmediumandthus
hasnottransformedawork.Eventhoughthecopiesarenotofferedforsale,
Dsrepeatedandexploitativecopyingofworksconstitutescommercialuse
becausetheinfringingcopiesweremadetosavetheexpenseofpurchasing
authorizedcopiesandweretradedforotherworks.Dssiteharmstherecording
companiesmarketbyreducingaudioCDsalesamongcollegestudentsandby
raisingbarrierstotheabilityoftherecordingstudiostoentersuccessfullyintothe
marketforthedigitaldownloadingofmusic.
Exclusiverightstoworks
BrightTunesMusicv.Harrisongs:
o ThecourtprovedaccesstosongsherebecausehessoFinewasinthe
BillboardTop10whiletheBeatlessongwasonthechartsaswell.
o ThecourtdecidedthatHarrrisongssubconsciouslycopiedforMySweet
Lord
Pricev.FoxEntertainment:(DodgeballCase)
AdoptedStrikingSimilarity.
Analysis:havetoproveaccess,itseasytoprove.Song,movie,bookoutinthe
public.
o PotentialaccessestablishedbyoverlapinagentswriteroftheStiller
moviethenwrotehisfirstdraftwithalarmingspeedafteralleged
access.
o Sentittoanagentthathasaccesstosomethingelse.Thatwasenough.
Movieswherecamerafocusesonacopyrightedimageforlikeafewseconds.
Whywasthereaccess?They(copier)couldhaveheardit.Reasonableto
assumetheycouldhaveheardit.
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VisualCases
Nicholsv.UniversalPicturesCorp.(Secondmostimportantcopyrightcase)
DsmovieaboutamarriagebetweenaJewishandanIrishfamily,promptedP
tobringsuitforacopyrightinfringementofherplayAbiesIrishRose.
o RULE:Copyrightprotectionofliterarypropertyisnotlimitedto
protectingmerelytheliteraltextofthework.
Sheldonv.MetroGoldwynPicturesCorp.
Themoviebuystherightsfromthebook,anditcanusewhateverfromthe
trialbecauseitsinthepublicdomain.Itcannotusewhatisintheplaythatthe
playaddedtothetrial.Whatevertheplayaddedtothetrialthatis
copyrightable.DCcourtjudgeandLearnedHandhavedifferentmovie
interpretation
TherighttoreproducetheworkinCopies&Phonorecords:
Steinbergv.ColumbiaPicturesIndustries,Inc.
Dused,inclearlyrecognizablefashion,anillustrationbyPasamodelfora
filmposter.
RULE:Avisualimagethatwouldberecognizedbytheaveragepersonas
havingbeenappropriatedfromacopyrightworkinfringesonthatcopyright.
HOLDING:ToprevailinacopyrightinfringementactionPmustprove
copying,provedbysubstantialsimilarity.Itisnotnecessarythatevery
detailbesimilarjustthattheoverallcouldbereasonablyacquainted.Ps
drawingwasaclearexpressionofanideaandDviolatedthatexpression.
DerivativeCases
Gilliamv.AmericanBroadcastingCompanies,Inc.:
Acomedytroupecontendedthatbroadcastingeditedversionsoftheircomedy
routinesconstitutedcopyrightinfringement.
RULE:unauthorizededitingforrebroadcastingofatelevisedprogramconstitutes
copyrightinfringement.
HOLDING:Arecordedtelevisionprogrammayberegardedasaworkderived
fromitsunderlyingscript.Thecopyrightholderofthescriptretainscontrolover
allusesofthescript,eventherecordedprogramitself.
Leev.A.R.T.Company:(notaderivativework)
PbroughtsuitagainstD,claimingthatherexclusiverighttomakederivative
worksbymountingherartontoaceramictileandresellingthetileswas
infringed.
RULE:Inorderforaworkofauthorshiptoconstituteaderivativework,itmust
possessasufficientlevelofcreativity.
HOLDING:Theceramictiledidnotconstituteaderivativeworkbecauseitwas
nodifferentthanplacingthepictureinaframeorcase.Theninthcircuitheldthat
Dsmethodofbondingthearttothetilewithepoxyresincreatedaderivative
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work.Thecourtdidnotagreebecausethemountingprocessdoesnotcreatea
derivativeworkbecausethechangetotheworkwasnotsufficientlyoriginal.
MicroStarv.FormGen,Inc.:
DcontendsthatitscopyrightisinfringedbyPunauthorizedcommercial
exploitationofusercreatedgamelevels.
RULE:Theunauthorizedcommercialexploitationofcopyrightedcomputer
games,evenhighlycomplexgamesinwhichtheuseractuallyparticipatesin
manipulatingthegamelevels,mayconstituteinfringement.
SkyyVodkaCase:
Photographerloses.Thedominantfeatureinthephotographwasthebottle.The
copyrightinthebottleitselfisownedbySkyy.Nocopyrightfortheshadowsof
thebottle.

VARA:VisualArtistsRightsActof1990
Protectsvisualarts(definedin101asapainting,drawing,print,or
sculptureorastillphotographicimage;101alsooutlinesseveralexclusions,
includingworksmadeforhire).Ifitdoesnotmeetthedefinitionofvisual
artin101,canstillrelyontheLanhamActandotherprovisionsof
copyrightlaw,butthereisnoprotectionunderVARA.VARAprotectsboth
thepaternity(authorship)andintegrityofthework.
Onlyvisualworksthatareconsideredartareprotectedsoyoucantdistort,
mutilateorothermodificationoftheworkwhichwouldbeprejudicialtohis
orherhonororreputation.
IthinkthisbasicallymeansyoucantmakederivativeworksofVisualArts
Thiswillapplytoappliedartandutilitarianpurposes
FairUse
Campbellv.AcuffRoseMusic,Inc.:
DcontendedthatitsparodyofRoyOrbinsonssong,Ohprettywomanwas
afairusewithinthemeaningofthecopyrightactof1976,buttheappellate
courtconcludedthatthecommercialnatureoftheparodyrenderedit
presumptivelyunfair.
o RULE:thecommercialpurposeofaworkisonlyoneelementofthe
inquiryintotheworkspurposeandcharacterforfairuse
o Holding:
Youmustlookattheotherelementsinvolvedinthecasewhen
determiningfairuse.Excessivecopyingweighsagainstfairuse.
Extentofpermissiblecopyingmustbedeterminedinlightofthe
parodysgoals.
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CastleRockEntertainment,Inc.v.CarolPublishingGroup,Inc.:
P,ownerofthecopyrightonatelevisionshow,suedDofatriviabookonthe
televisionshow,foracopyrightandtrademarkinfringement.Pistheproducer
andcopyrightownerofeachepisodeoftheSeinfeldtelevisionseries.D
publishedabookcontainingtriviaquestionsandanswersabouttheseries.The
sourceforeveryquestionandcorrectanswerinthetriviabooksquotesfrom
theseriesextensively.
o RULE:Aderivativeworkinadifferentmediumcanbesubstantiallysimilar
tothecopyrightedworkwhenthederivativeworkisbasedonoriginal,
protectableexpressioninthecopyrightedwork.
o ISSUE:Canatriviabookbasedontelevisionseriesbesubstantiallysimilarto
theprotectableexpressionintheserieswhentheyareindifferentmediums?
o HOLDING:Yes.Thecharactersandeventstestedinthetriviabookspring
fromtheSeinfeldauthorsimaginations;thetriviabookclearlycopies
copyrightableexpression.
Harper&Row,Publishers,Inc.v.NationEnterprises:
Dcontendedthatitsuseofquotesfromayetunpublishedsetofmemoirs
constitutedfairuse.
PobtainedtherightstopublishPresidentFordsmemoirs.Timemagazine
contractedfortherightstopreviewtheworkimmediatelypriortothe
publication.BeforetheycouldpublishD,publisherofNationMagazine,
publishedanarticlethatquotedthemanuscript.Timethendecidedtheydidnt
wanttorunthearticleandcanceleditscontractwithP.Thedistrictcourt
awardeddamagesforinfringement.Secondcircuitreversed,sayingDwas
fairuse.Supremecourtreversedthat.
RULE:Publicationofportionsofaworksoontobepublishedisnotfairuse.
HOLDING:Dpublishingthearticlefirstgreatlylessensthemarketvalueof
thecopyrightedworkTheconclusionthereforepresentsitselfthatinalmost
allcases,priorpublicationofaworkawaitingpublicationwillnotbeafair
use.
Dissent:Thecourtisthreateningthecreativeprocessandthefreeflowofidea
underthefirstamendmentwhileconstrictingthefairusedoctrinealso.This
wasnottheintentofcongresswhenitestablishedlegislationprotectingthe
economicinterestsofcopyrightholders.Donlycopied200wordsfromthe
unpublished200,000wordmanuscript.
SegaEnterprisesLtd.V.Accolade,Inc.
DreverseengineeredPsvideogameprogramstodiscovertherequirementsfor
compatibilitywiththeconsole.Todothisitcopiedthecodeinitsentiretythen
disassembledPvideogameprogramstoseehowitworked.Dthencreatedits
owngamesforusewithPsconsole,butdidnotcopyPsprogramsoruseanyof
itscodes.

 RULE:Disassemblyofacopyrightedobjectcodeisafairuseofthematerialifit
istheonlymeansofaccesstouncopyrightedelementsofthecodeandthereisa
legitimatereasonforseekingsuchaccess.
Holding:BecauseDonlysoughttobeacompetitorofPsthecourtfoundalegit
needtodothis.Psvideogameprogramsmustbeaffordedalowerdegreeof
protectionthenmoretraditionalliteraryworksbecausetheycontainunprotected
aspectsthatcannotbeexaminedwithoutcopying.Whilethisdideffectthe
market,itwasntsignificantbecauseconsumerstypicallybuymorethanone
videogame.
SonyCorpofAmericav.UniversalCityStudios,Inc.:
PcontendedthatDcontributedtoinfringementbymarketingvideocassette
recorders.
RULE:themarketingofvideocassetterecordersdoesnotinfringeonthe
copyrightsofrecordedworks.
HOLDING:Staple article of commerce in patent la should also
apply to copyright. Thus, the sale of copying equipment does not
constitute contributory infringement if the product is widely used
for legit, unobjectionable purposes. It is enough that there is a
substantial non-infringing purpose of its use.
Remedies:
FrankMusicCorp.v.MetroGoldwynMayer,Inc.:
Pistheownerandauthorofadramaticmusicalwork.Dproducedamusical
motionpictureversionofPsworkunderlicensefromP.MGMshoweda
musicalforseveralyearsthathadmultipleactsandoneoftheactswasnamed
afterPsmusicalandusedcharactersandsettingsfromPsmusical.
RULE:Inappointingdamagesundersection504(a)oftheCopyrightact,the
goalistoawarddamagesproportionatetothecontributionofthe(c)ownerand
nomore.
FederalPreemptionofStateLaw:
Goldsteinv.California:
DwasconvictedunderaCAcriminalstatuethatforbadecopyingperformances
offofcommerciallysoldrecordingswithoutthepermissionoftheownerofthe
mastertapeorrecord.
RULE:InasmuchasCongresshasleftunattendedtheareaoffederalprotectionor
nonprotectionofrecordingsagainstactsofpiracythereupon,astateremainsfree
toadoptandenforcealawmakingthepiratingofsuchrecordingsacriminal
offense.
ISSUE:Canastatemakethepiratingofcommerciallysoldrecordsortapesa
crimeifCongresshasleftthequestionoffederalprotectionofsuchrecordings
unattended?
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 HOLDING:Yes.Statesarefreetoimplementtheirownlawsmakingitacrime
toengageinthepiratingofsuchworkswherecongresshasnotsaidanything.The
preemptiondoctrinewouldprohibitstatelawsonlyinsofarastheyclashwith
federallaws.
BonitoBoats,Inc.v.ThunderCraftBoats,Inc.:
DcontendedthatFLslawprohibitingtheduplicationofunpatentedboathulls
violatedfederalpatentlaws.
RULE:Statesmaynotprohibittheduplicationofunpatentedorunpatentable
articles.
HOLDING:Peoplewhomeettherequirementsforapatentwillbegranteda
temporarymonopoly.
NationalBasketballAssociationv.Motorola,Inc.:
ThedistrictcourtdismissedPsfederalclaimsforreliefbutgrantedapermanent
injunctiononPsstatelawmisappropriationclaim.
RULE:Ahotnewsmisappropriationclaimmaysurvivepreemptionfor
materialwithintherealmoflaw.
Vocabulary:
Antitrust:Bodyoffederallawprohibitingbusinessesconductthatconstitutesarestraint
ontrade.
Certiorari:Adiscretionarywritissuedbyasuperiorcourttoaninferiorcourtinorderto
reviewthelowercourtsdecisions;theSupremeCourtswritorderingsuchreview.
ContributoryInfringement:Theintentionalassistingofanotherintheunlawful
appropriationofacopyrightedorpatentedwork.
Conversion:theactofdeprivinganownerofhispropertywithoutpermissionof
justification.
Copyright:ReferstotheexclusiverightsgrantedtoanartistpursuanttoArticleI,
section8,clause8oftheUnitedStatesConstitutionoverthereproduction,display,
performance,distribution,andadaptionofhisworkaperiodprescribedbystatute.
CopyrightAct:Copyrightactof1976extendscopyrightprotectiontooriginalworksof
authorshipfixedinanytangiblemediumofexpression,nowknownorlaterdeveloped,
fromwhichtheycanbeperceived,reproducedorotherwisecommunicated,either
directlyorwiththeaidofamachineordevice.17U.S.C.102.
CopyrightAct101:Setsforththedefinitionsforpurposesoftheact.

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 CopyrightAct102:Section102ofthecopyrightactof1976extendscopyright
protectiontooriginalworksofauthorshipfixedinanytangiblemediumofexpression,
nowknownorlaterdeveloped,fromwhichtheycanbeperceived,reproduced,or
otherwisecommunicated,eitherdirectlyorwiththeaidofamachineordevice.The
statutesetsforththecategoriesincludedinthetermworkofauthorship,anddenies
copyrightprotectiontoideaorprotectiontoideasorprocedures.
CopyrightInfringement:Aviolationofoneoftheexclusiverightsgrantedtoanartists
pursuanttoArticleI,section8,clause8oftheunitedstatesconstitutionoverthe
reproduction,display,performance,distribution,andadaptionofhisworkforaperiod
prescribedbystatute.

DerivativeWork:Aworkofauthorshipthatisbasedonapreviouswork.
Encroachment:Theunlawfulintrusionontoanothersproperty.
FairUse:Anaffirmativedefensetoaclaimofcopyrightinfringementprovidingan
exceptionfromthecopyrightownersexclusiverightsinaworkforthepurposesof
criticism,comment,newsreporting,teaching,scholarshiporresearch;the
determinationofwhetherauseisfairismadeonacasebycasebasisandrequiresthe
courttoconsider:(1)thepurposeandcharacteroftheuse;(2)thenatureofthework;
(3)theamountandsubstantialityoftheportionused;and(4)theeffectoftheuseonthe
potentialmarketfor,orvalueof,thework.
FirstAmendment:Prohibitscongressfromenactinganylawrespectingan
establishmentofreligion,prohibitingthefreeexerciseofreligion,abridgingfreedomof
speechorthepress,therightofpeacefulassemblyandtherighttopetitionforaredress
ofgrievances.
Infringement
LanhamAct:Nameofthetrademarkactof1946whichgovernsfederallawregarding
trademarks.
LanhamAct,1125:Imposescivilliabilityonanypersonwhousesanytrademark,false
designationoforigin,orfalseormisleadingdescriptionoffact,thatislikelytocause
confusionormistakeormisrepresentsthenatureororiginofhisoranothersgoodsor
servicestoanyonelikelytobedamagedbythatact.
LanhamAct,43(A):Federaltrademarkinfringementstatute

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 Monopoly:Aprivilegeorrightconferreduponanindividualorentitygrantingitthe
exclusivepowertomanufacture,sellanddistributeaparticularserviceorcommodity;a
marketconditioninwhichoneorafewcompaniescontrolthesaleofaproductor
servicetherebyrestrainingcompetitioninrespectothatarticleorservice.
Patent:Alimitedmonopolyconferredontheinventionordiscoveryofanyneworuseful
machineorprocessthatisnovelandnonobvious.
PublicDomain:Worksthatarenotprotectedbycopyrightandarefreefrothepublicto
utilize.
RightofPublicity:Therightofanindividualtocontrolthecommercialuseofhisorher
name,image,likeness,orotherunequivocalaspectsofonesidentity.
Royalty:Paymenttotheownerofthepropertyfortheuseorsaleofsuchpropertyeither
asapercentageofprofitsorperunitsold.
ScenesAFaireDoctrine:Elementsofaworkthatarenotsubjecttocopyrightprotection
sincetheyareindispensabletotheparticulargenre.
SecondaryLiability:Liabilitythatdoesnotariseexceptuponthedefaultinperformance
bythepartydirectlyliablefortheobligation.

SubstantialSimilarity
SummaryJudgment:judgmentrenderedbyacourtinresponsetoamotionbyoneof
theparties,claimingthatthelackofaquestionofmaterialfactinrespecttoanissue
warrantsdispositionoftheissuewithoutconsiderationbythejury.
UnfairCompetition:Anydishonestorfraudulentrivalryintradeandcommerce,
particularlyimitationandcounterfeiting.

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