Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Recommended Reading
Laplace Transforms
Limits, Continuity & Differentiability
Mean Value Theorems
Differentiation
Partial Differentiation
Maxima and Minima
Methods of Integration & Standard Integrals
Vector Calculus
Vector Integration
Time Signals & Signal Transformation
Standard Time Signals
1|Page
Signal Classification
Types of Time Systems
A discrete time LTI system can be represented in form of sum of scaled and shifted
impulses.
x[n ] ; n = n0
x[n] [n n0 ] = { 0
0
; n n0
= x[n0 ] [n n0 ]
i. e. x[0] [n] = {
x[0] ;
n=0
0
; otherwise
x[1] [n 1] = {
x[1] ;
n=0
0
; otherwise
x[1] ;
n = 1
x[1] [n + 1] = {
0
; otherwise
Therefore, we can write x[n] as the sum of scaled and shifted impulses.
x[n] = + x[4] [n + 4] + x[3] [n + 3] + x[2] [n + 2] + x[1] [n + 1] +
x[0] [n] + x[1] [n 1] + x[2] [n 2] + x[3] [n 3] + .
We can write this sum as
x[n] =
k= x[k] [n k]
Now if we apply the input to as LTI system.
2|Page
Where h-2[n] response of LTI system having system response h[n] to the shifted
impulse [n+2]
Similarly, h+1[n] response of LTI system to the [n-1]
y(n) can also be written as y[n] =
k= x[k]hk [n]
Where hk[n]is the response of LTI system having system response h[n]to the shifted
impulse [n-k]
Since the system is time invariant and their response hk[n] to time shifted unit impulses
are time shifted version of each other.
y[n] =
k= x[k]h[n k]
This result is known as the convolution sum or superposition sum. Symbolically
convolution is represented as
y[n] = x[n] * h[n]
Similar procedure can be followed in continuous time systems, for which
3|Page
Now we will proceed with an example to understand the LTI systems better.
Example 1:
Obtain convolution sum of the following signals
(1) x[n] = (a)n u[n],
h[n] = u[n];
o<a<1
Solution:
1) y[n] = x[n]* h[n]
=
x(k) h (n k)
k
=
a u(k). u (n k)
1 ;k 0
k
=
0 a . 1. u (n k) (since u(k) = {
0 ;k < 0
1 ;k n
and u[n k] = {
0 ;k > n
Case (i): n > 0
y[n] = nk=0 ak . 1.1. = nk=0 ak
y[n] =
1an+1
1a
;a < 1
; n<0
1an+1
1a
;n 0
1 ; 0
0 ; < 0
4|Page
u(t ) = {
1 ; t
0 ; > t
y(t) = 3 + 3 e3t
Case (i): t < 0
y(t) = 0
Therefore y(t) =
1
3
(1 + 2e3t ) u(t)
This concludes the introduction to the LTI systems. In next article, we will discuss the
properties of these systems.
Did you like this article on Linear Time Invariant Systems? Let us know in the
comments. You may also like
5|Page