33201414HKUO - Field Theory - Solution Manual PDF

1
Vector Analysis
Solutions of Examples for Practice

Example 1.6.4
Solution : The origin O (0, 0, 0) while P (3, 3, 2) hence the distance vector OP is,
OP = ( 3 - 0) a x + ( -3 - 0) a y + ( -2 - 0) a z = 3 a x - 3 a y - 2 a z
\
OP
2
2
( 3) 2 + ( - 3) + ( - 2) = 4.6904
Hence the unit vector along the direction OP is,

3ax - 3ay - 2az
OP
a OP =
=
4.6904
| OP|
= 0.6396 a x 0.6396 a y 0.4264 a z
Example 1.6.5
Solution :
i)
RAB
= RB - RA = 3 a x + 5 a y + 6 a z
ii)
RA
iii)
aA =
iv)
aB =
v)
RC = a x + 3 a y + 4 a z
( -1) 2 + ( -3) 2 + ( -4) 2 = 5.099

RA
= -0.1961 a x - 0.588 a y - 0.7844 a z
RA
RB
RB
2 ax + 2 ay + 2 az
22 + 22 + 22
= 0.7071 [a x + a y + a z ]
RCA = RA - RC = - 2 a x - 6 a y - 8 a z , RCA = 104
a CA =
RCA
RCA
= -0.1961 a x - 0.588 a y - 0.784 a z
Example 1.6.6
Solution : The position vectors for the given points are,
A = 3ax - 2ay +az ,
B = - 3ax - 3ay +5az ,

(1 - 1)
TM
C = 2ax + 6ay - 4az
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge
Field Theory
1-2
Vector Analysis
i) The vector from A to C is,

AC = C - A = [2 - 3] a x + [ 6 - ( -2)] a y + [-4 - 1] a z
= - ax + 8 ay - 5 az
ii) For unit vector from B to A, obtain distance vector BA first.
... As starting is B and terminating is A
BA = A - B
\
=
\
\
BA
a BA =
[ 3 - ( -3)]a x + [( -2) - ( -3)]a y + [1 - 5] a z
= 6ax +ay - 4az
( 6) 2 + (1) 2 + ( -4) 2 = 7.2801

BA
BA
6ax +ay - 4az
7.2801
= 0.8241 a x + 0.1373 a y 0.5494 a z
iii) For distance between B and C, obtain BC

BC = C - B = [ 2 - ( -3)] a x + [ 6 - ( -3)]a y + [( -4) - (5)] a z = 5 a x + 9 a y - 9 a z
\ Distance BC =
2
(5) 2 + ( 9) 2 + ( - 9) = 13.6747
iv) Let B ( x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ) and C (x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) then the co-ordinates of midpoint of BC are

x1 + x2 y 1 + y 2 z1 + z2
.
,
,
2
2
2
-3 + 2 -3 + 6 5 - 4
,
,
\Midpoint of BC =
= ( - 0.5, 1.5, 0.5)
2
2
2
Hence the vector from A to this midpoint is
= [- 0.5 - 3] a x + [1.5 - ( -2)]a y + [0.5 - 1] a z = - 3.5 a x + 3.5 a y - 0.5 a z
Example 1.7.3
r = 2m
constant
Solution : The surface is shown in the Fig. 1.1.

The differential area normal to a r is,
dS = r df dz a r
The surface is constant r surface and normal to it
is unit vector a r .
\
S =
dS = r df dz
8
90
r df dz
dS
r=2m
h=8m
ar
z = 0 f = 45
= r [f]
90
45
[z]
f = 90
= 2 [90-45 ]
p
[8 - 0]
180
Use f in radians
2 45 p 8
= 12.5663 m 2
=
180
TM
f = 45
Fig. 1.1
Field Theory
1-3
Vector Analysis
Example 1.7.4
Solution : Consider the upper surface area, the normal to which is a z . So the differential
surface area normal to z direction is r df dr. Consider the Fig. 1.7.9.
\
2p R
S1 =
r df dr =
0 0
2p
r2
R2
2p
2
2 df = 2 [f] 0 = p R
0
The bottom surface area S 2 is same as S 1 i.e. p R 2 . For remaining surface area consider the
differential surface area normal to r direction which is r df dz.
L 2p
S3 =
r df dz but r = R is constant
L 2p
2p
R df dz = R [f] 0 [z] L0 = 2 p RL
Total surface area = S 1 + S 2 + S 3 = p R 2 + p R 2 + 2 p RL = 2 p R ( R + L).

Example 1.8.4
Solution : P(1, 3, 5)
i.e. x = 1,
In cylindrical system : r =
f = tan -1
y = 3,
z=5
x 2 + y 2 = 1 + 3 2 = 3.1622
y
3
= tan -1 = 71.56
x
1
and
z=z=5
\ P( 3.1622, 71.56, 5) in cylindrical

In spherical system : r =
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 2 + 3 2 + 5 2 = 5.916
z
5
= cos -1
= 32.31
r
5.916
\ P( 5.916, 32.31, 71.56) in spherical.
q = tan -1
and
f = tan -1
y
3
= tan -1 = 71.56
x
1
Example 1.10.5
Solution : The field G at point P is,
G at P = 2 a x + 4 a y
... Substituting co-ordinates of P in G
To find its projection on B, first find a B , the unit vector in the direction of B.
\
aB =
5ax -ay + 2az

B
= 0.9128 a x 0.1825 a y + 0.3651 a z
=
|B|
(5) 2 + ( -1) 2 + ( 2) 2
Hence projection of G at P on the vector B is,

= (G at P) a B = ( 2 0.9128) + ( 4 -0.1825) + ( 0 0.3651) = 1.0956
Example 1.10.6
Solution : A = 5 a x and B = 4 a x + B y a y , q AB = 45
Now
A B = A x B x + A y B y + A z B z = (5 4) + ( 0) + ( 0) = 20
TM
Field Theory
1-4
A B = |A| |B|cos q AB
But
(5) 2 ( 4) 2 + (B y ) cos 45 i.e.

2
20 =
B 2y = 16
Now
Still
\
\
Vector Analysis
i.e.
16 + B 2y = 5.6568
By = 4
B = 4 a x + By a y + Bz a z
A B = 20
20 =
(5) 2 ( 4) 2 + (B y ) + ( B z ) 2 cos 45
2
16 + B 2y + B 2z = 5.6568
i.e.
B 2y + B 2z = 16
This is the required relation between B y and B z .

Example 1.10.7
Solution : A = a a x + 2 a y + 10 a z ,
B = 4a a x + 8 a y - 2a a z
For perpendicular vectors, A B = 0

\ (a) (4a) + (2) (8) + 10 ( 2 a) = 0
\
i.e.
4a 2 20 a + 16 = 0
a = 4 or 1
Example 1.11.3
Solution : Note that the unit vector normal to the plane containing the vectors A and B is
the unit vector in the direction of cross product of A and B.
ax ay az
4 -5
3 -5
3 4
Now
3
4 -5 = a x
-ay
+az
AB =
2 4
-6 4
-6 2
-6 2
4
= 26 a x + 18 a y + 30 a z
\
aN =
AB
AB
26 a x - 18 a y + 30 a z
( 26) 2 + (18) 2 + ( 30) 2
= 0.5964 a x + 0.4129 a y + 0.6882 a z
This is the unit vector normal to the plane containing A and B.

Example 1.11.4
Solution : i) A B = ( 3 a r + 2 a q 6 a f ) (4 a r + 3 a f )
= (3 4) + (2 0) + ( 6 3) = 6
ar aq af
ii) A B = 3
2 6 = 6 a r 33 a q 8 a f hence |A B| = 34.4818
4
0
3
TM
Field Theory
1-5
Vector Analysis
Example 1.11.5
Solution : The perpendicular vector to the plane containing A and B is given by their
cross product.
ar
AB = Ar
Br
\
af
Af
az
ar
Az = 2
Bf
Bz
af
p
3p
-1
2
az
7p
1 =a + 3a f + 4pa z
2 r
-2
a n = Unit vector in the direction A B

7p
a + 3a f + 4pa z
-3.5 pa r + 3a f + 4pa z
2 r
= - 0.648 a r + 0.1768 a f + 0.74 a z
=
16.9651
2
p
7
+ ( 3) 2 + ( 4p) 2
2
Example 1.12.2
Solution : Let A = A x a x + A y a y + A z a z , B = B x a x + B y a y + B z a z , and
C = Cx a x + Cy a y + Cz a z
i)
A ( B C) = B ( C A) = C (A B)
ax ay az
B C = B x B y B z = a x B y C z B z C y + a y [B z C x B x C z ] + a z B x C y C x B y
Cx
Cy
Cz
\ A ( B C) = A x B y C z B z C y + A y [B z C x B x C z ] + A z B x C y C x B y
(1)
= A x B y Cz A x B z Cy + A y B z Cx A y B x Cz + A z B x Cy A z Cx B y
ax ay az
C A = C x C y C z = a x C y A z C z A y + a y [C z A x C x A z ] + a z C x A y A x C y
Ax Ay Az
\ B ( C A) = B x C y A z C z A y + B y [C z A x C x A z ] + B z C x A y A x C y
= B x Cy A z B x Cz A y + B y Cz A x B y Cx A z + B z Cx A y B z A x Cy
(2)
The equations (1) and (2) are same. Similarly other expression C (A B) also gives same
result.
Proved
A ( B C) = B ( C A) = C (A B)
\
ii)
\
L.H.S. = A ( B C) and use result of B C above

A ( B C) =
ax
ay
az
Ax
B y Cz B z Cy
Ay
B z Cx B x Cz
Az
B x Cy Cx B y
TM
Field Theory
1-6
Vector Analysis
= a x A y B x Cy A y Cx B y A z B z Cx + A z B x Cz
[
]
+ a z [A x B z C x A x B x C z A y B y C z + A y B z C y ]
+ a y A z B y Cz A z B z Cy A x B x Cy + A x Cx B y
(3)
R.H.S. = B(A C) C(A B)

= (B x a x + B y a y + B z a z )(A x C x + A y C y + A z C z )
(C x a x + C y a y + C z a z )(A x B x + A y B y + A z B z )
= a x A y B x Cy A y B y Cx + A z Cz B x A z B z Cx
[
]
+ a z [A x B z C x + A y C y B z A x B x C z A y B y C z ]
+ a y B y A x Cx + A z B z Cy A x B x Cy A z B z Cy
(4)
The equations (3) and (4) are same.

A ( B C) = B(A C) C(A B)
\
Proved
Example 1.12.3
Solution : Let A = A x a x + A y a y + A z a z
A =
A
But
az
z
Az
A z A y
A x A z
= ax
+ a y z x
A y A x
+ az
y
x
A z A y
x y
z
A x A z
A y A x
+ y z x + z x y
ax
x
Ax
ay
y
Ay
A y
A z
is a function of y and
is a function of z alone hence,
y
z
A z A y
= 0
x y
z
Similarly other two terms are also zero.

\
A = 0
Example 1.13.6
Solution : The given vector is in cylindrical system.
\
H x = H a x = 20 a r
- 10 a f
= 20 cos f - 10 ( - sin f) + 0
At point P, x = 5, y = 2 and z = 1
y
2
Now
f = tan -1 = tan -1 = 21.8014
x
5
TM
+ 3az
... Refer Table 1.13.1
Field Theory
1-7
Vector Analysis
cos f = 0.9284 and sin f = 0.3714
H x = 20 ( 0.9284) + 10 0.3714 = 22.282
Then
H y = H a y = 20 a r a y - 10 a f a y + 3 a z a y = 20 sin f - 10 cos f + 0
H a = 20 a a - 10 a a
20 0 - 10 0 + 3 1 = 3
+ 3a a
= 20 ( 0.3714) - 10 ( 0.9284) = - 1.856

And
\
Hz =
=
H = 22.282 a x - 1.856 a y + 3 a z in cartesian system.
Example 1.13.7
Solution : A(x = 2, y = 3, z = 1),
B(r = 4, f = 50, z = 2)
Converting point B to cartesian system,

x = r cos f = 4 cos ( 50) = 2.57115
y = r sin f = 4 sin ( 50) = 3.0641
z = z=2
\
dAB =
=
(x B - xA ) 2 + ( y B - y A ) 2 + (z B - zA ) 2
(2.57115 - 2) 2 + ( -3.0641 - 3) 2 + [2 - ( -1)] 2 =
0.326212 + 36.77331 + 9
= 6.7896
Example 1.13.8
Solution : H = xy 2 z a x + x 2 yz a y + xyz 2 a z
2
i) Cylindrical : Hx = xy z, Hy = x yz, Hz = xyz

x = r cos f, y = r sin f, z = z
2
Hr = H a r = xy z (a x a r ) + x yz (a y a r ) + xyz (a z a r )
= xy 2 z cos f + x 2 yz sin f + 0
Refer Table 1.13.1
= r cos 2 f z cos f + r 2 cos 2 f r sin f z sin f = r z cos3 f + r 3 z sin 2 f cos 2 f

2
H f = H a f = xy z (a x a f ) + x yz (a y a f ) + xyz (a z a f )
= xy 2 z( - sin f) + x 2 yz(cos f) + 0 = -r z sin f cos 2 f + r 3 cos3 f z sin f
2
H z = H a z = xy z (a x a z ) + x yz (a y a z ) + xyz (a z a z )
2
= 0 + 0 + xyz (1) = r 2 sin f cos f z 2

\
H = Hr a r + H f a f + H z a z
2
ii) Spherical : Hx = xy z, Hy = x yz, Hz = xyz
x = r sin q cos f, y = r sin q sin f, z = r cos q

TM
Field Theory
1-8
H x = r 4 sin 3 q cos q sin 2 f cos f
H y = r 4 sin 3 q cos q sin f cos 2 f
H z = r 4 sin 2 q cos 2 q sin f cos f
Vector Analysis
H r = H a r = H x (a x a r ) + H y a y a r + H z (a z a r )
= H x sin q cos f + H y sin q sin f + H z cos q
Refer Table 1.13.2
2
2
4
4
2
2
4
2
= r sin q cosq sin f cos f + r sin q cos q sin f cos f + r sin q cos3 q sin f cos f
4
H q = H a q = H x (a x a q ) + H y a y a q + H z (a z a q )
= H x cosq cos f + H y cos q sinf + H z ( - sin q)
= r 4 sin 3 q cos 2 q sin 2 f cos 2 f + r 4 sin 3 q cos 2 q sin 2 f cos 2 f - r 4 sin 3 q cos 2 q sin f cos f
H f = H a f = H x (a x a f ) + H y a y a f + H z (a z a f )
= H x ( - sin f) + H y ( cos f) + 0
= - r 4 sin 3 q cos q sin 3 f cos f + r 4 sin 3 q cos q sin f cos3 f
\
H = Hr a r + Hqa q + Hfa f
Example 1.13.9
Solution : From B, B = 10, B = r cos q, B = 0
r
f
q
r
i) Spherical to rectangular
Bx = B a x =
=
By =
=
Bz =
=
But
r =
sin q =
10
(a r a x ) + ( r cos q)(a q a x )
r
10
sin q cos f + r cos q cos q cos f
r
10
(a r a y ) + ( r cos q)(a q a y )
B a y =
r
10
sin q sin f + r cos q cos q sin f
r
10
(a r a z ) + ( r cos q)(a q a z )
B az =
r
10
cos q + r cos q( sin q)
r
x2 + y 2 + z2 ,
x2 + y 2
2
x +y +z
cos q =
sin f =
z
x2 + y 2 + z2
y
2
x +y
TM
(1)
(2)
(3)
,
tan f =
cos f =
y
x
x
x + y2
Field Theory
1-9
Vector Analysis
Using in equations (1), (2) and (3),

10x
xz 2
\
Bx =
+
x2 + y 2 + z2
x2 + y 2 + z2 x2 + y 2
\
By =
Bz =
10y
x2 + y 2 + z2
10z
x2 + y 2 + z2
yz 2
x2 + y 2 + z2 x2 + y 2
z x2 + y 2
x2 + y 2 + z2
\
B = Bx a x + By a y + Bz a z
ii) Spherical to cylindrical
10
Br = B a r =
(a a ) + ( r cos q)(a q ar )
r r r
10
=
sin q + r cos q cos q
r
10
(a a f ) + ( r cos q)(a q a f )
Bf = B a f =
r r
10
=
( 0) + ( r cos q)( 0) = 0
r
10
Bz = B a z =
(a a z ) + ( r cos q)(a q a z )
r r
10
=
cos q + r cos q( sin q)
r
But
r = r sin q,
q = tan 1
z = r cos q,
f = f,
r
r
, tan q = , sin q =
z
z
B = Br a r + B z a z
(4)
(5)
(6)
r = r2 + z2
Using in equations (1.13.4), (1.13.5) and (1.13.6),

10r
z2
, Bf = 0 ,
+
Br =
r2 + z2
r2 + z2
\
In rectangular
r
r
+ z2
Bz =
cos q =
10z
2
r +z
z
2
r + z2
rz
r2 + z2
In cylindrical
(B f = 0)
Example 1.13.10
Solution : G = 8 sin f a r
Spherical system
i) Spherical to rectangular
G x = G a x = 8 sin f a r a x = 8 sin f sin q cos f
G y = G a y = 8 sin f a r a y = 8 sin f sin q sin f
G z = G a z = 8 sin f a r a z = 8 sin f cos q
TM
Field Theory
1 - 10
r =
\
sin q =
sin f =
Gx =
Gy =
Gz =
x2 + y 2 + z2 ,
x2 + y 2
2
x +y +z
y
2
x +y
8y
x2 + y 2
x + y2 + z2
x
x + y2
8xy
x2 + y 2
x2 + y 2 + z2
z
y
x
(x 2 + y 2 ) x 2 + y 2 + z 2
(x 2 + y 2 )
f = tan 1
cos q =
cos f =
x2 + y 2
,
z
q = tan 1
8xy x 2 + y 2
8y 2
Vector Analysis
x2 + y 2 + z2
x2
+ y2
x 2 + y2 + z 2
8y 2
x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2 + z 2
8yz
x2
+ y2
x 2 + y2 + z 2
\
G = G xax + G y ay + G zaz
ii) Spherical to cylindrical
G r = G a r = 8 sin f a r ar = 8 sin f sin q
Rectangular
G f = G a f = 8 sin f a r a f = 0
G z = G a z = 8 sin f a r a z = 8 sin f cos q
r = r sin q,
sin q =
\
Gr =
G =
r
r2 + z2
8r sin f
r2 + z2
8rsinf
r2 + z 2
r
q = tan 1 ,
z
z = r cos q,
,
cos q =
G f = 0,
ar +
z
r2 + z2
Gz =
8zsinf
r2 + z 2
tan q =
r
z
f=f
8z sin f
r2 + z2
Cylindrical
az
Example 1.13.11
Solution :
But
1
a
r r
Fx
sin q cos f cos q cos f - sin f
F = sin q sin f cos q sin f cos f
y
- sin q
0
Fz
cos q
... Spherical co-ordinates
F =
Fq = Ff = 0
and
Fr =
Fr
F
q
Ff
1
r
TM
Field Theory
1 - 11
Vector Analysis
1
sin q cos f
r
1
\
Fy = sin q sin f Fr =
sin q sin f
r
1
\
Fz = cos q Fr =
cos q
r
At x = 1, y = 1 and z = 1
Fx = sin q cos f Fr =
r =
\
\
x2 + y 2 + z2 =
y
z
3 , q = cos - 1 = 54.735, f = tan - 1 = 45
r
x
Fx = 0.333, Fy = 0.333, Fz = 0.4082

F = 0.333 a x + 0.333 a y + 0.4082 a z
Example 1.13.12
Solution :
\
B =
Br =
10
a + r cos q a q + a f
r r
10
,
r
B q = r cos q,
Bf = 1
Bx
sin q cos f cos q cos f - sin f
B = sin q sin f cos q sin f cos f
y
- sin q
0
B z
cos q
in spherical
10
r
r cos q
1
Bx =
10
sin q cos f + r cos 2 q cos f - sin f
r
(1)
By =
10
sin q sinf + r cos 2 q sin f + cos f
r
(2)
Bz =
10
cos q - r sin q cos q
r
(3)
But
r =
sinq =
x2 + y 2 + z2 ,
x2 + y 2
x2 + y 2 + z2
cosq =
z
x2 + y 2 + z2
y
sin f =
x2 + y 2
tan f =
y
x
x
cos f =
x2 + y 2
Using equations (1), (2) and (3), B in cartesian system is :

where,
B = Bx a x + By a y + Bz a z
Bx =
By =
10 x
x2 + y 2 + z2
10 y
2
x +y +z
xz 2
(x 2 + y 2 ) (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
yz 2
(x 2 + y 2 ) (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
TM
y
x2 + y 2
x
x2 + y 2
(4)
(5)
Field Theory
1 - 12
Bz =
10 z
x2 + y 2 + z2
Vector Analysis
z x2 + y 2
(6)
x2 + y 2 + z2
At ( 3, 4, 0), x = 3, y = 4, z = 0
\
B = - 2 ax + ay
For transforming spherical to cylindrical use,
Br
sin q cos q 0 B r
B = 0
0
1 Bq
f

B z
cos q - sin q 0 B f
\
Br = sin q B r + cos q B q =
In cartesian
10 sin q
+ r cos 2 q
r
Bf = Bf = 1
B z = cos q B r - sin q B q =
Now
And
\
10 cos q
- r sin q cos q
r
r = r sin q, z = r cosq, f = f, r = r 2 + z 2 , q = tan - 1

tanq =
r
hence sin q =
z
r
r2 + z2
, cos q =
r
z
z
r2 + z2
B = Br a r + B f a f + B z a z where,
Br =
10 r
2
r +z
z2
r2 + z2
B f = 1, B z =
10 z
2
r +z
rz
r2 + z2
p
p
and z = 2
At given point 5, , - 2 , r = 5, f =
2
2
\
Br =
Bz =
\
10 5
5 2 + ( - 2) 2
10 ( - 2)
52
+ (-
2) 2
( - 2) 2
= 2.467 ,
5 2 + ( - 2) 2
5 ( - 2)
Bf = 1
= 1.167
5 2 + ( - 2) 2
B = 2.467 a r + a f + 1.167 a z
In cylindrical
qqq
TM
Coulombs Law and

Electric Field Intensity
Example 2.2.7
Solution : The force exerted on 0.3 mC charge is,

Q 1Q 2
a 12
F2 =
4pe 0 R 212
a 12 =
Q2 (1, 2, 3)
0.3 mC
Q1 (2, 0, 5)
R12
0.1 mC
R12 = (1 - 2) a x + ( 2 - 0) a y + ( 3 - 5) a z
= - ax + 2 ay - 2 az
and
\
R12
F2 =
( -1) 2 + ( 2) 2 + ( -2) 2 = 3
(0.3 10 -3 )(-0.1 10 -3 ) [a
4p 8.854 10 -12 ( 3) 2
12
- ax + 2 ay - 2 az
= 29.9591
= 9.986 a x + 19.9727 a y 19.9727 a z N

\
F2
( -9.986) 2 + (19.9727 ) 2 + ( -19.9737 ) 2 = 24.4613 N
Example 2.2.8
Solution : The charges are shown in the Fig. 2.2.
The position vectors of the points A, B and C are,
A = - 4ay + 3 az
B = ay +az
C = - 3 ay + 4 az
\
a12
R12
R1Q = C - A = a y + a z
(2 - 1)
TM
Fig. 2.1
Field Theory
2-2
and
R2Q = C - B = - 4 a y + 3 a z
R1Q =
=
R2Q
\
Coulomb's Law and Electric Field Intensity

z
C
(1) 2 + (1) 2 = 2 And
R1Q
R2Q
Q1
A
( -4) 2 + ( 3) 2 = 5
Q2
F1 = Force on Q due to
Q1 =
and
Q Q1
4 p e 0 R 21Q
a 1Q
F2 = Force on Q due to
Q2 =
QQ 2
4 p e 0 R 22Q
Fig. 2.2
a 2Q
Q
Q Q1
a 1Q + 2 a 2Q
4 p e0 R2
R 22Q
1Q
Ft = F1 + F2 =
-9
Q
2 10
2
4 p e0
2
Q
Q
7.071 10 -10 a y + a z + 2 - 4 a y + 3 a z
125
4 p e0
( )
a y + a z
Q2
+
(5) 2
- 4ay + 3az
\ Total z component of Ft is,

=
3 Q2
Q
7.071 10 -10 +
a
125 z
4 p e 0
To have this component zero,

7.071 10 -10 +
\
Q2 = -
3 Q2
= 0 as Q is test charge and cannot be zero.
125
y
7.071 10 -10 125

= 29.462 nC
3
Example 2.2.9
Solution : Let the side of equilateral triangle
is d and is placed in x-y plane as shown in
the Fig. 2.3.
l(AB) = l(BC) = l(AC) = d
2
l(CD) =
\ A (0, 0, 0),
d
d 2 - =
2
d
P
3d
2
A
z
B (d, 0, 0),
d
2
D
d
Fig. 2.3
TM
d
2
Field Theory
2-3
d 3d
C ,
, 0
2 2
1
rd of height of
3
perpendicular drawn from any one corner to opposite side, from the side on which
Key Point
For equilateral triangle, the centroid is at a distance of
perpendicular is drawn.
\
l(DP) =
1
l(CD)
3
i.e.
l(DP) =
d
1
3d
= 0.2886d
=
3
2
2 3
d
\ Co-ordinates of centroid P , 0 . 2886 d, 0
2
The charge at each corner is +Q. Let charge at P is QP. Then net force Ft on charge at A
due to all other charges is,
Ft = FB + FC + FP
=
a BA
Ft
4p e 0 R 2BA
a BA +
QQ
4p e 0 R 2CA
a CA +
4p e 0 R 2PA
a PA
d
a - 0 . 2886 da y
2 x
0 . 5773 d
d
3d
Q2 - a x - 2 a x - 2 a y
=
+
4pe 0 d 2
d2 d
Q QP
d
3d
- ax ay
RCA
2
2
=
a CA =
d
|RCA |
- da x
RBA
=
=
= ax ,
d
|RBA |
a PA =
QQ
Q2
Q QP
+ 4pe
0
[- a x - 0.5 a x - 0.866 a y ] + 4pe
- d a - 0 . 2886 d a
y
2 x
(0.5773 d) 2 (0.5773 d)
Q QP
4pe 0 d
Q
4pe 0 d 2
0d
[- 2 .5987 a x - 1 .5 a y ]
{[ - 1.5 Q - 2.5987 Q P ] a x + [- 0.866 Q - 1 .5 Q p ] a y }
For keeping all charges in equilibrium, Ft = 0

\
\
1.5 Q 2.5987 QP = 0
QP = 0.5773 Q
Thus charge at centroid P must be negative and 0.5773 times the charge Q.
TM
Field Theory
2-4
Example 2.2.10
Solution : The square is kept in x-y plane with origin as one of its corners, as shown in
the Fig. 2.4.
z
l (AC) = 8 m
l (BD) = 8 m
The diagonals AC = BD = 8 m
Q2 = 150 mC
Let AD = DC = BC = AB = l m
\ l2 + l2 = 82
\ l = 5.656 m
Hence the co-ordinates of various points are,
A (0, 0, 0), B (0, 5.656, 0), C (5.656, 5.656, 0),

D (5.656, 0, 0)
E
C
y
At A, B, C, D
Q1 = 30 mC
The point E is centroid hence E (2.828, 2.828, 0).
Fig. 2.4
The point P is 3 m above the centre E hence the co-ordinates at P are (2.828, 2.828, 3).
To find force on charge at P which is Q 2 = 150 mC due to charges at A, B, C and D of
Q 1 = 30 mC each.
\
FA =
FC =
FP = FA + FB + FC + FD
Q1 Q2
2
4 p e 0 RAP
Q1 Q2
4 p e 0 R 2CP
Q1 Q2
a AP =
2
4 p e 0 RAP
a CP =
Q1 Q2
4 p e 0 R 2CP
Q1 Q2
Q1 Q2
RAP
RBP
, FB =
a BP =
2
2
| RAP|
4 p e 0 R BP
4 p e 0 R BP | RBP|
Q1 Q2
Q1 Q2
RCP
RDP
, FD =
a DP =
2
2
| RCP|
4 p e 0 R DP
4 p e 0 R DP | RDP|
RAP = (2.828 - 0) a x + (2.828 - 0) a y + (3 - 0) a z = 2.828 a x + 2.828 a y + 3 a z

RBP = (2.828 - 0) a x + (2.828 - 5.656) a y + (3 - 0) a z = 2.828 a x - 2.828 a y + 3 a z
RCP = (2.828 - 5.656) a x + (2.828 - 5.656) a y + (3 - 0) a z = - 2.828 a x - 2.828 a y + 3 a z
RDP = (2.828 - 5.656) a x + (2.828 - 0) a y + (3 - 0) a z = - 2.828 a x + 2.828 a y + 3 a z
| RAP| =| RBP| = | RCP| = | RDP| =
\ FA + FB + FC + FD =
\ FP =
Q1 Q2
4 p e 0 (5) 3
30 10 - 6 150 10 - 6
4 p 8.854 10 - 12 5 3
(2.828) 2 + (2.828) 2 + 3 2 = 5
[RAP + RBP + RCP + RDP ]

[12 a z ] = 3.8827 a z N
Example 2.2.11
Solution : The arrangement is shown in the Fig. 2.5.
Force on Q 2 is given by,
TM
Field Theory
2-5
F2 =
Q 1Q 2
4pe 0 R 212

z
a 12
Q 1Q 2
R12
4pe 0 R 212
R12
R12 = P2 - P1
= [ 3 4] a x + [2 7] a y + [ 9 ( -5)] a z
= -7 a x - 5 a y - 4 a z
R12
2
( -7 ) 2 + ( - 5) + ( -4) 2
90
R12
y
P1 (4, 7, 5)
Q1 = 2 mc
Q2 = 7 mc
P2 (3, 2, 9)
Fig. 2.5
F2 =
2 10 -3 - 7 10 -3
4p 8.854 10 -12
90
-7 a x - 5 a y - 4 a z
90
= 1031.603 a x + 736.859 a y + 589.487 a z N

Example 2.2.12
Solution : Let the square is in x-y plane as

shown in the Fig. 2.6. Let us find the force
on charge at A due to charges at B, C and
D.
QA Q B
Q Q
R1
a R1 = A B
FBA =
2
2
R1
4 p e0 R
4 p e0 R
1
FCA =
and FDA =
A(0, 0, 0)
QA Q C
R2
4 p e 0 R 22
R2
QA Q D
R3
4 p e 0 R 23
R3
R1
(0.05, 0, 0)
C (0.05, 0.05, 0)
Fig. 2.6
R1 = ( 0 - 0.05) a x = -0.05 a x , R1 = 0.05

R2 = -0.05 a x - 0.05 a y , R2 = ( 0.05) 2 + ( 0.05) 2 = 0.07071
R3 = -0.05 a y , R3 = 0.05
QA Q B
4 p e0
\
3 10 -6
QA Q C
QA Q D
=
=
=
= 0.0808
4 p e0
4 p e0
4p 8.854 10 -12
FA = FBA + FCA + FDA

TM
D (0, 0.05, 0)
y
R2
B
x
R3
Field Theory
2-6
- 0.05 a x
- 0.05 a y
- 0.05 a x - 0.05 a y
= 0.0808
+
+
2
2
2
( 0.05) 0.05 ( 0.07071) 0.07071 ( 0.05) 0.05
= 43.79 a x - 43.79 a y N
\
(43.79) 2 + (43.79) 2 = 61.9284 N
|FA | =
Force on any one charge
Example 2.3.6
Solution :
a R1 =
\
R1
( 2)
Q2
4 p e 0 R 22
R2
ax + az
2
ax + az
2
R2
Q2
x
B
(1, 0, 0)
Fig. 2.7
R2
2
P (0, 0, 1) Q
1
R1
A (1, 0, 0)
y
1
[a x + a z ]
2
( 0 - 1) a x + (1 - 0) a z
( 2)
4 p e0
+ (1 - 0) a z
Q R2
4 p e0
E2 =
R1
8 p e0
R2
a R1
4 p e 0 R 21
[ 0 - ( -1)] a x
4 p e0
a R2 =
\
R1
E1 =
E2 =
Q1
E1 =
-ax + az
2
1
a x + a z
= 2 [ - a x + a z
2
E = E 1 + E 2 = 0.3535 a x + 1.0606 a z V m
Example 2.3.7
Solution :
The electric field is given by,

Q
aR
E =
4 p e0 R2
Q (54.9 nC)
( 4, 5, 3)
P
(0, 0, 0)
R = [0 - ( - 4)] a x + (0 - 5) a y + (0 - 3) a z
aR
y
= 4a x -5a y - 3a z
|R| =
\
42 +52 + 32 =
50
R
Q
E =
2
4 p e 0 R |R|
=
Fig. 2.8
54.9 10 - 9
4 p 8.854 10 - 12
50
4a x -5a y - 3a z
50
= 5.5825 a x - 6.9781 a y - 4.1868 a z V / m

TM
Field Theory
2-7
Example 2.3.8
Solution : The arrangement is shown in the

Fig. 2.9.
3l
2
Let AB = BC = CA = l. So CP =
l
A(0, 0, 0), B (l, 0, 0), C ,
2
3l
, 0
2
2Q
R3
l
l
3l
2
and
P , 0, 0
2
R1
A
3Q
E at P is to be obtained.
Q1
E1 =
a R1
4p e 0 R 21
l
2
R2
l
2
1Q
Fig. 2.9
0.5 l a x
R1
l
=
= ax
R1 = - 0 a x + 0 a y + 0 a z = 0.5 l ax, a R1 =
2
0.5 l
|R1|
\
E1 =
Now
E2 =
3Q
4pe 0 ( 0 . 5l) 2
Q2
4p e 0 R2
ax =
1.078 10 11 Q
l2
ax
l
a R2, R2 = - l a x + 0 a y + 0 a z = 0.5 l a x
2
|R2| = 0.5 l, a R2 =
1Q
R2
= ax
|R2|
(- a x ) =
- 3 . 595 10 10 Q
E2 =
And
E3 =
R3 = 0.866 l a y ,|R3| = 0.866l, a R3 =
E3 =
4p e 0 ( 0 . 5 l) 2
l2
ax
3
l l
a R3 , R3 = - a x + 0 l a y + 0 a z
2
2
2
4p e 0 R3
Q3
- 2Q
4p e 0 ( 0 . 866 l) 2
E at P = E1 + E2 + E3 =
(- a y ) =
Q
l2
R3
= ay
|R3|
2 . 3968 10 10 Q
l2
ay
[7.185 10 10 a x + 2.3968 10 10 a y ] V/m
TM
... Ans.
Field Theory
2-8

z
Example 2.3.9
Solution : Let the square is in x-y plane as shown
in the Fig. 2.10. The co-ordinates of various points
are,
10 cm
A(0, 0, 0), B(0, 0.1, 0), C(0.1, 0.1, 0), D(0.1, 0, 0)
E =
Qi
4pe 0 Ri 2
i=1
EB =
ED =
EC =
Q
4pe 0 R B 2
Q
4pe 0 R D 2
Q
4pe 0 R C 2
1 10 6
4p 8.854 10 12
C
1 mC
10 cm
Fig. 2.10
a Ri
a RB where R B = 0.1 a y , a RB = a y
a RD where R D = 0.1 a x , a RD = a x
a RC where R C = 0.1 a x 0.1 a y , a RC =
EA = EB + ED + EC =
=
1 mC
B
10 cm
1 mC
D
To find E at the vacant corner A.

3
10 cm
Q
4pe 0
0.1 a x 0.1a y
( 0.1) 2 + ( 0.1) 2
[ 0.1 a x 0.1 a y ]
ay
ax
+
2 (0.1) 2
[( 0.1) 2 + ( 0.1) 2 ] 3 / 2
(0.1)
[100 a y 100 a x 35. 35 a x 35. 35 a y ] = 1216.49 a x 1216.49 a y kV m
Example 2.3.10
Solution : Consider the circle consisting of charges placed in xy plane and charge of
- 20 mC is on z axis, 2 m from the plane of the circle. This is shown in the Fig. 2.11.
EA
The charges are placed equally i.e. at an

interval of 360/10 = 36 between each
other. Five pairs of charges which are
dimetrically opposite to each other, exists
on the circumference of a circle. Consider a
pair A and B. The field EA due to Q at A,
at point P is shown in the Fig. 2.12.
l (OQ) = 2 m,
EB
45
45
EBy
EAy
P(0,0,2)
R
2
l (OP) = 2 m
hence PAO = 45
\ y component of EA i.e. EA y = EA cos 45
B
Q
Q
45
O
2
Similarly l (OB) = 2 m, l (OP) = 2 m

hence
PBO = 45
Q
45
2
Q
\ y component of EB i.e. EBy = EB cos 45
Fig. 2.11
TM
A
Q
Field Theory
2-9
But EAy is in - a y direction while EBy is in a y direction. From symmetry of the

arrangement EAy = EBy . Hence they cancel each other.
While z components of EA and EB help each other as both are in a z direction.
EAz = EBz = EA or EB sin 45 a z
Similarly there are 4 more pairs of charges which will behave identically and their y
components are going to cancel while z components are going to add.
Thus total z component of E at P is,

Etotal = (E due to any charge) 10 sin 45 a z =
where
R =
Etotal =
Q
4 p e0 R2
10 sin 45 a z
( 2) 2 + ( 2) 2 = 8
500 10 -6
4 p e0
( 8)
10 sin 45 a z = 3.972 10 6 a z
V/m
FP = Q P Etotal = -20 10 -6 3.972 10 6 a z = 79.44 (a z ) N
This is the force on the charge at P. In general, force acts normal to the plane in which
circle is kept, i.e. 79.44 a n where a n is unit vector normal to the plane containing the
circle.
Example 2.3.11
Solution :
\
Now
a) A (2, 1, 3) and P (0, 0, 0)

Q
a AP
E at P =
2
4 p e 0 RAP
a AP =
E =
( 0 - 2) a x + [ 0 - ( -1)]a y + [0 - 3] a z
( -2) 2 + (1) 2 + ( 3) 2
5 10 -9
4 p 8.854 10 -12
14
- 2ax +ay - 3az
14
= 1.715 a x + 0.857 a y 2.573 a z V/m

b) Let point P is now (x, 0, 0).
\
a AP =
E =
( x - 2) a x + a y - 3 a z
rAP
=
rAP
( x - 2) 2 + (1) 2 + ( -3) 2
4 p e0
( x - 2) a + a - 3 a
x
y
z
2
( x - 2) + 1 + 9
( x - 2) 2 + 1 + 9
TM
Field Theory
2 - 10
5 10 - 9
4 p e 0 ( x - 2) + 10
=
| E| =
44.938
[(x - 2)
[(x - 2)
[( x - 2) a x + a y - 3 a z ]
3/ 2
[( x - 2) a x + a y - 3 a z ]
3/ 2
x - 2 2 + 1 2 + -3 2 =
(
) ( ) ( )
+ 10
44.938
3/ 2
+ 10
44.938
( x - 2) 2 + 10
V/m
To find x at which| E| is maximum,

d | E|
= 0
dx
- 2 ( x - 2)
44.938
( x - 2) 2 + 10
= 0
2
(x 2) = 0
x = 2
\
The graph of|E | against x is shown in the Fig. 2.12.
| E|max =
|E| in V/m
4.49
|E| max
c) Hence| E|max is at x = 2,
\
where| E| is maximum.
44.938
= 4.4938 V/m
10
Example 2.3.12
10
Fig. 2.12
Solution : The charges Q 1 and Q 2 are shown in the

Fig. 2.13.
a1 =
and
a2 =
RP
1O
- P1
|P1|
- P2
|P2|
= -
= 4 and
Q2
P2 = 4 a z
- - 4ay
4
)=a
P1
a1
(0,4,0)
Q1
- 4az
= -az
4
RP
2O
Fig. 2.13
=4
TM
10
Let us find E at the origin due to Q 1 and Q 2 .

P1 = - 4 a y ,
P2(0,0,4)
a2
Field Theory
2 - 11
E = E1 + E2 =
Q1
4 p e 0 R 2P O
1
10 10 -9
4 p e0
a1 +
Q2
4 p e 0 R P2
a2
2O
-9
20 10
a y ]+
[- a z ] = 5.6173 a y 11.2346
[
2
4
4 p e ( 4) 2
a z V/m
Now let Q 3 = 40 nC is at point P3 ( x, y, z).

\
P3 = x a x + y a y + z a z
and
RP
3O
x2 + y 2 + z2
The field intensity due to Q 3 at the origin is,

E3 =
Q3
4 p e 0 R 2P
aP
3O
3O
Q3
4 p e 0 R 2P
3O
- xa - y a - za
x
y
z
2
2
2
x +y +z
The total E has to be zero with E3 added to E1 and E2 .

\ E1 + E2 + E3 = 0
In E1 + E2 , there is no x component and to have x component of E with E3 zero, x = 0.
The y component of E3 must cancel y component of E1 + E2 .
y Q3
= 5.6173
\
4 p e 0 R 2P O x 2 + y 2 + z 2
3
Now
\
x2 + y 2 + z2
R P3O =
y Q3
2
4 p e0 x + y + z2
y
x2 + y 2 + z2
3/ 2
x2 + y 2 + z2
5.6173 4 p e 0
40 10 -9
= 5.6173
= 0.01562
... Q 3 = 40 nC
= 0.01562
... (a)
But x = 0 hence,
y
y2 + z2
3/ 2
Similarly z component of E3 must cancel z component of E1 + E2 .

- z Q3
= 11.2346
\
2
4 p e0 RP O x2 + y 2 + z2
3
Substituting Q 3 , R P
3O
and x = 0 we get,
TM
Field Theory
2 - 12
= 0.03124
(y + z )
3/ 2
(y 2 + z 2 )
2
From equation (a),
3/ 2
... (b)
y
= 64.0204 y
0.01562
z
= 0.03124
64.0204 y
Putting in equation (b),

Using equation (c) in (a),
y
y 2 + ( -2y) 2
= 0.01562 i.e.
3/ 2
i.e.
z=2y
y
[y
+4y
3/ 2
... (c)
= 0.01562
Solving, y = 2.3929 and z = m 4.7858

But y must be positive and z must be negative in P3 to have E = 0.
\ Q3 must be located at (0, 2.3929, 4.785)
Example 2.3.13
Solution :
E at origin = E due to P + E due to Q =
Qp
4 p e 0 R 21
a R1 +
R1 = (0 - 0) a x + (0 - 4) a y + (0 - 4) a z = - 4 a y - 4 a z , | R1| =
QQ
4 p e 0 R 22
32
R2 = (0 - 4) a x + (0 - 0) a y + (0 - 2) a z =
- 4 a x - 2 a z , | R2| = 20
R
R2
and a R2 =
\ a R1 = 1
|R1|
|R2|
\
E at origin =
P(0, 4, 4)
(- 4 a y - 4 a z )
10 - 8
4 p 8.854 10
- 12
( 32)
( - 0.5 10 - 8 )
4 p 8.854
10 - 12
a R2
32
R1
(0, 0, 0)O
(- 4 a x - 2 a z )
20) 2
20
R2
Q(4, 0, 2)
x
Fig. 2.14
= 1.986 a y 1.986 a z + 2 a x + a z
= 2 a x 1.986 a y 0.986 a z V/m
Example 2.4.5
Solution : i) 0 < x < 5 m, r L = 12x 2 mC m
Q =
r L dL =
ii) r S = rz 2 nC m 2 ,
Q =
r = 3, 0 < z < 4 m
r S dS =
S
x3
= 500 mC = 0.5 C
12 x 2 dx mC = 12
3
0
r S [r df dz] = r
S
TM
2p
rz 2 10 9 df dz
z = 0 f= 0
... r = 3
Field Theory
2 - 13
= ( 3) 10
iii) r v =
Q=
10
C m 3,
rsinq
r v dv =
vol
[f]
2p
0
z3
3 = 1.206 mC
0
r=4m
2p
r v r 2 sin q dr dq df =
f= 0 q= 0 r = 0
vol
10
r 2 sin q dr dq df
r sin q
r2
= 10 [q] 0p [f] 20 p = 1579.136 C.
2
0
Example 2.4.6
f
1000
electrons/m 3
cos
r
4
1 electron = - 1.6 10 -19 C charge
Solution :
ne =
r v = n e charge on 1 electron =
f
- 1.6 10 - 16
cos C / m 3
r
4
The volume is defined as sphere of r = 2 m.

\
\
dv = r 2 sin q dr dq df
Q =
2p
r v dv =
vol
... spherical system
f = 0q = 0r = 0
= - 1.6 10 - 16
f
- 1.6 10 - 16
cos r 2 sin q dr dq df
4
r
2p
sin f
2
r2
p
4
2 [- cos q]0 1
0
4
0
= - 1.6 10 - 16 2 2 4 1 = - 2.56 10 - 15 C
Example 2.4.7
Solution : r v = 10z 2 x sin py C/m 3
Consider differential volume in cartesian system as, dv = dx dy dz
dQ = r v dv = 10z 2 x sin py dx dy dz
\
\
Q =
r v dv =
3.6
10z 2 x sin py dx dy dz
z = 3 y = 0 x = -1
vol
3.6
z 3 x 2 - cos py 1
= 10
p
3 2
0
3 -1
3.6 3 3 3 4 1 cos p cos 0

= 10
= 62.57 C
+
3
3 2 2
p
p
TM
Field Theory
2 - 14
Example 2.4.8
Solution : r v = cos 2 q
Q =
r v dv where dv = r
vol
2p
[r
sin q dr dq df
sin q dr dq df] cos 2 q
f= 0 q= 0 r = 0
2
p
r 3
8
2p
= [f] 0 sin q cos 2 q dq = 2p I
3
3
0
q = 0
Consider,
I =
sin q cos
q dq, Put cos q = t
sin q dq = dt
i.e.
q= 0
I =
cos 3 q
t 3
cos 3 p - cos 3
2
- dt t = 3 = 3 =
3
0
q= 0
q= 0
( -1) 3 - (1) 3
2
=
=+ 3
3
8
2
32p
= 11.1701 C
Q =
2p =
3
3
9
Example 2.6.7
z
Solution : i) For origin let r = r1

rL
E=
a
2pe 0 r1 r1
Parallel
to x-axis
z=5
Point on the line is (x, 3, 5). Origin is (0, 0, 0)

Do not consider x co-ordinate as the charge is parallel
to x-axis.
\
r1 = (0 3) a y + (0 5) a z
= 3 a y 5 a z , |r 1 | =
\
E=
30 10 -9
2p 8.854 10
12
34
O
y=3
x
-3 a y - 5a z
34
34
Fig. 2.15
= 47.582 a y 79.303 a z V/m

ii) P(5, 6, 1)
\
\
r2 = (6 3) a y + (1 5) a z = 3 a y 4 a z , |r2 | = 5
E=
30 10 -9
2p 8.854 10 -12
3 ay - 4 az
= 64.711 a y 86.2823 a z V/m
5
5
TM
Field Theory
2 - 15
Example 2.6.8
Solutino : a) The line charge is shown in the

Fig. 2.16.
It is parallel to the x axis as y = 1 constant
and z = 2 constant. The line charge is infinite
hence using the standard result,
r
L
a
E =
2 p e0 r r
2
P(6,1,3)
To find a r , consider a point on the line charge

(x, 1, 2) while P (6, 1, 3). As the line charge
is parallel to x axis, do not consider x
coordinate while finding a r .
\
\
O
1
Fig. 2.16
r = ( -2) 2 + (1) 2 = 5
r = ( -1 - 1) a y + ( 3 - 2) a z = - 2 a y + a z ,
ar =
E =
- 2ay +az
r
=
|r|
5
rL
2 p e0
-9 2ay +az
- 2 a y + a z 24 10
=
5
5
2 p 8.854 10 -12 5
= 172.564 a y + 86.282 a z V/m

b) Consider a point charge Q A at A (3, 4, 1).
The electric field due to Q A at P (6, 1, 3) is, EA =
QA
2
4 p e 0 RAP
a AP
RAP = [ 6 - ( -3)]a x + [-1 - 4] a y + [3 - 1] a z = 9 a x - 5 a y + 2 a z , RAP = 10.488

\
a AP =
EA =
RAP
RAP
9ax -5ay + 2az

10.4888
QA
4 p e 0 (10.4888) 2
9ax -5ay + 2az
10.4888
The total field at P is now, Et = E + EA

The y component of total Et is to be made zero.
5 QA
\ - 172.564 ay = 0
4 p e 0 (10.4888) 3
QA =
i.e.
5 QA
4 p e 0 (10.4888) 3
= 172.564
- 172.564 4 p 8.854 10 -12 (10.4888) 3

= 4.4311 mC
5
TM
Field Theory
2 - 16
Example 2.6.9
Solution : The charge is shown in the Fig. 2.17.
z=3
Key Point Charge is not infinite hence basic method of
differential charge dQ must be used.
dQ
dQ = r L dL = r L dz
r L dz
dQ
R
dE =
aR =
2
2
|R|
4p e 0 R
4p e 0 R
\
\
(0,0,z)
z=1
y
i) To find E at origin
\
R = z a z , |R| = z, a R = a z
dE =
E =
r L dz( -a z )
4p e o
i.e.
z2
-20 10 -9
E=
-rL
4p e o
dz
2
z=1 z
az
Fig. 2.17
z= 3
4p 8.854 10 -12
ii) To find E at P(4, 0, 0)
- 1
a z = 119.824 a z V/m
z z = 1
\ R = (4 0) a x + (0 z) a z = 4 a x z a z , |R| = 16 + z 2
Key Point As the charge is not infinite, all the co-ordinates are considered.
dE =
E =
r L dz
4p e o
(16+ z 2 )
4 ax - z az
16 + z 2
3
3
rL
- z dz a z
4 a x dz
2 ) 3/ 2
2 ) 3/ 2
4p e o
(
+
(
+
16
z
16
z
z=1
z = 1
I1
I2
For I1, use z = 4 tan q, dz = 4 sec2 q dq

Limits : z = 1, q1 = 14.03
q2
I1 =
q1
and
z = 3, q2 = 36.87
4 4 sec 2 q dq
(16 + 16 tan 2
q) 3 / 2
q2
q1
4 2 sec 2 q
3
4 sec q
q2
dq =
q1
1
cos q dq
4
1
1
q
[sin q] q 2 = [sin 36.87 sin 14.03] = 0.08938
4
4
1
Using same substitution for I2 we get,
=
TM
Field Theory
2 - 17
q2
I2 =
4 tan q 4 sec 2 q dq
4 3 sec 3
q1
= -
q2
q1
=-
q2
q1
sin q
1
1
dq
cos q sec q 4
sin q
1
1
q
dq = [- cos q] q 2 = [ cos 36.87 + cos 14.03]
4
4
4
1
= 0.04253
\
E =
20 10 - 9
4p 8.854 10 -12
[ 0.08938 a x 0.04253 a z ] = 16.066 a x 7.645 a z V/m
Example 2.6.10
Solution : i) Charge is infinite along z-axis.
rL
\
a , Point on line charge (0, 0, z), P (1, 2, 3)
E =
2p e o r r
\
r = (1 0) a x + (2 0) a y = a x + 2 a y , |r| = 5
Do not consider z co-ordinate as charge is along z axis and infinite.

a x + 2a y
ii) Charge is finite from z = 4 to z = +
E =
2 10 - 6
2p e o 5
= 7.19 a x + 14.38 a y kV/m
Refer Ex. 2.6.9 for the procedure.

r dz a x + 2 a y + ( 3 - z) a z
dE = L
4p e o [5 + ( 3 - z) 2 ] 3 / 2
Integrating for z = 4 to + 4 and using the substitution 3 z =

is,
E = 4.891 a x + 9.782 a y + 4.891 a z kV/m
5 tan q, the final answer
Example 2.6.11
P(2,3,15)
z
Solution : The line is shown in the Fig. 2.18.

The line with x = 3 constant and y = 4 constant is
a line parallel to z axis as z can take any value.
The E at P (2, 3, 15) is to be calculated.
The charge is infinite line charge hence E can be
obtained by standard result,
rL
a
E =
2 p e0 r r
ar
4
3
O
To find r, consider two points, one on the line

which is (3, 4, z) while P (2, 3, 15). But as line is
parallel to z axis, E cannot have component in a z x
direction hence z need not be considered while
calculating r.
TM
Fig. 2.18
Field Theory
2 - 18
r =
[2 - ( -3)]a x + [3 - 4] a y
= 5ax -ay
\
|r| =
ar =
E =
... z not considered
(5) 2 + ( -1) 2 = 26
5ax -ay
r
=
|r|
26
rL
1 5 a x - a y
2 p e 0 26
26
25 10 -9 5 a x - a y
2 p 8.854
10 -12
26
= 86.42 a x - 17.284 a y V/m

Example 2.6.12
Solution : The line charge is shown in the Fig. 2.19.
rL = 5 nC/m
P
(0,0,5)
Any point on the line charge is (4, 6, z).
Key Point As line charge is parallel to z-axis, E can
(4,6,z)
not have any component along z direction. So do not

consider z co-ordinate while calculating r.
\
y=6
r = ( 0 - 4) a x + ( 0 - 6) a y
= - 4 a x - 6 a y , r = 16 + 36 = 52
ar =
E at P =
x=4
Parallel
to z-axis
Fig. 2.19
- 4 ax - 6ay
r
=
r
52
r
2pe 0 r
ar =
5 10 -9
2p 8.854 10
-12
- 4a x - 6a y
52
52
= - 6. 913 a x - 10.37 a y V/m

Example 2.6.13
rL = 40 nC/m
Solution : The charge is shown in the Fig. 2.20.
P(2,2,8)
Key Point As charge is along z-axis, E can not have any
component in a z direction.
Do not consider z co-ordinate while calculating r .
r = ( -2 - 0) a x + (2 - 0) a y
\
= -2 a x + 2 a y , r =
4+4 = 8
TM
(0,0,z)
x
Fig. 2.20
Field Theory
2 - 19
E =
rL
rL
r
ar =
2 p e0 r
2 p e0 r r
40 10 -9 -2 a x + 2 a y
2 p 8.854 10
-12
8 8
= - 179.754 a x + 179.754 a y V m
Example 2.6.14
Solution : Consider the charge along z-axis as shown

in the Fig. 2.21. Consider the differential charge at a
distance z.
dQ = r L dl = r L dz
\
dE =
r dz
L
B (0, 0, z2)
R
P(0, h,0)
R = 0 a x + ( - h - 0)a y + (0 - z)a z
dE =
E =
h 2 + z2 , a R =
r dz
h dz
(h 2
+ z 2 ) 3/ 2
h 2 sec 2 q dq
h
1
z
h
2
h + z2
z1
z2
I2 =
sec 3
z1
+ z 2 ) 3/ 2
u du
u3
, z = h tan q, dz = h sec2 q dq
1
h
z2
cos q dq =
z1
1
z
[sin q] z 2
h
1
2
z2
z1
1
=
2
2
2
z
h + z2
h + z 21
1
z dz
(h 2
(1)
I2
I1
z2
I2 =
h 2 + z2
z2
z 2 - h dz a
z a z dz
y
4pe 0 (h 2 + z 2 ) 3/ 2 (h 2 + z 2 ) 3/ 2
z1
z1
z1
Fig. 2.21
R
| R|
4pe 0 (h 2 + z 2 )
z1
z2
I1 =
- ha y - za z
z2
I1 =
A (0, 0, z1)
= - ha y - za z
(0, 0, z)
aR
4pe 0 R 2
| R| =
dl
, h2 + z2 = u2, 2z dz = 2u du
1 z2
1
= -
= -
u z
2
h + z 2
1
TM
z
1
h2+z2
q
h
Fig. 2.21 (a)
Field Theory
2 - 20
1
1
= -
h 2 + z2
2 + 2
h
z1
2
Using I1 and I2in equation (1),

\
z2
z1
-rL
4pe 0
h h 2 + z 22 h h 2 + z 21
E =
1
h 2 + z 22
a + -rL
y 4pe 0
2
2
h + z1
1
-1
+
h 2 + z2
2
h + z 21
2
Example 2.6.15
Solution : Q = 1 mC and placed

A(0, 0, 1) and B(0, 0, 2) m.
L = 21=1m
\
between
B
(0, 0, 2)
dz
(0, 0, z)
Q 1
= = 1 mC/m
L 1
Consider an elementary charge dQ at a distance
z as shown in the Fig. 2.22.
dQ = r dz
\
a V/ m
z
P2(0, 1, 1)
(0, 0, 1)
y
P1(0, 0, 0)
i) For point P1(0, 0, 0),

R
| R|
\
dE
= -z a z , a R = - a z
= z
r L dz
dQ
=
(- a z )
aR =
2
4pe 0 z 2
4pe 0 R
z =2
r dz
L
2
z = 1 4 pe 0 z
-r
4pe 0
= -
Fig. 2.22
(- a z )
dz
z =1z
az
1 10 -6
4p 8.854 10 -12
- 1 a = 8987.7424 1 - 1 a
z
2 z
z 1
= 4493.8712 a z V/m
ii) For point P2(0, 1, 1)
R = 0 a x + (1 - 0)a y + (1 - z)a z , | R| = 1 + (1 - z) 2
\
dE =
dE =
dQ
4pe 0
R2
aR =
r dz
[a y + (1 - z)a z ]
R
L
=
2
4pe 0 R |R | 4pe 0 [1 + (1 - z) ] 1+ (1 - z) 2
dQ
1 10 -6
4p 8.854
10 -12
a y dz
(1 - z) a z dz
2
3/
2
[1 + (1 - z) ]
[1 + (1 - z) 2 ] 3/ 2
TM
Field Theory
2 - 21
E =
dE = 8987.7424
2
z =
dz
I1 =
z = 1
[1 + (1 - z) 2 ] 3/ 2
dz a y
(1 - z) dz a z
+
2
3/
2
[1 + (1 - z) 2 ] 3/ 2
[1 + (1 - z) ]
1
2
put 1 z = tan q, dz = sec q dq
For z = 1, q 1 = 0 and z = 2, q 2 = 45
q2
I1 =
q1
- sec 2 q dq
[1 + tan 2 q] 3/ 2
= - [sin q]
I1
-45
0
I2 =
z =
for z = 1,
u2
I2 =
- u du
u3
q2
cos q d q
q1
2
2
put [1 + (1 z) ] = u
(1 z)dz = u du
u1 = 1 and z = 2,
u1
1
dq = sec q
= - [sin ( - 45 )] = + 0.7071
2 3/ 2
1 [1 + (1 - z) ]
i.e.
q2
q1
(1 - z) dz
\ 2(1 z) ( dz) = 2u du
=-
1
= - -
u 1
u2 =
=
- 1 = 0.2928
2
E = 8987.7424 [0.7071 a y 0.2928 a z ] = 6355.2326 a y 2631.6109 a z V/m
Example 2.6.16
Solution : The charge is shown as in the Fig. 2.23.
Key Point If rL is not distributed all along the
rL
length then standard result can not be used. The

dQ
basic procedure is to be used.
As charge is not infinite, let us use basic

procedure of considering differential charge.
aR
Consider the differential element dl in the z

direction hence,
dl = dz
\
\
dQ = r
dE =
dl = r
dQ
4 p e0 R2
(2,0,0)
dz
aR =
r L dz
4 p e0 R2
P
5
aR
dE
Any point on z axis is (0, 0, z) while point P at

which E to be calculated is ( 2, 0, 0).
TM
rL
Fig. 2.23
Field Theory
2 - 22
R = ( 2 - 0) a x + ( 0 - z) a z = 2 a x - z a z
( 2) 2 + ( - z) 2 = 4 + z 2 , a R =
|R| =
dE =
r dz
2ax - zaz
L
=
2
4 p e 4 + z 2
4+z
0
dz
4 p e 0 4 + z 2
2ax - zaz
R
=
|R|
4 + z2
3/ 2
(2 a x
- zaz )
Now there is no charge between 5 to 5 hence to find E, dE to be integrated in two zones

- to 5 and 5 to in z direction.
\
-5
E =
dE + dE
5
Looking at the symmetry it can be observed that z component of E produced by charge

between 5 to will cancel the z component of E produced by charge between 5 to - .
Hence for integration a z component from dE can be neglected.
-5
r dz ( 2 a x )
r dz ( 2 a x )
L
L
+
\
E =
3/ 2
3/
2
5 4 p e0 4 + z2
- 4 p e 0 4 + z 2
Solving,
E = 13 a x V m
To find cylindrical co-ordinates find the dot product of E with a r , a f and a z , at point P,
referring table of dot products of unit vectors.
\
E r = E a r = 13 a x a r = 13 cos f
\
Ef =
Ez =
E a
E a
f
z
= 13 a a
= 13 a a
x
= - 13 sin f
= 0
At point P, x = 2, y = 0, z = 0
\
r =
cos f = 1
x 2 + y 2 = 2 and
and
E r = 13,
f = tan -1
y
= tan -1 0 = 0
x
sin f = 0
E f = 0,
Ez = 0
Hence the cylindrical co-ordinate systems E is,

E = E r a r + E f a f + E z a z = 13 a r V/m
Example 2.7.2
Solution : Refer section 2.7 for the derivation of E at a point 'h' m away from the plane of
the loop with radius of loop r = b.
r bh
L1
an
\
E =
3/ 2
2 e 0 b2 + h 2
TM
Field Theory
2 - 23
QrL bh
F = E Q at point P =
Now
2 e0 b + h 2
3/ 2
an N
where a n is unit vector normal to the plane containing the loop.

Case 1 : For h>>b, b can be neglected compared to h in the denominator.
QrL b
1
\
an N
F =
2 e0 h 2
Case 2 : For h = 0, F = 0 as Q gets located in the plane consisting the loop. So total force
on Q will be radial in all directions. Hence net force on Q is zero, all radial components
cancel each other.
Case 3 : To find relation of b and h for Fmax . Keeping radius 'b' of the loop constant let us
obtain h at which force is maximum.
Q r L bh
dF
d
1
= 0 i.e.
=0
\
3/ 2
dh
dh
2
2
b
h
2
e
+
0
But Q, r L , b, e 0 can not be zero.

1
d
h
\
= 0 i.e.
3/
2
dh 2
2
b + h
\
\
\
(b2 + h 2 )
(b2 + h 2 ) (b2 + h 2 ) - h 23 (b2 + h a )

1/ 2
1/ 2
3 2
b +h2
2
1/ 2
( 2h )
= 0
( 2h ) = 0 i.e. b 2 + h 2 = 2 h ( 2h )
Fmax
1
b
2
Hence the graph of magnitude of force

against the distance h of the charge Q
from the plane of the loop, is as shown
in the Fig. 2.24.
Example 2.8.6
1-h
|F|
b2 = 2 h 2
h =
(
)
2
2
2 3/ 2
(b + h )
3/ 2
(0,0)
b
h=
2
Fig. 2.24
Kept this unsolved example for student practice.
Example 2.8.7
Solution : The plane y = 5 m constant is parallel to xz plane as shown in the Fig. 2.25.
For y > 5, the E component will be along + a y as normal direction to the plane
y = 5 m is a y .
\
an = ay
TM
Field Theory
2 - 24
rS
ay
+ay
Plane
y = 5 x
Fig. 2.25
rS
r
20 10 -9
an = S ay =
a y = 1129.43 a y V/m
2 e0
2 e0
2 8.854 10 -12
For y < 5, the E component will be along - a y direction, with same magnitude.
rS
- a y = 1129.43 a y V/m
E =
\
2 e0
E =
At any point to the left or right of the plane,|E| is constant and acts normal to the plane.
Example 2.8.8
Solution :
Case 1 : Point charge Q 1 = 6 mC at A (0, 0, 1) and P (1, 5, 2)
E1 =
Q1
2
4 p e 0 RAP
a AP =
Q1
2
4 p e 0 RAP
RAP
| RAP|
RAP = (1 - 0) a x + (5 - 0) a y + ( 2 - 1) a z = a x + 5 a y + a z
\
| RAP | =
E1 =
(1) 2 + (5) 2 + (1) 2 = 27

6 10 -6
4p 8.854 10 -12
27
a x +5a y + a z
27
\
E1 = 384.375 a x + 1921.879 a y + 384.375 a z V/m
Case 2 : Line charge r L along x-axis.
It is infinite hence using standard result,
rL
rL
r
ar =
E2 =
2 p e0 r
2 p e0 r r
Consider any point on line charge i.e. (x, 0, 0) while P (1, 5, 2). But as line is along x-axis,
no component of E will be along a x direction. Hence while calculating r and a r , do not
consider x co-ordinates of the points.
\
r = (5 - 0) a y + ( 2 - 0) a z = 5 a y + 2 a z
TM
Field Theory
2 - 25
| r| =
E2 =
(5) 2 + ( 2) 2 = 29
180 10 - 9 5 a y + 2 a z
5 a y + 2 a z
=
29
2 p e 0 29
2p 8.854 10 -12 29
rL
= 557.859 a y + 223.144 a z V/m

Case 3 : Surface charge r S over the
plane z = 1. The plane is parallel to
xy plane and normal direction to the
plane is a n = a z , as point P is above
the plane. At all the points above z = 1
plane the E is constant along a z
direction.
\ E3 =
=
P(1, 5, 2)
rS
a
2 e0 n
az
25 10 -9
2 8.854 10 -12
az
rS
= 1411.7913 a z V/m
Fig. 2.26
Hence the net E at point P is,

E = E1 + E2 + E3
= 384.375 a x + 1921.879 a y + 384.375 a z + 557.859 a y + 223.144 a z + 1411.7913 a z

= 384.375 a x + 2479.738 a y + 2019.3103 a z V/m
Example 2.8.9
Solution :
Fig. 2.27.
The sheet of charge is shown in the
P(0, 0, 3)
Consider the differential area dS carrying the

charge dQ. The normal direction to dS is a z
hence dS z = r dr d f .
10 -4
\ dQ = r S dS = r S r dr df =
r dr df
r
\ dQ = 10 -4 dr df
\
dE =
10 -4 dr df
4 p e0 R2
R
rS
r=4
aR
y
aR
dS
Consider R as shown in the Fig. 2.28, which has

two components in cylindrical system,
1. The component along - a r having radius
r i.e. - r a r .
TM
Fig. 2.27
Field Theory
2 - 26

z
2. The component z = 3 along a z i.e. 3 a z .

R = - r ar + 3az
\
( - r ) 2 + ( 3) 2 = r 2 + 9
|R| =
\
aR =
dE =
- rar + 3az
R
=
|R|
r2 + 9
10 -4 dr df
4 p e 0 r 2 + 9
R
az
- rar + 3az
r 2 + 9
2p
E =
10 -4 dr df
f= 0 r= 0
4 p e0 r 2 + 9
y
r
It can be seen that due to symmetry about z-axis, all

radial components will cancel each other. Hence there
will not be any component of E along a r . So in
integration a r need not be considered.
\
P(0, 0, 3)
3/ 2
ar
Fig. 2.28
(3az )
As there is no r dr in the numerator, use

dr = 3 sec 2 q dq
r = 3 tan q,
For r = 0,
For r = 4,
q2 = tan 1 4 / 3
2p
E =
q2
10 -4 3 sec 2 q dq df
f = 0 q1 = 0
2p
E =
q2
f = 0 f = 0
2p
...Change of limits
q1 = 0
q2
f = 0 q1 = 0
4 p e 0 9 tan 2 q + 9
3/ 2
299.5914 10 3 sec 2 q dq df
[1 + tan q]
2
3/ 2
299.5914 10 3
dq df a z =
sec q
2p
= 299.5914 10 3 [f]0
[sin q ]qq12= 0
(3az )
az
2p
q2
f = 0 q 1 = 0
299.5914 10 3 dq df[ cos q ]a z
az
... Separating variables
= 1.8823 10 6 sin q 2 a z
Now
\
\
q 2 = tan -1
sin q 2 =
... sin 0 = 0
4
4
i.e. tan q 2 =
3
3
4 +3
=5
4
= 0.8
5
q2
E = 1.8823 10 6 0.8 a z
Fig. 2.29
TM
Field Theory
2 - 27
= 1.5059 10 6 a z V/m
= 1.5059 a z MV/m
Example 2.8.10
Solution : Q = 100 mC, r = 10 cm = 0.1 m, area = pr 2 = 0.03141 m2
Q
100 10 6
= 3.1831 10 3 C m 2
=
area
0.03141
rS =
The disc is shown in the Fig. 2.30.

Consider differential surface area dS.
Using cylindrical system,
dS = r dr df, R = r a r + za z
aR =
R
y
r 2 + z2
symmetry.
(a)
dQ
4pe 0
R2
2 p 0. 1
f = 0r = 0
0
rar
(b)
Fig. 2.30
aR
r S [r dr df]
2
zaz
4pe 0 [r + z ] r 2 + z 2
Use r 2 + z 2 = u 2
ds
at P will cancel each other due to
zaz
r a r + za z
Key Point All radial components of E
E=
i.e.
rSz
4pe 0
2p
0. 1
f= 0 r= 0
r dr df
2
[r + z 2 ] 3/ 2
az
r dr = u du
Limits : r = 0, u 1 = z and r = 0.1, u 2 = 0.1 2 + z 2

\
E =
rSz
4pe 0
2p u 2
u du df
u3
f= 0 u1
az =
E =
u
1 2 a
z
u u
1
rSz
1
1
2p
az
4pe 0
u 1 u 2
0.05 = 0.2236
Using z = 20 cm = 0.2 m, u 1 = 0.2 and u 2 =

\
rSz
[f] 2 p
4pe 0 0
3.1831 10 3
0.2
4p 8.854 10
12
1
1
a z = 18.9723 a z MV/m
2p
0.2 0.2236
Example 2.8.11
Solution : The plane is shown in the Fig. 2.31 Consider the differential surface area dS
carrying charge dQ.
dQ = r S dS where dS = dxdy
\
TM
Field Theory
2 - 28
)3/2 dx dy nC
dQ = 2 x 2 + y 2 + 9
dE =
R =
dQ
4p e o R 2
z = 3 plane
aR
O
[0 x] a x + [ 0 y ] a y + [ 0 ( 3)] a z
R = x a x y a y + 3 a z ,
| R| =
x 2 + y 2 + 9, a R =
dE =
2 x2 + y 2 + 9
3/ 2
(2, 2, 3)
dS
x
R
| R|
y
S
P
(2,2,3)
Q (2,2,3)
Fig. 2.31
dx dy
4p e o x 2 + y 2 + 9
[x a x y a y + 3 a z ] 10 9
(x 2 + y 2 + 9)
Due to symmetrical distribution, x and y components of dE will cancel each other and
only z component will exist.
6 a z 10 9
dE =
\
dx dy
4p e o
\
E =
y = 2 x =2
6 10 9
6 10 9
dx dy a z =
[x] 22 [y] 22 a z = 862.82 a z V/m.
4p e o
4p e o
z
Example 2.8.12
Solution : The sheets are shown in the Fig. 2.32.
rS3 = 8 nC/m
z=4
z=1
rS2 = 6 nC/m
rS
E =
a
2 e0 N
rS1 = 3 nC/m
i) PA = (2, 5, 5)
z = 4
It is below the plane z = 4.

Hence a N for this point due to all the sheets is
a z .
\
Et =
Fig. 2.32
r S1
r
r
( a z ) + 2 eS2 ( a z ) + 2 eS3 ( a z ) = 56.47 a z V/m
2 e0
0
0
ii) PB = (4, 2, 3)
It is above z = 4 and below other two plane. Hence a N = +a z for r S1 and a z for r S2
and r S3 .
TM
Field Theory
2 - 29
Et
iii)
8 10 9
3 10 9
6 10 9
=
(a z ) + 2 e ( a z ) +
2 e0
2 e0
0
) (a
) = 282.358 a z V/m
PC = (1, 5, 2)
It is above z = 1 and below z = 4. Hence a N = +a z for r S1 and r S2 while a z for r S3 .

\
Et
iv)
8 10 9
3 10 9
6 10 9
az +
az +
2 e0
2 e0
2 e0
) (a
) = 960.018 a z V/m
PD = (2, 4, 5)
It is above all the planes hence a N = +a z for all.

\
Et =
Example 2.8.13
8 10 9
3 10 9
6 10 9
az +
az +
2 e0
2 e0
2 e0
) (a
) = + 56.47 a z V/m
qqq
TM
Electric Flux Density,

Gauss's Law and Divergence
Example 3.5.4
Solution : a) A point charge of 40 mC at the

origin.
O(0,0,0) Q
P (6, 8, 10) and O (0, 0, 0)

\
r = ( 6 - 0) a x + ( 8 - 0) a y + ( -10 - 0) a z
r =
ar =
D =
P(6,8,10)
= 6 a x + 8 a y - 10 a z
ar
Fig. 3.1
( 6) 2 + ( 8) 2 + ( -10) 2 = 200
6 a x + 8 a y - 10 a z
200
Q
4pr 2
ar =
6 a x + 8 a y - 10 a z
200
4p ( 200 ) 2
40 10 -3
= 6.752 10 -6 a x + 9.003 10 -6 a y - 11.254 10 -6 a z C m 2

b) r L = 40 mC m along z-axis
The charge is infinite hence,
rL
a
E =
2pe 0 r r
As the charge is along z-axis there can not be any component of E along z-direction.
Consider a point on the line charge (0, 0, z) and P (6, 8, 10). But while obtaining r do
not consider z co-ordinate, as E and D have no a z component.
\
r = ( 6 - 0) a x + ( 8 - 0) a y = 6 a x + 8 a y
6 ax + 8ay
\
r =
( 6) 2 + ( 8) 2 = 10 hence a r =
10
6
a
8
a
+
rL
x
y
E =
\
2pe 0 (10)
10
(3 - 1)
TM
Field Theory
3-2
D = e0 E =
Electric Flux Density, Gauss's Law and Divergence
rL 6ax + 8ay
-7
-7
2
= 3.819 10 a x + 5.092 10 a y C m
2p 10
10
c) r S = 57. 2 m C m 2 on the plane x = 12.

The sheet of charge is infinite over the plane x = 12 which is parallel to yz plane. The
unit vector normal to this plane is a n = a x .
rS
\
a
E =
2e 0 n
The point P is on the backside of the plane hence a n = - a x , as shown in the Fig. 3.2.
z
y
Plane
x=12
6
ax
10
P
Back side
of plane
Fig. 3.2
rS
(- a x )
2e 0
E =
But
D = e0 E
D =
rS
( - a x ) = - 28.6 10 -6 a x C m 2
2
Example 3.5.5
Solution : i) Case 1 : Point charge Q = 6 mC at P (0, 0, 0).
While D to be obtained at A (0, 0, 4).
\
\
r = ( 4 - 0) a z = 4 a z , r = ( 4) 2 = 4 , a r =
D1 =
Q
4pr 2
ar =
6 10 -6
4 p ( 4) 2
r
= az
r
a z = 2.984 10 - 8 a z C m 2
Case 2 : Line Charge r L = 180 nC/m along x-axis. So any point P on the charge is
(x, 0, 0), while A (0, 0, 4). As charge is along x-axis, no component of D is along x-axis.
So do not consider x co-ordinate while obtaining r.
TM
Field Theory
3-3
r = ( 4 - 0) a z = 4 a z , r
= 4, ar =
r
= az
r
As charge is infinite,
\
D2 =
rL
180 10 - 9
ar =
a z = 7.161 10 - 9 a z C m 2
2pr
2p 4
Case 3 : Uniform sheet of charge lies in z = 0 plane. So the direction normal to it is z

direction as plane is xy plane. Hence a n = a z and r S = 25 nC/m 2 .
As sheet is infinite,
D3 =
\
an =
25 10 - 9
a z = 12.5 10 - 9 a z C m 2
2
D = D 1 + D 2 + D3 = 49.501 10 - 9 a z C m 2
ii) The point at which D is to be obtained is now B (1, 2, 4).

Case 1 : Point charge Q = 6 mC at P (0, 0, 0).
\
r = (1 - 0) a x + ( 2 - 0) a y + ( 4 - 0) a z = a x + 2 a y + 4 a z
=
(1) 2 + ( 2) 2 + ( 4) 2 =
ar =
ax + 2ay + 4az
r
=
r
21
D1 =
Q
4pr 2
ar =
21
6 10 - 6
4p (
21 ) 2
a x + 2a y + 4a z
21
= 4.961 10 - 9 a x + 9.923 10 - 9 a y + 1.9845 10 - 8 a z C m 2

Case 2 : Line charge : The point on the charge is (x, 0, 0).
As charge is along x-axis, do not consider x co-ordinate.
\
\
r = ( 2 - 0) a y + ( 4 - 0) a z = 2 a y + 4 a z
r
D2 =
( 2) 2 + ( 4) 2 =
20
rL
180 10 - 9
ar =
2pr
2p 20
hence
... as B ( 1, 2, 4)
ar =
2ay + 4az
20
2ay + 4az
r
=
r
20
= 2.8647 10 - 9 a y + 5.7295 10 - 9 a z C m 2
Case 3 : Infinite sheet of charge in z = 0 plane.
The point B ( 1, 2, 4) is above z = 0 plane hence a n = a z and D3 remains same as before.
r
25 10 - 9
a z = 12.5 10 - 9 a z C m 2
D3 = S a n =
2
2
TM
Field Theory
3-4
D = D 1 + D 2 + D3
= 4.961 10 - 9 a x + 1.2786 10 - 8 a y + 3.807 10 - 8 a z C m 2
iii) Let us find the total charge enclosed by a sphere of radius 4 m.

Charge 1 : Q 1 = 6 mC at the origin.
Charge 2 : The charge on that part of the line which is enclosed by the sphere. The line
charge intersects sphere at x = 4. Hence charge on the length of 8 m is enclosed by the
sphere. This is shown in the Fig. 3.3.
z
4
4m
Intersection of
z = 0 plane with
sphere
y
+4
rL
rS
z = 0 plane
Fig. 3.3
Q 2 = r L length enclosed = 180 10 -9 8 = 1.44 mC
Charge 3 : The intersection of z = 0 plane with a sphere is a circle with radius 4 m,

in xy plane.
The surface area of this circle is p r 2 .
\
S = p ( 4) 2 = 50.2654 m 2
Hence the total charge enclosed is,

\
Q 3 = r S S = 25 10 -9 50.2654 = 1.2566 mC
Hence the total charge enclosed by the sphere is,

Q total = Q 1 + Q 2 + Q 3 = 8.6966 mC
But
y = Q total = Total electric flux leaving the surface of sphere

= 8.6966 mC
Example 3.5.6
Solution : Due to point charge at (3, 0, 0),
Q
ar
D =
4p r 2
TM
Field Theory
3-5

z
r = ( 2 - 3) a x + 0 a y + 3 a z
\ | r| =
\ D1
1 + 9 = 10
- 4p 10 -3 -a x + 3a z
=
2
10
4p
10
P(2,0,3)
= 3.162 10
-5
a x - 9.486 10
-5
az C m
The line charge is along y axis so there can not

be any component at E along y direction.
E =
4pmC
(3,0,0)
Fig. 3.4
|r| = 13
rL
2p 10 -3
2a x + 3a z
ar =
2p e 0 r
2p e 0 13
13
D2 = e 0 E =
Let point on line charge is (0, y, 0) and P (2, 0,

3).
r = ( 2 - 0) a x + ( 3 - 0) a z = 2 a x + 3 a z ,
\
rL = 2p mC/m
10 -3
2a + 3a z ] = 5.547 10 - 4 a x + 8.3205 10 - 4 a z C / m 2
13 [ x
D = D1 + D2 = 0.5863 a x + 0.7372 a z mC/m
Example 3.6.4
Solution : The cube is shown in the Fig. 3.3.

As the origin is at the centre, x varies from 1 to 1, y
varies from 1 to 1 and z varies from 1 to 1, as
each side of the cube is 2 m.
p
r v = 50 x 2 cos y 10 -6 C / m 3
2
2m
\Q =
2m
O
r v dv where dv = dx dy dz
v
1
z = -1 y = -1 x = -1
= 50 10 -6
50 x 2
p
cos y 10 -6 dx dy dz
2
2m
x
Fig. 3.5
p 1
1
x 3 sin 2 y
1
3 p [z]-1
-1
2 -1
1 3 ( -1) 3 2
p
p
= 50 10 -6
sin - sin - [1 - ( -1)]
2
2
3 p
3
50 10 -6
2
1 + 1) [1 - ( -1)]( 2) = 84.882 mC
(
p
3
TM
Field Theory
3-6
Example 3.6.5
Solution : Note that the r v is dependent on the variable r. Hence though the charge
4
distribution is sphere of radius 'a' we can not obtain Q just by multiplying r v by p a 3
3
as r v is not constant. As it depends on r, it is necessary to consider differential volume dv

and integrating from r = 0 to a, total Q must be obtained. Thus if r v depends on r, do
not use standard results.
... Spherical system
a)
dv = r 2 sin q dr dq df
\
Q =
r v dv =
2p
r2 2
r sin q dr dq df
r 0 1 2
a
f= 0 q = 0 r = 0
2p
= r 0 [ - cos q ]0 [f]0
2 r4
r - a 2 dr
r= 0
a
r 3
r5
= r 0 [ - ( -1) - ( -1)][ 2 p ]
= r0 2 2 p
3 5 a2
a 3 a 3
3 - 5
8p
2a3
r a3 C
=
15 0
15
Outside sphere, r v = 0 so Q = 0 for r > a.
b) The total charge enclosed by the sphere can be assumed to be point charge placed at
the centre of the sphere as per Gauss's law.
Q
\
a r at r > a
D =
4 p r2
= r0 4 p
\ Outside the charge distribution i.e. r > a,

E
Q
4 p e0 r 2
8p
3
r0 a 3
2 r0 a 1
= 15
=
15 e 0 r 2
4 p e0 r 2
z
3
1
2 r0 a
a r V/m
E=
15 e 0
r2
Thus E varies with r, outside the charge

distribution.
Gaussian
surface
r=a
r
c) For r < a, consider a Gaussian surface as a

sphere r having r < a as shown in the Fig. 3.6.
Consider dS at point P normal to a r direction,
as D and E are in a r direction.
dS =
r 2 sin q dq df a r
P
ar
D
x
dS
Fig. 3.6
TM
Field Theory
3-7
D = Dr a r
D d S = D r r 2 sin q dq df
Q1 =
2p
D dS
D r r 2 sin q dq df
f= 0 q = 0
p
2p
= D r r 2 [ - cos q ]0 [f]0
= 4 p r 2 Dr
where
Q 1 = Charge enclosed by Gaussian surface
Dr =
Q1
i.e.
4 p r2
D=
Q1
4 p r2
and
ar
E=
Q1
D
=
ar
e0
4 p e0 r 2
Let us find Q 1 , charge enclosed by Gaussian surface of radius r.

2p
Q1 =
r2 2
r sin q dr dq df
r 0 1 a2
f= 0 q = 0 r = 0
2p
= r 0 [ - cos q ]0 [f]0
r 3
r5
3 = 4 pr0
5 a 2 0
r 3
r5
C
3 5 a2
Using in the equation of E, field intensity for r < a is,
E=
r 3
r5
4 p r 0
3 5 a2
4 p e0 r 2
d) To find E to be maximum, inside

d E
d r 0
= 0 i.e.
dr e 0
dr
1 3 r2
= 0
3 5 a2
r2 =
\
\
max
5 a2
9
ar =
r0 r
r3
a V/m
e0 3 5 a 2 r
the sphere i.e. r < a obtain,

r
r 3
= 0
3 5 a 2
as r v 0,
e0 0
i.e. r = 0.745 a
... Proved
r 0 0.745 a ( 0.745 a ) 3 0.1656 a r 0

V/m
=
e0 3
e0
5 a2
TM
Field Theory
3-8
Example 3.6.6
Solution : The charges are shown in the Fig. 3.7. Consider line charge along x-axis. Any
point Q on this charge is (x, 0, 0). As the charge is infinite along x axis, E and hence D
has no component in a x direction.
z
P(3,3,3)
y
rL
rL
Fig. 3.7
\ Q (x, 0, 0) and P (3, 3, 3)

\ r = ( 3 - 0) a y + ( 3 - 0) a z
\
\
r = 3 a y + 3 a z and |r|=
D1 =
... x co-ordinate need not be considered.

9 + 9 = 18
rL
25 10 -6 3 a y + 3 a z
ar =
2pr
2 p 18
18
= 6.6314 10 -7 a y + 6.6314 10 -7 a z C / m 2
Consider any point Q on charge along y axis.
Hence Q (0, y, 0) and P (3, 3, 3). There is no component of E hence D along a y direction
as charge is along y axis. So do not consider y co-ordinate.
\
r = ( 3) a x + ( 3) a z and r = 9 + 9 = 18
\
D2 =
rL
25 10 -6 3 a x + 3 a z
ar =
2pr
2 p 18
18
= 6.6314 10 -7 a x + 6.6314 10 -7 a z C / m 2
Hence total D at point P due to both the charges is,
D = D1 + D2
= 0.6631 a x + 0.6631 a y + 1.3262 a z mC / m 2
TM
Field Theory
3-9
Example 3.6.7
Solution : a) The flux leaving is charge enclosed.
y = Q=
r S dS =
2p
5r
f = 0r = 0
r2
+1
r dr df
The dS = r dr df as the r S is in plane z = 2, to which the normal direction is a z , as

shown in the Fig. 3.8.
z
az
r<5
rS
z=2
plane
dS
Fig. 3.8
y =
2p
f= 0 r = 0
Now
x 2 dx
a x2 + c
r2 +1
dr df
a
x c 1
tan -1 x
-
c
a a ac
2p
y = 5 [f]0
5 r2
r - tan -1 r
[]
1
0
... a = c = 1
= 5 2 p 5 - tan -1 5 = 113.932 nC
... use radian mode
b) Half of the flux leaves in a z direction while other half leaves in - a z direction.
113.932
= 56.966 nC
\ y leaving in - a z direction =
2
Example 3.6.8
Solution : D = 2 r z cos 2 f a r - r z sin f cos f a f + r 2 cos 2 f a z
i)
r = 3,
0z5
The surface is cylindrical as shown in the Fig. 3.9.
TM
Field Theory
3 - 10
z
z=5
r=3
z=0
Q =
Fig. 3.9
D dS =
top
bottom
For top, z = 5, d S = r dr df a z
\
\
D d S =
D d S = r 3 cos 2 f dr df
top
2p
D dS
side
... a z a z = 1
r 3 cos 2 f dr df =
f= 0 r = 0
2p
r3
[1 + cos 2 f]
2
f= 0 r= 0
dr df
r4
sin 2 f f = 2 p
1
= f +
= 63.617 C
2 f = 0
4
2
0
For bottom, z = 0, d S = - r dr df a z
D d S = - r 3 cos 2 f dr df
i.e.
For lateral surface, r = 3, d S = r df dz a r

\
\
D d S =
D d S = 2 r 2 z cos 2 f df dz
side
2p
... a r a r = 1
2p
D d S = 63.617 C
bottom
2 r 2 z cos 2 f df dz = 2 r 2
f = 0z = 0
[1 + cos 2f]
f = 0z = 0
df dz
sin 2f f = 2 p
2 r2 z2
=
f
+
2 f = 0
2
2
0
=
\
... r = 3 constant
2 9 25
2 p = 706.858 C
2
2
Total flux = 63.617 - 63.617 + 706.858 = 706.858 C

TM
Field Theory
ii) z = 0,
3 - 11
0 r 3
This surface is circle in xy plane as shown in the

Fig. 3.10.
r=3
0
This is nothing but bottom surface of the cylinder

considered in part (i) above.
\ Electric flux = 63.617 C
x
z=0
Example 3.7.6
Fig. 3.10

z
z
rL1
r = 3m
r = 3m
rL1
A
rS
rS
(a) Charge distribution
(b) Gaussian surfaces
Fig. 3.11
The spherical surface A shown in the Fig. 3.11 (b) is the Gaussian surface for the line
charge. Let the differential surface area is dS = r df dz to which a r is normal. The D is
directed radially outwards. The length of the Gaussian surface is L.
and d S = r df dz a r
\
D = Dr a r
The radius r of Gaussian surface A is 0 < r < 3.
\
Q =
D dS =
S
L
... ( a r a r = 1)
D r r df dz
2p
D r r df dz = D r r [f] 20 p [z] L0 = D r r 2pL
z= 0 f= 0
But charge on the line of length L is Q = r L1 L

\
r L1 L = D r r 2pL
\
Dr =
r L1
2pr
and
D=
r L1
a
2pr r
\
TM
Field Theory
3 - 12
0.3978
2.5 10 -6
for 0 < r < 3 m
ar =
ar mC m2
r
2pr
The spherical surface B is the Gaussian surface enclosing both the charge distributions.
r
Due to the line charge, D 1 = L1 a r remains same.
2pr
And due to cylinder of radius 3 m, let it be D 2 . The direction of D 2 is radially outwards.
Consider differential surface area normal to a r which is r df dz. The length of Gaussian
surface is L.
D =
\
\
D 2 = D 2r a r
Q =
and
D2
dS =
d S = r df dz a r
2p
... ( a r
D 2r r df dz = D 2r r 2 p L
z= 0 f= 0
= 1)
Now charge on the surface of length L and radius r is,

Q = r S Surface area = r S 2p rL
where r = 3 m = Radius of charge distribution
= 2p - 0.12 10 -6 (3) L = - 2.2619 10 -6 L C

\
\
\
- 2.2619 10 -6 L = D 2r r 2p L
i.e.
D 2r =
- 0.36
a r mC m 2
r
0.0378
a r mC m 2
D = D1 + D2 =
r
D2 =
- 2.2619 10 -6 - 0.36
=
10 -6
2p r
r
for r > 3
for r > 3
Example 3.7.7
Solution : a) At r = 2 cm, it is inner side of inner sphere. It is seen that inside a spherical
shell with surface charge E and D = 0. Now r = 2 cm is inside of all three spheres hence
E = D = 0.
At r = 4 cm which is exterior to innermost sphere but inside of spheres having radii 5
and 7 cm. Hence at r = 4 cm, D and E exist due to sphere of r = 3 cm with
r S = 200 mC/m 2 .
E =
rS a 2
e0 r 2
... (Refer section 3.7.5)
ar
(
) a = 12.706 10 6 a V/m
r
2 r
8.853 10 -12 (4 10 -2 )
200 10 -6 3 10 -2
Here
a = Radius of sphere = 3 cm and r = 4 cm is distance.
and
D = e 0 E = 112.5 a r m C m 2
At r = 6 cm, the E and D will be due to the two spherical shells having radii 3 and 5
cm. While due to sphere of r = 7 cm, D and E are zero at r = 6 cm.
TM
Field Theory
3 - 13
\ a 1 = 3 cm ,
r S1 = 200 mC m 2
r S1 (a 1 ) 2
(
)
ar =
2
8.854 10 -12 (6 10 -2 )
200 10 -6 3 10 -2
E1 =
D 1 = e 0 E = 50 a r mC m 2
And a 2 = 5 cm,
e 0 (r)
a r = 5.6471 10 6 a r V/m
r S2 = - 50 mC m 2
r S2 (a 2 ) 2
(
)
2
8.854 10 -12 (6 10 -2 )
- 50 10 -6 5 10 -2
E2 =
D 2 = e 0 E = - 34.722 a r mC m 2
e 0 (r) 2
ar =
E = E 1 + E 2 = 1.7255 10 6 a r V/m
and
D = D 1 + D 2 = 15.278 a r mC m 2
a r = - 3.9216 10 6 a r V/m
Note that radial distance r is measured from the centre i.e. origin of the spheres.
b) The spheres are shown in the Fig. 3.12.
a1 = 3 cm
a2 = 5 cm
a3 = 7 cm
r = 7.32 cm
Fig. 3.12
At r = 7.32 cm, all three shells produce D.

r (a ) 2
r (a ) 2
r (a 3 ) 2
\
ar
D 1 = S1 1 a r , D 2 = S2 2 a r , D3 = x
(r) 2
(r) 2
(r) 2
But D = 0 at r = 7.32 cm as given.
\
D = D 1 + D 2 + D3 = 0
i.e.
r S1 (a 1 ) 2 + r S2 (a 2 ) 2 + r x (a 3 ) 2
(r) 2
But r 0 and a r 0
TM
ar = 0
Field Theory
3 - 14
r S1 (a 1 ) 2 + r S2 (a 2 ) 2 + r x (a 3 ) 2 = 0
rx
) (
(
)
) (
-6
-2 2
+ - 50 10 -6 5 10 -2
200 10 3 10
= -
2
7 10 -2
= 11.2244 mC m 2
Example 3.7.8
a
+
\ Dr =
Q
4 p r2
i.e.
Gaussian
surface
+
0
+
= Dr r sin q dq df
D d S =
2
\ dy = D dS = Dr a r r sin q dq df a r
Q = y=
dS
+
Case [1] Consider point P outside sphere

such that r > a. The Gaussian surface passes
through point P. Now D is directed along
a r direction hence D = D r a r .
dS = r2 sin q dq df
Spherical system
r>a
Charged
sphere
Solution : Consider a sphere of radius 'a' as

Fig. 3.13
2p
Dr r sin q dq df = 4p r Dr
f= 0 q= 0
D=
Q
4 p r2
ar
Now total charge enclosed is, Q = r v dv

v
2p
Q =
3 2
k r r sin q dr dq df =
f= 0 q= 0 r= 0
D = Dr a r =
k a6
4pk a6
6
a r C/m
6 r2
Case [2] Let point P is on the surface of sphere i.e.
4pk a6
Q
and Q =
\
ar
D =
6
4pa2
for r > a
r=a
k a4
2
for r = a
a r C/m
6
Case [3] Let point P is inside sphere i.e. r < a. The Gaussian surface passes through point
P as shown in the Fig. 3.14.
D =
Again dS and D are directed radially outwards.

TM
Field Theory
3 - 15
2
\ D dS = Dr r sin q dq df
\
y = Q=
Charged
sphere
D d S
2p
+
2
Dr r sin q dq df
D=
Q
4 p r2
r v dv =
Q =
D = Dr a r
ar
Gaussian
surface
Now charge enclosed by sphere of

radius r only is to be considered and
not the entire sphere.
\
dS
i.e.
4 p r2
= 4p r 2 D r
Dr =
f= 0 q= 0
2p
kr 4 p
6
4 p r2
3 2
k r r sin q dr dq df =
f= 0 q= 0 r= 0
D =
Fig. 3.14
ar =
kr6
4p
6
k r4
2
a r C/m
6
for 0 < r < a
The sketch of D against r is,

1 2
D =
( r D r ) as D is only in a r direction
r2 r
=
D =
1 2 ka 6
r
=0
r 2 r
6 r 2
for r > a
1 k
1 2 kr4
3
r
= 2 6 r5 = k r
2
6
6
r
r
for r a
ka
6
D
in C/m2
ka
kr
6
6r
r in m
r=a
Fig. 3.15
Key Point As D = r v = k r as given, the results are correct.
TM
Field Theory
3 - 16
Example 3.7.9
Solution : Given D is in cartesian co-ordinates so convert given point P(r = 20 m, f = 55,
z = 5 m) to cartesian.
x = r cos f = 11.471, y = r sin f = 16.383, z = 5
At point P, D = 4x a x + 2 (1 y) a y + 4z a z |P(x, y, z)
\
2
D = 45.884 a x 30.766 a y + 20 a z C/m
Given area 1 mm 1 mm = 10
m is very
small i.e. differential dS hence dS = dS a n

where a n is normal unit vector to dS.
r
According to gauss's law, dy = D d S

No need to integrate as area is differential.
To find a n , consider the cylinder as shown
A(0,0,5)
dS
P(11.471, 16.383, 5)
in the Fig. 3.16.

5
The normal a n is a r at P. But to find a n in
an
cartesian co-ordinates, extend point P radially

to meet axis of the cylinder at
A (0, 0, 5).
The vector AP is now in radial direction at P
f=55
and represents the direction of a n to dS at P.

x
\ an =
11.471 a x + 16.383 a y + 0 a z
11.471 2 + 16.383 2
Fig. 3.16
= 0.5735 a x + 0.8191 a y
6
\ dS = dS a n = 10 [0.5735 a x + 0.8191 a y ]
dy = D d S at P = (45.884 a x 30.766 a y + 20 a z ) d S
= 45.884 10
This is the required flux.
6
0.5735 30.766 10 0.8191 = 1.114 C
Example 3.7.10
Solution : i) The spherical surface at r = 5 encloses all the shells with r1 = 1, r2 = 2 and
r3 = 3.
\
Q = Charge enclosed by surface at r = 5

= Charge enclosed by surfaces (r1 + r2 + r3)
= Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = r S 1 4 p r12 + r S 2 4 pr22 + r S 3 4 pr 32
TM
Field Theory
3 - 17
= 4p [20 10
2
9
2
9
2
1 9 10 2 + 2 10 3 ] = 25.1327 nC
\ Flux leaving the surface at (r = 5) = Q = 25.1327 nC

ii) P(1, 1, 2) is in cartesian form
\
r =
(1) 2 + ( -1) 2 + ( 2) 2 = 2.4494 m
Hence shells r1 = 1 and r2 = 2 are enclosed. Refer section 2.8.5 where D =
rSa 2
r2
a r for a
spherical shell with radius a at r > a.

\ D at P = D1 due to (r1 = 1) + D2 due to (r2 = 2) while D at P = 0 due to r3 = 3 as r =
2.4494 is inside the shell.
r (a ) 2
r (a ) 2
\
D at P = S 1 1 a r + S 2 2 a r
( r) 2
( r) 2
20 10 - 9 (1) 2 ( -9 10 - 9 ) (2) 2
2
=
+
a r = 2.667 a r nC/m
2
2
(2.4494)
(2.4494)
Example 3.7.11
Solution : i) Q = 30 nC, L = 50 cm, a = 1 mm,
\ r S (inner conductor) =
b = 4 mm
Q ( inner conductor )
30 10 -9
=
2p a L
2 p 1 10 -3 50 10 -2
= 9.55 mC / m 2
The negative charge density on inner surface of outer conductor exists and given by,
Q ( outer conductor )
- 30 10 -9
=
r S (outer conductor) =
2p b L
2 p 4 10 -3 50 10 -2
= 2.387 mC / m 2
ii) Now
Dr =
a r S 1 10 -3 9.55 10 -6 9.55
=
=
nC / m 2
r
r
r
Er =
Dr
9.55 10 -9
1078.6
V/m
=
=
12
e0
r
r
8.854 10
1078.6
ar
r
For r < 1 mm and r > 1 mm, E and D are zero.
E = Er a r =
Example 3.7.12
Solution : The region is shown in the Fig. 3.17 (a).
a) Region r < 2 m
For this region, there is no charge enclosed hence D = 0.
TM
... Refer Section 2.8.3
... 1 < r < 4 mm
Field Theory
3 - 18
b) Region 2 < r < 4 m

Consider Gaussian surface in cylindrical form of height L and radius r such that 2 < r < 4
as shown in the Fig. 3.17 (b).
3
r C/m
Dotted shown is
Gaussian surface
2m
4m
(a)
(b)
Fig. 3.17
... D is in radial direction.
D = Dr a r
d S = r df dz a r
Q =
D dS=
2p
r dr df D r = r D r 2 p L
... a r a r = 1
z = 0f = 0
But Q enclosed by Gaussian surface at 2 < r < 4 is,

Q = r [Volume of Gaussian surface at 2 < r < 4] = r
2p
r dr df dz
z= 0 f= 0 r= 2
( )
r (r 2 - 4)
=
= r p r 2 - p ( 2) 2 L = p r r 2 - 4 L
\ p r r 2 - 4 L = r Dr 2 p L
\
D =
r r2 - 4
2r
i.e.
Dr
2r
a r C/ m 2
... 2 < r < 4

TM
Field Theory
3 - 19
c) Region r > 4 m
Again
Q = r Dr 2 p L
But Q enclosed by Gaussian surface is Q enclosed by the entire cylindrical region of length
L as r > 4 m.
\
Q = r Volume enclosed = r
2p
r dr df dz
z= 0 f= 0 r= 2
= r
\
\
{p[4 ]- p [2] } L = r p (16 - 4) L = 12 r p L

2
12r p L = r D r 2 p L
Dr =
6r
r
i.e. D =
6r
a r C/ m 2
r
... r > 4
Example 3.7.13
Solution : a) To find Q tot use standard result as r v is constant.
Q tot =
r v dv =
4
p (r) 3 r v
3
...
r = 10 cm
dv =
4
p (r) 3
3
4
p ( 0.1) 3 4 = 0.016755 mC
3
p
Alternatively, Q tot =
2p 0. 1 m
rv r
sin q dr dq df = 0.016755 mC
q= 0 f= 0 r = 0
b) To find D r , consider a Gaussian

surface as a sphere of radius r as
shown in the Fig. 3.18. Consider dS at
point P. The D is in a r direction hence
D = D r a r and dS normal to a r is
r 2 sin q dq df.
Q =
\
\
But
2p
D r r 2 sin q dq df
f= 0 q= 0
p
Q =
Q
4 p r2
Gaussian
surface
2p
Q = D r r 2 [ - cos q ]0 [f]0
Dr =
ar
Fig. 3.18
D dS =
r
P
\ dS = r 2 sin q dq df a r
\
dS
r = 10 cm
and
4
p r 3 rv
3
D =
Q
4 p r2
ar
for a sphere of r
TM
... ( a r a r = 1)
Field Theory
3 - 20
4
p r 3 4 10 -6
= 1.333 r mC / m 2
D = 3
2
4pr
c) Let charge between 10 cm < r < a is Q 1 .

\ Q1 =
2p
r v dv =
Put r 3 + 0.001 = u
2p
r v r 2 sin q dr dq df = [ - cos q ]0 [f]0
f = 0 q = 0 r = 0.1
r = 0.1 r
-3 r 2
3
+ 0.001
3 r 2 dr = du
i.e.
Q 1 = 2p 2
r = 0.1
du
a
= 4 p [ - ln u ]r = 0.1
u
Resubstitute u = r 3 + 0.001,
\
a 3 + 0.001
= - 4 p ln
nC
0.1
2 10 -3
Q 1 = -4 p ln r 3 + 0.001
Hence the total charge for 0 < r < a is, Q tot + Q 1 i.e. resultant charge Q R is
a 3 + 0.001
Q R = 0.016755 10 -6 - 4 p ln
10 -9 C
-3
2 10
But required Q R = 0
a 3 + 0.001
\ 4 p ln
10 -9 = 0.016755 10 -6
-3
2
10
a 3 + 0.001
\
\
2 10 -3
i.e.
= e 1.3333 = 3.7936
i.e.
a 3 + 0.001
ln
= 1.3333
-3
2 10
a 3 = 6.5872 10 -3
a = 0.1874 m = 18.74 cm
Example 3.7.14
Solution :
The charge enclosed by the cylinder is given by,
Q = Charge density Area
Let length of each cylinder is 'L' hence Area = 2p R L
For cylindrical sheet 1, Q 1 = 5 2p 2 L = 20pL C
... R = 2 m
For cylindrical sheet 2, Q 2 = - 2 2p 4 L = - 16pL C
... R = 4 m
For cylindrical sheet 3, Q 3 = - 3 2p 5 L = - 30 pL C

Charge enclosed
a
D =
Area of cylindrical shell considered r
... R = 5 m
TM
dr
Field Theory
3 - 21
The shells are shown in the Fig. 3.19.

R=5
R4 = 6 m
R=4
R3 = 4.5 m
R=2
R2 = 3 m
R1 = 1 m
Fig. 3.19
For R 1 = 1 m, Q = Charge enclosed = 0 C
\ D = 0 C m2
For R 2 = 3 m, Q = Q 1 = 20p L C,
D =
Q
20pL
10
=
=
a C m2
2pR 2 L
2p 3L
3 r
For R 3 = 4.5 m, Q = Q 1 + Q 2 = 20p L - 16pL = 4pL C

\
D =
Q
4pL
=
a = 0.444 a r C m 2
2pR 3 L
2p 4.5 L r
For R 4 = 6 m, Q = Q 1 + Q 2 + Q 3 = 20p L - 16pL - 30 p L = - 26 pL C

\
D =
- 26 pL
Q
=
= - 4.333 a r C m 2
2pR 4 L
2p 6 L
Example 3.9.6
Solution : Assuming given D is in spherical coordinate system. From the Gauss's law in
point form,
D = rv
and
i) For
D =
Dq = 0 ,
D =
At r = 0.06 m,
(r 2 Dr ) + r sin1 q
Df
1
sin q D q ) +
(
r sin q f
q
D = 5 r 2 a r mC/m 2
r < 0.08,
\ Dr = 5 r 2 ,
1
r2
Df = 0
(r 2 5 r 2 ) = r12
( ) = 20r 2r
5 r4
r
= 20 r = r v
r v = 20 (0.06) = 1.2 mC/m 3

TM
Field Theory
3 - 22
D=
ii) For r > 0.08,

\
Dr =
D =
rv
0.1
r2
0.1
mC/m 2
ar
r2
D q = 0,
Df = 0
1
2 0.1
( 0.1) = 0 = r v
r 2 = 2
r
r
r r
= 0 at r = 0.1 m
1
Example 3.9.7
Solution : The volume is incremental so dv = 10 -8 m 3
According to divergence theorem,
Q = D dv
dQ =
D =
( D) dv = Incremental charge in dv
Dx Dy Dz
= 10 yz + 5z + 0
+
+
x
y
z
= 10 yz + 5z
a) At P (0, 0, 0), D = 0
\
dQ = 0 dv = 0 C
b) At P (4, 2, 3), D = 10 2 ( -3) + 5 ( -3) = 75

\
dQ = - 75 10 -8 = 0.75 mC
c) At P (4, y, 3), D = 10 y ( - 3) + (5) ( - 3) = -30 y 15

\
dQ =
( -30 y - 15) 10 -8
= - ( 0.3 y + 0.15) mC
d) dQ will be maximum when D is maximum. For this, y and z must be maximum.

For given region 0 x, y, z 3, the maximum values of y and z are 3. Hence at point
(x, 3, 3) the dQ is at its maximum, x can take any value.
\
dQ (max) = D
y = z= 3
dv = [(10 3 3) + (5 3)] dv\
= 105 10 -8 = 1.05 mC
Example 3.9.8
Solution : a) From given D
D
(12 x 2 ) + (- 3 z 3 ) + (- 9 y z 2 )
144 x 4 + 9 z 6 + 81 y 2 z 4
The D is maximum, when x, y and z are maximum in the given region.

TM
Field Theory
3 - 23
x = y = z = 2
\ At P(2, 2, 2), D
D
will be maximum.
144 2 4 + 9 2 6 + 81 2 2 2 4 = 89.8 C / m 2
max
... maximum values
b) According to Gauss's law in point form,

D = rv
\
D =
Dx Dy Dz
= 24 x + 0 18 yz
+
+
x
y
z
r v = 24 x 18 yz
r v will be maximum when x is minimum and yz are maximum. i.e. x = + 1 and y = z = 2.

\
rv
24 ( +1) - 18 2 2 = + 24 - 72 = 48 C / m 3
max
c) r v is maximum when x is maximum i.e. 2 and y, z are minimum i.e. y = z = 1. Thus

r v is maximum at P(2, 1, 1).
r v max = 24 2 - 18 1 ( +1) = 30 C / m 3
Example 3.9.9
Solution : i) Q =
r v dv =
10 e - 2r r 2 sin q dr dq df
v
2p
10 e - 2r r 2 sin q dr dq df
f = 0 q = 0 0
r
e - 2r r 2 dr = r 2
e - 2r dr - 2r e -2r dr dr
r 2 e - 2r
2r e - 2r
r 2 e - 2r
-
+ r e -2r dr - 1 e -2r dr dr
dr =
-2
-2
-2
e - 2r
r 2 e -2r
e - 2r
-
+ r
dr
-2
-2
-2
r
r 2 e -2r r e -2r 1 -2r

r 2 e -2r r e -2r 1 -2r 1
= - e
+
- e =2
2
4
2
2
4
4
0
\
... By parts
r 2 e -2r r e -2r 1 -2r 1

2p
Q = 10 - e
+ [- cos q] p0 [f] 0
2
2
4
4
r 2 e -2r r e -2r 1 -2r 1

= 40 p - e
+ C
2
2
4
4
TM
Field Theory
3 - 24
D =
ii)
D =
e - 2r
e - 2r
e - 2r
1
2
a r = 10 +
a r C/ m
2
2
2
2
r
4r
4 r2
4p r
2
r Dr
r
1
=
- 5 r 2 e - 2r - 5 r e - 2r - 2.5 e - 2r + 2.5
r 2 r
r2
1
r2
= -
... D only in r direction
{- 10 r e
- 2r
+ 10 r 2 e - 2r - 5 e - 2r + 10 r e - 2r + 5 e - 2r + 0
10 e - 2r
5 e - 2r 10 e - 2r 5 e -2r
= 10 e -2r = r v
+ 10 e - 2r +
+
r
r
r2
r2
Hence the result obtained is correct.

Example 3.9.10
Solution : For a charge free region, r v = 0 and D = r v = 0
D x D y D z
=0
+
+
D =
x
y
z
\
10 + 5 + k = 0
i.e.
k = 15
Example 3.9.11
Solution : Use Gauss's law in point form, D = r v

Given D in spherical coordinates hence,
D =
Now
\
D =
Now
\
r2
D r = 10 sin q,
rv =
1
r2
1
r2
D q = 2 cos q,
r2
Df = 0
(r 2 10 sin q) + r sin1 q
10 sin q
10 sin q
Df
1
sin q D q ) +
(
r sin q f
q
(r 2 ) + r sin1 q
( 2 sin q cos q) + 0
q
( sin 2 q)
q
( 2r ) + r sin q [ 2 cos 2 q ] =
20 sin q 2 cos 2 q
+
r
r sin q
20 sin q 2 cos 2q
C m3
+
r
r sin q
cos 2 q = cos 2 q - sin 2 q

rv
2 cos 2 q - sin 2 q
20 sin q
=
+
r
r sin q
TM
Spherical
Field Theory
3 - 25
20 sin 2 q + 2 cos 2 q - 2 sin 2 q

18 sin 2 q + 2 cos 2 q
=
r sin q
r sin q
sin q
2 cos 2 q sin q
18 +
=
r
r
sin 2 q
Example 3.9.12
[18 + 2 cot 2q ] C / m 3
Dx Dy Dz
= y 2 + x 2 + 1 C/ m3
+
+
x
y
z
ii) Assume given D in spherical co-ordinate system.
rv = D =
Solution : i)
rv = D =
=
1
r2
1
2
( sin q D q ) + r sin q
Df
1
2
r2 + 0 + 0 =
2r = C / m 3
2
r
r
r
[ ]
Example 3.10.4
Dr
z
ar
Solution : The given D is in spherical

co-ordinates. The volume enclosed is shown
in the Fig. 3.20.
45
According to divergence theorem,
D dS =
D) dv
r=4m
aq
y
Dq
The given D has only radial component as

5 r2
while D q = D f = 0.
given. Hence D r =
4
Fig. 3.20
Hence D has a value only on the surface r = 4 m.

Consider dS normal to the a r direction i.e. r 2 sin q dq df
dS = r 2 sin q dq df a r
\
\
\
D dS =
D dS =
2p p / 4
f = 0q = 0
(r 2 sin q dq df) 5r4
5 4
= r sin q dq df
4
5 4
r sin q dq df
4
5 4
p/4
2p
r [ - cos q ]0 [f]0
4
p
5
( 4) 4 - cos 4 - ( - cos 0) [ 2 p ] = 588.896 C
4
and
r=4m
To evaluate right hand side, find D.

D
1
1
1
r 2 Dr +
D =
( sin q D q ) + r sin q ff
2 r
r
sin
q
q
r
TM
... ( a r a r = 1)
Field Theory
3 - 26
1
r
5
2 5 2
r 4 r + 0 + 0 = 2 r
4r
(r 4 ) = 4 5r 2 (4 r 3 ) = 5r
In spherical co-ordinates, dv = r 2 sin q dr dq df

\
D dv =
2p p / 4 4
f = 0 q = 0r = 0
(5 r ) r 2 sin q dr dq df
r4
44
p
p/4
2p
= 5 [ - cos q ]0 [f]0 = 5
- cos - ( - cos 0) 2 p
4
4
4
0
= 588.896 C
Example 3.10.5
Solution : A = x 2 a x + (x 2 y 2 ) a y + 24(x 2 y 2 z 2 )a z
Q =
A
S
dS
The Fig. 3.21 shows unit cube centered at origin.
For A d S, consider all six faces of the cube.
Find dS for each surface.
Fig. 3.21
1) Front (x = 0.5), dS = dy dz a x
2) Back (x = 0.5), dS = dy dz ( a x )
3) Right (y = 0.5), dS = dx dz (a y )
4) Left (y = 0.5), dS = dx dz ( a y )
5) Top (z = 0.5), dS = dx dy a z
6) Bottom (z = 0.5), dS = dx dy ( a z )
A d S = x dx dz
A d S = x y dy dz
A d S = x y dx dz
A d S = 24 x y z dx dz
A d S = 24 x y z dx dy
2
For front,
A d S = x dy dz
2
For back,
For left,
For top,
(y = 0.5)
2 2
(y = 0.5)
2 2 2
(z = 0.5)
2 2 2
For bottom ,
A dS =
S
(x = 0.5)
2 2
For right,
(x = 0.5)
0.5
0.5
0.5
2
x dy dz +
z = - 0.5 y = - 0.5
(x = 0.5)
0.5
2 2
- x y dxdz +
z = -0.5 x = -0.5
(y = - 0.5)
(z = 0.5)
0.5
0.5
0.5
2
- x dydz +
z = - 0.5 y = - 0.5
(x = - 0.5)
0.5
2 2 2
24x y z dxdy +
y = -0.5 x = -0.5
(z = 0.5)
TM
y 2 dxdz
z = - 0.5 y = - 0.5
(y = 0.5)
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-24x
y = -0.5 x = -0.5
(z = - 0.5)
2 y 2 z 2 dxdy
Field Theory
3 - 27

0.5
x3
2
5
= (0.5) [y] -0.5
[z] -0.5
- ( -0.5) 2 [y] -0.5
[z] 0.
+ (0.5) 2
[z] 0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
3
-0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
3
3
y 3
x3
y
2 x
2 x
- ( -0.5)
24(
0.5)
[z] 0.5
24(0.5)
+
=0
3
-0.5
3
3
3
3
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5 -0.5
-0.5
2
Using divergence theorem,

A =
( A) dv =
A x A y A z
2
2 2
= 2x + 2x y + 48 x y z
+
+
x
y
z
0.5
0.5
0.5
[2x + 2x 2 y + 48x 2 y 2 z] dx dy dz
z = -0.5 y = -0.5 x = -0.5

-0.5
3
3 2
2 + 2x y + 48x y z
=
x
dy dz =
3
3
0.5
z = -0.5 y = -0.5
0.5
0.5
2 4y
0.083y + 3
z = -0.5
0.5
0.5
z
dz =
-0.5
0.5
0.5
[0.166 y + 4 y
z] dy dz
z = -0.5 y = -0.5
0.5
0.333 z dz = [0.1666 z
z = -0.5
2 ] 0.5
-0.5
=0
Example 3.10.6
Solution : The volume defined by six planes is a cube.
i)
Q =
... Surface integral
D dS
Consider all six faces of the cube as shown in the Fig. 3.22.
ax Back
ax Front
(a) Cube
ay
Left
az
Top
Right
ay
az
Bottom
(b) Directions of dS
x = Constant planes
(back and front)
y = Constant planes
(sides)
z = Constant planes
(top and bottom)
Fig. 3.22
1) Front surface (x = 3), dS = dy dz,
direction = a x ,
d S = dy dz a x
2) Back surface (x = 1), dS = dy dz,
direction = a x ,
d S = - dy dz a x
3) Right surface (y = 4), dS = dx dz,
direction = a y ,
d S = dx dz a y
TM
Field Theory
3 - 28
4) Left surface (y = 2), dS = dx dz,
direction = - a y ,
d S = - dx dz a y
5) Top surface (z = 5), dS = dx dy,
direction = a z ,
d S = dx dy a z
6) Bottom surface (z = 3), dS = dx dy, direction = - a z ,
For back
For right
...
...
5
= 1
= 1
= 1
= 1
= 1
- 1 3 y 2 z dy dz
- (2) 2 x 3 z dx dz
z= 3 x= 1
4
(5) x 3 y 2 dx dy +
y= 2 x= 1
4
(4) 2 x 3 z dx dz +
z= 3 x= 1
4
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
ax ax = 1
z= 3 y= 2
3 3 y 2 z dy dz +
z= 3 y= 2
...
D dS =
...
For bottom
...
For top
...
For left
d S = - dx dy a z
D d S = x y z dy dz x = 3
For front
D d S = - x y z dy dz x = 1
D d S = x y z dx dz y = 4
D d S = - x y z dx dz y = 2
D d S = x y z dx dy z = 5
D d S = - x y z dx dy z = 3
3
- (3) x 3 y 2 dx dy
y= 2 x= 1
5
y 3 z2
y 3 z2
x4 z2
= 27
-
+ 16
4
2
3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3
1 3
3
x4 z2
x4
- 4 +5
4
2
4
1 3
1
y 3
x4
-3
4
3
1
2
y 3
3 2
= 4032 149.333 + 2560 640 + 1866.666 1120 = 6549.333 mC

ii)
Q =
\
\
D =
D =
D x D y
D z
+
+
= 3 x 2 y 2 z + 2 x 3 yz + x 3 y 2
x
y
z
5
z= 3 y= 2 x= 1
3x3 2
2 x4
x4 2
y
z
+
y
z
+
y dy dz
3
4
4
z = 3 y = 2
5
(3 x 2 y 2 z + 2 x 3 y z + x 3 y 2 ) dx dy dz
TM
... Integrating w.r.t.x
Field Theory
3 - 29
5
[26 y 2 z + 40 yz + 20 y 2 ] dy dz
z= 3 y= 2
5
z= 3
26 y 3
40 y 2 z
20 y 3
z+
+
dz
2
3
3
2
... Integrating w.r.t. y
[485.333 z+ 240 z+ 373.333] dz
z= 3
5
485.333 z 2 240 z 2
=
+
+ 373.333 z
2
2
3
= 3882.6664 + 1920 + 746.666 = 6549.333 mC
Example 3.10.7
Solution : The divergence theorem states that
A dS =
A dS = + + A dS
side top bottom
Now
( A) dv
Consider dS normal to a r direction which is for the side surface.

\
dS = r df dz a r
A d S = ( 30 e - r a r - 2z a z ) r d f dz a r
= 30 r e - r (a r a r ) df dz = 30 r e - r df dz
\
A dS =
2p
30 r e - r df dz
with
r=2
f = 0z= 0
side
2p
= 30 2 e -2 [f] 0 [z] 0 = 255.1

5
The dS on top has direction a z hence for top surface, dS = r dr df a z

A d S = ( 30 e - r a r - 2 z a z ) r dr df a z = 2 z r dr df
\
\
top
A dS =
2p
- 2 z r dr df
with z = 5
f = 0r= 0
2
r2
2p
= -2 5 [f] 0 = - 40 p
2
0
TM
... (a z a z = 1)
Field Theory
3 - 30
While dS for bottom has direction - a z hence for bottom surface,

dS = r dr df ( - a z )
A d S = ( 30 e - r a r - 2 z a z ) r dr df ( - a z ) = 2 z r dr df
But z = 0 for the bottom surface, as shown in the Fig. 3.23.

\
A dS = 255.1 40 p + 0 = 129.4363
S
This is the left hand side of divergence

theorem.
Now evaluate A dv
az
... (a z a z = 1)
z=5
dS
A =
dS
1
1 A f A z
+
(r A r ) + r
r r
f
z
ar
and A r = 30 e - r , A f = 0, A z = -2 z
\ A =
( 30 r e - r ) + 0 +
( -2 z)\
r r
z
1
r
{30 r (- e- r ) + 30 e- r (1)} + (- 2)
= - 30 e - r +
z = 0 az
( A) dv
2p
30 - r
e -2
r
z = 0 f= 0 r = 0
Fig. 3.23
-30 e - r + 30 e - r - 2 r dr df dz
-r
-r
(- 30 r e + 30 e - 2r )
dr df dz
z = 0 f = 0r = 0
e- r
e- r
e - r r 2 5 2 p
= - 30 r
dr + 30
- ( - 30)
- 2 [z] 0 [f] 0
-1
-1
-1 2
Obtained using integration by parts.
= [ 30 r e - r + 30 e - r - 30 e - r - r 2 ] 20 [5][2 p]
= [60 e -2 - 2 2 ] [10 p] = 129.437
This is same as obtained from the left hand side.
Example 3.10.8
Solution : The flux is equal to charge and given by,
TM
Field Theory
3 - 31
Q =
D dS = + + D dS
top bottom side
Consider top surface, in a z direction.

\
d S = r dr df a z
\ D d S = r 2 cos 2 f a r + z sin f a f
az
] r dr df a
z
z=1
r=4m
dS
... a r a z = a f a z = 0
=0
Similarly for bottom surface, in - a z direction,
ar
D dS = 0
Consider the side surface for which the direction of
dS is a r .
\ d S = r df dz a r
\ D d S = r 2 cos 2 f a r + z sin f a f
= r 3 cos 2 f df dz
] [r df dz a ]
az
z=0
Fig. 3.24
... a r a r = 1, a f a r = 0
Now r = 4 m constant for the surface,

\
D d S = 64 cos 2 f df dz
Q =
2p
64 cos 2 f df dz
z = 0f = 0
= 64 [z]10
D dS =
2p
f= 0
2p
sin 2f
1 + cos 2 f
64
df = [1] f +
2
2 0
2
64
sin 4 p
sin 0 64
1 2 p +
-0=
2 p = 201.062 C
2
2
2 2
Let us verify by divergence theorem according to which,

Q =
D =
D) dv
1
1 Df Dz
+
(r Dr ) + r
r r
f
z
TM
Field Theory
3 - 32
1
1 ( z sin f) ( 0)
r 3 cos 2 f +
+
r r
r
f
z
1
z
z
=
cos 2 f 3 r 2 + cos f = 3 r cos 2 f + cos f
r
r
r
( )
and
dv = r dr df dz
1
Q =
2p
z= 0 f= 0 r= 0
1
2p
3 r cos 2 f + z cos f r dr df dz
[3 r
] dr df dz
cos 2 f + z cos f
z= 0 f= 0 r= 0
1
2p
z= 0 f= 0
1
2p
z= 0 f= 0
1
= 32
[(4)
3r3
2
3 cos f + z r cos f df dz
cos 2 f + 4 z cos f df dz =
2p
sin 2f
f + 2 + 4z sin f 0
z= 0
dz = 32
2p
64 (1 + cos 2f)
+ 4z cos f df dz
z= 0 f= 0
[2 p + 0 + 0] dz =
32 2 p
z= 0
dz = 32 2 p 1
z= 0
= 201.062 C
Thus divergence theorem is verified.
qqq
TM
Electric Work, Energy

and Potential
Example 4.3.5
Solution : The work done is given by,
W = -Q
E dL
Let us differential length dL in cartesian co-ordinate system is,

dL = dx a x + dy a y + dz a z
\
E dL =
(- 8 xy a x - 4x 2 a y + a z ) (dx a x + dy a y + dz a z )
= - 8 xy dx - 4x 2 dy + dz
As a x a x = a y a y = a z a z = 1, other dot products are zero.
A
A
A
A
W = - Q - 8 xy dx - 4x 2 dy + dz = - Q - 8 xy dx - 4 x 2 dy + dz
\
B
B
B
B
Case 1 : The path is y = 3x 2 + z, z = x + 4 y = 3x 2 + x + 4 differentiate i.e. dy = (6x + 1) dx
A
For
- 8 xy dx The limits are x = 1 to x = 2.
B
A
For
- 4x 2 y The limits are y = 8 to y = 18
B
A
For
dz The limits are z = 5 to z = 6.
18
6
W = - Q - 8 xy dx - 4 x 2 dy + dz
y= 8
z= 5
x= 1
Using y = 3x 2 + x + 4 and dy = (6x + 1) dx and changing limits of y from 8 to 18 interms of

x from 1 to 2 we get
(4 - 1)
TM
Field Theory
4-2
Electric Work, Energy and Potential
2
6
W = - Q - 8x 3x 2 + x+ 4 dx - 4 x 2 [6x+ 1] dx + dz
x= 1
z= 5
x = 1
2
2
6
= - Q -24x 3 - 8x 2 - 32x dx - 24 x 3 + 4x 2 dx + dz
x= 1
z= 5
x= 1
8
4
= - Q -6x 4 - x 3 - 16x 2 - 6x 4 - x 3
+ ( z)56
x = 1
3
3
= - Q {- 256 + 1} = - 6 -255 = 1530 J

Case 2 : Straight line path from B to A.
To obtain the equations of the straight line, any two of the following three equations of
planes passing through the line are sufficient,
B (1, 8, 5)
and A (2, 18, 6)
y - yB
(y - y B ) = A
( x - x B ),
xA - x B
(z - z B ) =
Using the co-ordinates of A and B,

18 - 8
y8 =
i.e.
(x - 1)
2 -1
\
\
And
\
Now
zA - z B
x - xB
y - y B ), (x - x B ) = A
(
(z - z B )
yA - y B
zA - z B
y 8 = 10 ( x 1)
y = 10x 2
dy = 10 dx
z5 =
6 -5
(y - 8)
18 - 8
i.e.
z5=
1
(y - 8)
10
10 z = y + 42
2
18
6
W = - Q - 8 xy dx - 4 x 2 dy + dz
y= 8
z= 5
x= 1
2
2
6
= - Q - 8 x(10x - 2) dx - 4 x 2 (10dx) + dz
x= 1
z= 5
x= 1
2
-80 3 16x 2 40x 3

= - Q
x +
+ [z]56
2
3
3
x= 1
= - Q {- 213.33 + 32 - 106.667 + 26.667 - 8 + 13.33 + 1} = - Q [ - 255] = - 6 -255 = 1530 J

This shows that irrespective of path selected, the work done in moving a charge from B
to A remains same.
TM
Field Theory
4-3

z
Example 4.3.6
Solution : The line charge along the
z-axis and the circular path along which
charge is moving is shown in the Fig. 4.1.
Circular path
having radius r1
Movement of charge Q in
z = 0 plane (xy plane)
r1
The circular path is in xy plane such that

its radius is r 1 and centered at the line
charge.
y
r1
Consider cylindrical co-ordinate system

where line charge is along z-axis.
dL = rdf af
Infinite
line charge
The charge is moving in a f direction.
Fig. 4.1
\
dL = r df a f
The field E due to infinite line charge along z axis is given in cylindrical co-ordinates as,
rL
a
E =
2pe 0 r r
The circular path indicates that dL has no component in a r and a z direction.

\
dL = r df a f
\
W = -Q
final
E dL = - Q
initial
2p
2p
rL
rL
a r r df a f = - Q
df
2pe 0 r
2pe 0
(ar af ) = 0
As a r a f = 0 as q = 90 between a r and a f .
This shows that the work done is zero while moving a charge such that path is always
perpendicular to the E direction.
Example 4.3.7
Solution : The line charge and the path of the
movement of the point charge Q is shown in the
Fig. 4.2.
rL
The movement of the point charge Q is along a r

direction and hence dL has no component in
a f and a z direction.
... In cylindrical system
\
dL = dr a r
The field E due to infinite line charge along z-axis is
given by,
rL
a
E =
2pe 0 r r
r= b
W = -Q
r= a
rL
a dr a r
2pe 0 r r
r=a
Q
r=b
Q
Fig. 4.2
... ( a r a r = 1)
TM
Field Theory
4-4
W = -Q
r= a
-Q r L
2pe 0
W =
- QrL
rL 1
dr =
2pe 0 r
2pe 0
[ln b - ln a ] =
[ln r ]ba
- QrL
b
ln
2pe 0
a
As b > a, ln (b/a) is positive and work done is negative. This indicates that the field is
doing the work and external source is receiving energy.
Example 4.3.8
Solution : The charge is moved from B(2, 1, 1) to A (4, 2, 1).
A
Now,
W = Q E dL
where d L = d x a x + d y a y + d z dz
\
\
ax ay = ax az = 0
E d L = x a x d L = x dx
W = -Q
x= 4
x= 2
x2
16 4
x dx = -( -5) = 5 - = 30 J
2 2
2
2
Example 4.3.9
Solution : The path along which the charge

is moved is shown in the Fig. 4.3.
As path is straight line from B to A and the
line is in xy plane (z = 0 plane), the equation
of line can be easily obtained as,
y = mx ... Passing through origin
Now, B (4, 2, 0) and A (0, 0, 0)
\ y =
\
yA - y B
0-2
1
x=
x= x
xA - x B
0-4
2
x = 2y
i.e.
A(0,0,0)
B(4,2,0)
Fig. 4.3
dx = 2 dy
dL = dx a x + dy a y + dy a z
\
W = -Q
x + 2y dx + (2x) dy
2 + 2y a x + 2x a y
E dL = - Q
= -Q
... Cartesian
[dx a
0
0
x
= - Q + 2y dx+ 2x dy
2
x= 4
y= 2
TM
+ dy a y + dz a z
... a x
= ay
=1
... (1)
Field Theory
4-5
Using x = 2y and dx = 2dy and changing limits interms of y, in equation (1),
0
0 2y
W = - Q + 2y (2dy) + 2 ( 2y) dy
2
y= 2
y = 2
0
0
0
6y 2 4y 2
= - Q 6y dy + 4y dy = - Q
+
2
2
y = 2
2
y=2
= - 20 10 -6 [- 12 - 8] = + 400 mJ
Example 4.3.10
Solution : Note : The paths are located at the points. Hence charge is moved through D L
rather than from one point to other. It is moved at a point in the direction D L through
distance D L. Hence the length is differential and work done will be also differential.
There is no need of integration.
dW = Q E D L
\
[
][
Q {- 18 y z + 60 xyz - 12 xy } 10
- 2 10 {- 18 y z + 60 xyz - 12 xy } 10
= Q 6y 2 z a x + 12 xyz a y + 6 xy 2 a z - 3 a x + 5 a y - 2 a z
=
=
-6
-6
... as mm
-6
a) At P 1 ( 0, 3, 5) substitute x = 0, y = 3, z = 5
\
dW = - 2 10 -12 {- 810} = 1620 pJ
b) At P2 (1, 1, 0) substitute x = 1, y = 1, z = 0
\
dW = - 2 10 -12
{0 + 0 - 12} = 24 pJ
c) At P3 ( - 0.7, -2, 0.4) substitute x = 0.7, y = 2, z = 0.4

\
dW = -2 10 -12 {- 28.8 + 33.6 + 33.6} = - 76.8 pJ
Example 4.5.5
Solution : a) The reference is at infinity, hence
Q
VP =
4pe 0 R P
RP =
(0.2 - 0) 2 + ( -0.4 - 0) 2 + (0.4 - 0) 2
RP
Q(0,0,0)
Fig. 4.4
= 0.6
\
VP =
P(0.2,0.4,0.4)
6 10 -9
4p 8.854 10 -12 0.6
= 89.8774 V
TM
Field Theory
4-6
b) V = 0 at (1, 0, 0). Thus the reference is not at infinity. In such a case potential at P is,
VP =
Q
+C
4pe 0 R P
P(0.2,0.4,0.4)
RP
Now VR at (1, 0, 0) is zero.

\
and
VR
RR =
(1 - 0) 2
0 =
C = 53.9264
VP =
+ ( 0) 2
RR
R(1,0,0)
Fig. 4.5
+ (0) 2
6 10 -9
Q(0,0,0)
Q
=
+ C= 0
4pe 0 R R
4p 8.854 10 -12 1
=1
+C
Q
+ C = 89.8774 - 53.9264 = 35.9509 V
4pe 0 R P
This is with reference to (1, 0, 0) where V = 0 V.

c) Now V = 20 V at ( 0.5, 1, 1). Let this point is
M ( 0.5, 1, 1). The reference is not given as
infinity.
Q
VM =
+C
4pe 0 R M
and
VM = 20 V
while
RM =
20 =
VP =
P(0.2,0.4,0.4)
RP
Q(0,0,0)
RM
M(0.5,11)
Fig. 4.6
( - 0.5) 2 + (1) 2 + ( -1) 2 = 1.5

6 10 -9
4p 8.854 10 -12 1.5
+ C i.e. C = 15.9509
Q
+ C = 89.8774 - 15.9509 = 73.9264 V
4pe 0 R P
Key Point Note that distance of P from origin where Q is located is R P which is same in all
the cases. Only 'C' changes as the reference changes hence VP changes.
Example 4.5.6
Solution : Potential due to the point charge,
Q
V =
4 p e0 r
\
\
VA =
Q
4 p e 0 rA
VAB = VA - VB =
and
VB =
.. r = Distance of point from Q
Q
4 p e 0 rB
Q 1
1
-
4 p e 0 rA rB
TM
Field Theory
4-7
= -
20 10 - 10
4 p 8.854 10 - 12
1 - 1 = 143.8038 V
0.5 0.1
... Q is negative
Example 4.5.7
The potential difference between the two concentric

spheres is given by,
r2
+
+
Inner +
sphere
Refer equation (4.5.3)

while E on the surface of inner sphere is,
Q
E =
ar
4p e 0 r12
+
+
Outer
sphere
r1 +
+
+
Q 1
1
V =
4p e 0 r1 r2
+
+
Fig. 4.7
While E due to outer sphere at r = r1 is zero as E inside the spherical shell is zero.
r
Given
But
r1 = 2
2
Using in V,
V =
Q 1
1
Q 1
=
4p e 0 r1 2r1 4p e 0 2r1
Multiply both sides by

\
1
,
r1
V
Q 1 1
1 Q 1
= | E|
=
=

r1
4p e 0 2 r 2
2 4p e r 2 2
0 1
1
|E| =
r
2V
for r1 = 2 on surface of inner sphere.
2
r1
Example 4.5.8
Solution : Q = 5 nC, V = 2 V at (0, 6, 8), Q is at origin (0, 0, 0).
i) A ( 3, 2 , 6)
rA = 3 a x + 2 a y + 6 a z ,
\
VA =
9 + 4 + 36 = 7
Q
+C
4p e 0 rA
VR = 2 V at (0, 6, 8)
rA =
hence rR = 6 a y 8 a z , rR =
5 10 -9
+C
4 p e 0 10
VR =
Q
+C
4 p e 0 rR
VA =
5 10 - 9
2.4938 = 3.926 V
4p e 0 7
i.e.
2=
TM
6 2 + 8 2 = 10
i.e. C = 2.4938
Field Theory
4-8
ii) B (1, 5, 7)
\
rB = a x + 5 a y + 7 a z ,
VB =
iii)
1 + 25 + 49 =
rB =
75
Q
5 10 -9
2.4938 = 2.6952 V
+C =
4 p e 0 rB
4 p e 0 75
VAB = VA VB = 3.926 2.6952 = + 1.23 V

z
Example 4.5.9
P(0,0,z)
R3
Solution : The charges are shown in the Fig. 4.8.

The distances between the charges and point P
are,
R 1 = ( 0 - 1) 2 + 0 2 + ( z - 0) 2 = 1 + z 2
R 2 = ( 0) 2 + ( 0 - 1) 2 + ( z - 0) 2 =
R4
Q3
Q4
D (0,1,0)
1 + z2
O
Q1
R 3 = ( 0 + 1) 2 + ( 0) 2 + ( z - 0) 2 = 1 + z 2
A(1,0,0)
R 4 = ( 0) 2 + ( 0 + 1) 2 + ( z - 0) 2 = 1 + z 2
Q2
B(0,1,0)
Fig. 4.8
The potential at P due to all charges is,

a) VP = V1 + V2 + V 3 + V4
=
1
Q + Q2 + Q 3 + Q4 ]
4 p e0 R [ 1
where R = R 1 = R 2 = R 3 = R 4 = 1 + z 2
\
VP =
4 6 10 -9
4p 8.854 10 -12
1 + z2
215.7058
1 +z2
b) To find VP ( max) , find dV/dz = 0

- 0.5
d
2
215.7058 1 + z 2
\
= 215.7058 ( 0.5) 1 + z
dz
Thus z = 0
- 1.5
(2z) = 0
or 1 + z 2 = 0 i.e. z = j but z coordinate can not be imaginary.
\ At z = 0, VP is maximum i.e. VP ( max ) = 215.7058 V

- 1.5
215.7058 z
dV
= 215.7058 ( - 0.5) 1 + z 2
c) Now
( 2 z) =
1.5
dz
1 +z2
d) To find its maximum value,
d dV
=0
dz dz
TM
C (1,0,0)
R2
R1
Field Theory
d
dz
4-9
2
215.7058 z 1 + z
- 1.5
=0
\ 215.7058 z ( - 1.5) 1 + z 2
\ 215.7058
(1 + z 2 )
- 1.5
- 2.5
( 2 z) + 1 + z 2
0.5 = 0.7071
dV
( max) =
dz
- 1.5
=0
1
= 0.5
2
i.e. z 2 =
3 z2
- 3 z2
+ 1 = 0 i.e.
+1 = 0
2
1 + z2
1+z
\ -3 z 2 + 1 + z 2 = 0
z =
215.7058 ( 0.7071)
[1 + (0.7071) ]
2
1.5
dV
( max)
dz
for
= 83.024 V/m
y
Example 4.6.3
xy plane as in the Fig. 4.9.
rL
dy
As E is not known in standard form,

consider differential length dL at a point
P, at a distance y from origin, on the
charge,
\
dL = dy
dQ = r L dL = r L dy
\
The distance of point A from
differential charge is,
RA =
a 2 + y2
dVA =
dQ
=
4pe 0 RA
+L
P
2
RA = a +y
y
O
A(a,0,0,)
Fig. 4.9
the
r L dy
4pe 0 a 2 + y 2
Now integrate over entire length L to + L.

+L
VA =
rL
4pe 0
y= - L
dx
2
a +x
= ln x+
VA =
2r L
4pe 0
dy
2
a +y
=2
y =0
rL
4pe 0
dy
2
a + y2
x2 + a 2
... Changing limits
... Standard result
y=L
r
ln y + y 2 + a 2
= L

y = 0
2pe 0
TM
ln L+ L2 + a 2 - ln a 2
Field Theory
4 - 10
VA =
L+ L2 + a 2
rL
ln
V
2pe 0
a
Example 4.6.4
z
Solution : Q = 10 -8 C, r = 5 m, h = 5 m. The
ring is shown in the Fig. 4.10.
rL =
=
Q
10 -8
=
circumference
2pr
P(0,0,5)
10 -8
10p
rL
= 0.3183 nC m
Consider the differential length dL on the ring.
\
dQ = r L dL
And
dL = r d f = 5 d f ... in xy plane
dL
x
dV =
dV =
dQ
and R =
4pe 0 R
5r L df
4pe 0 5 2 + 5 2
r=5m
r 2 + z2
5 r L df
4pe 0 5 2 + 5 2
5 r L df
... r = z = 5
4pe 0 50
2p
V =
f= 0
5r L df
4pe 0 50
af
Fig. 4.10
dQ = 5 r L df
\
5r L
4pe 0 50
[f] 20 p =
5 0.3183 10 -9 2p
4p 8.854 10 -12 50
= 12.7102 V
Example 4.7.4
Solution : The ring lies in z = 0 i.e. xy plane as shown in the Fig. 4.11.
Consider the differential surface area dS at point P at a distance of r from the origin.
Hence differential charge dQ is
dQ = r S dS
The dS in the xy plane is r dr df
\
dQ = r S r dr df
TM
Field Theory
4 - 11
dV =
V =
r r dr df
dQ
= S
4 p e0 r
4 p e0 r
2p R + 1
f= 0 r = R
r S dr df
4 p e0
dS
R+1
rS
[r]RR + 1 [f]20 p
4 p e0
rS
rS
=
[R + 1 - R][ 2 p ]
4 p e0
=
x
R
rS
V
2 e0
This shows that the potential at the origin

due to the ring is independent of the
inner radius R.
Fig. 4.11
Example 4.7.5
Solution : The charge is distributed along a ring so it is a line charge. Let r = Radius of
ring = 5 m.
Total charge
10 -8
10 -8
10
C/m
=
= 3.183 10
=
rL =
Circumference 2p r
10 p
z
The ring is shown in the Fig. 4.12.

Consider the differential length dL on the
ring at point P.
dQ = r L dL
But
dL =
r df = 5 df
dL =
5 df a f
dQ
3.183 10
dQ
4p e 0 R
dVA
A(0,0,5)
z=5
2
rL
10
5 df
O
P
Ring in
z = 0 plane
where R = Distance between A and

P=
z 2 + (r ) 2 = 50
dVA =
VA =
3.183 10 -10 5 df
4p e 0 50
2p
R = z +(r')
dL'
r' = 5 m
Fig. 4.12
= 2.0228 df
2p
2.0228 df = 2.0228 [f] 0
= 2 p 2.0228 = 12.7101 V
f= 0
TM
x
af
Field Theory
4 - 12
Now the same charge is distributed over a disc of r = 5 m

\
Total charge
10 -8
10 -8
10
2
C/m
=
=
= 1.2732 10
2
Area
p
25
p ( r )
Let the disc is placed in x-y plane as shown in the

Fig. 4.13 with z-axis as its axis.
A(0,0,5)
Consider differential surface dS at point P having

radial distance r from the origin.
dS = r dr df
dQ = r
dVA
dS = r r dr df
S
dQ
=
4p e 0 R
=
VA =
r S r dr df
O
r'
dS'
dVA
Fig. 4.13
r S r dr df
Put ( r ) 2 + 25 = u
z = 5 m
4p e 0 ( r ) 2 + 25
f= 0 r = 0
2
For r = 0, u1 = 5
i.e. 2r dr = 2u du
and
r = 5, u2 = 50
2p u 2
R = Distance AP
4p e 0 ( r ) 2 + z 2
2p
rS
VA =
f= 0 u1
u2
rS
r S u du df
2p
=
[u] u [f] 0
4pe 0
4p e 0 u
1
1.2732 10 -10
4p 8.854 10 -12
[ 50 - 5] [2p 0] = 14.8909 V
Example 4.8.1
Gaussian
surface
Solution : Consider a sphere of radius R with a

uniform charge density r v .
+ +
+
+ +
R +
+ + ++ +
+
+ + + + +
+
+ + +
+ + + +
++
Case 1 : Let point P is outside sphere (r > R).

The E is directed radially outwards, along a r direction.
... Normal to a r
\ dy = D d S
= Dr a r
r sinq dq df
... Gausss law
= D r r 2 sin q dq df
(a r
a
TM
= 1)
Charged
sphere
Fig. 4.14
P
dS
Field Theory
y =
4 - 13
2p
D dS =
Solving,
D r r 2 sin q dq df = Q
f= 0 q= 0
Dr =
i.e. D =
4pr
Q
ar
4pr 2
and
E =
Now
V = - E d L and d L = dr a r
4pe 0 r 2
... For r > R
ar
V = -
r = 4 pe 0 r
ar
dr a r = -
2
r = 4 pe 0 r
dr
Key Point The limits to be taken against the direction of the E i.e. from r = to r.
Q
4pe 0
V = -
At r = , V = 0 i.e. K = 0
r=
1
r2
r
Q
- 1
+ K =+
+ K
r r =
4pe 0 r
dr = -
Q
4pe 0
V=
Q
4pe 0 r
hence
Now total charge contained by sphere is,

Q = Volume of sphere r v =
4
pR 3 r v
3
4
pR 3 r v R 3 r
v
3
V =
=
4pe 0 r
3re 0
... r > R ... (1)
This is potential outside the spherical shell.

Case 2 : Let point P is inside sphere (r < R).
D = D r a r and
Charged
sphere
\ dy = D d S = D r r 2 sin q dq df
\
y = Q =
S
2p
D dS
Gaussian
surface
r
P
D r r 2 sin q dq df = 4p r 2 D r
f= 0 q= 0
Dr =
Q
4pr
and D =
Q
4pr 2
E = Erar
D = Drar
ar
Fig. 4.15
TM
Field Theory
4 - 14
The charge Q enclosed by radius r < R must be considered.
Q =
r v dv =
2p
r 2 sin q dr dq df =
f= 0 q= 0 r = 0
4 3
pr r v
rr v
ar =
ar
D = 3
2
3
4pr
V = - E d L and d L = dr a r
i.e.
E=
4 3
pr r v
3
D rr v
=
a
3e 0 r
e0
The limits of r are from r = R to r against the direction of E.

\
V = -
r= R
-rv
rr v
-rv r2
r 2 - R2
dr =
+ K1 =
6 e0
3e 0
3e 0 2
R
From equation (1), for r = R, V =

R 2r v
3 e0
) + K1
... (2)
R 2r v
3 e0
= 0 + K1
... (3)
Using in (2),
V=-
R 2r v
rv
r R2 - r 2
r 2 - R2 +
= v
+ R2 =
6 e0
3 e0
3 e0
2
r v 3R 2 - r 2
6 e0
... r < R ... (4)
Example 4.9.2
Solution : The two line charges are shown in the Fig. 4.16.
Now V = 100 V at the origin O (0, 0, 0).
Line 2
Let us obtain potential difference VPO

x=1,z=2
using standard result.
A(1,y,2)
Line 1
Case 1 : Line charge 1

\
VPO1 = +
rL
r
ln O1
2pe 0 rP1
where rO1 and rP1 are perpendicular

distances of points O and P from the line
1. The line 1 is parallel to y-axis so do not
use y co-ordinates to find rO1 and rP1 .
\
rO1 =
(1 - 0) 2 + ( 2 - 0) 2 = 5
rP1 =
(1 - 4) 2 + ( 2 - 3) 2 = 10
O
(0,0,0)
y
x=1, y=2
x
B(1,2,z)
Fig. 4.16
TM
Field Theory
\
But
\
4 - 15
VPO1 = +
rL
5
= - 49.8386
ln
2pe 0 10
VPO1 = VP1 - VO
where
VO = 100 V
49.8386 = VP1 - 100
... Absolute potential of P due to line charge 1

\
VP1 = 50.16 V
Case 2 : Line charge 2, which is parallel to z-axis.
Do not consider z co-ordinate to find perpendicular distance.
\
rO2 =
( -1 - 0) 2 + ( 2 - 0) 2 = 5
and
rP2 =
( -1 - 4) 2 + ( 2 - 1) 2 = 26
rL
5
= - 118.5417 V
ln
2pe 0 26
VPO2 =
But
VPO2 = VP2 - VO
where VO = 100 V
\
VP2 = 118.5417 + 100 = 18.5417 V
This is absolute potential of P due to line charge 2
\
VP = VP1 + VP2 = 50.16 18.5417 = 31.6183 V
Note Students can use the method of using consant C to find absolute potential of P due
to line charge 1 and line charge 2. Adding the two, potential of P can be obtained. The
answer remains same. For reference, the constant C 1 = C 2 = 215.721 for both the line
charges.
Example 4.9.3
Let rL be the infinite line charge at the centre of one of the cylindrical tubes. Then
potential difference due to infinite
0.9 m
line charge is given by,
r
r
rB
L
VAB =
ln B
2p e 0 rA
A
B
r = 15 cm
0. 9
L
2500 =
ln
2p e 0 0.15
0.15
V = 750 V
m
= 7.7621 10 C/m
\
r
rC = 0.2567 m
rA
L
The point at which VAC = 750 V is
Fig. 4.17
to be obtained.
r
r
r
7.7621 10 -8
L
i.e. 750 =
VAC =
ln C
ln C
\
2p e 0 rA
2p e 0
0.15
rC = 0.2567 m
TM
r = 15 cm
Field Theory
4 - 16
Example 4.9.4
Solution : The various charges are shown in the Fig. 4.18.
z
x = 3plane
P(5,6,7)
dS
Q1
C(3,1,2)
rS
y
rL
x
Fig. 4.18
There are three charge configurations.

Case 1 : Point charge Q 1 = 200 p e 0 C at C ( 3, - 1, + 2).
VP =
R1 =
Q1
+ C 1 where C 1 = Constant
4 p e0 R1
2
(5 - 3) 2 + [ 6 - ( -1)] + [7 - 2]2
\
R 1 = 78
To find C 1 , V = 0 V at Q (0, 0, 1)
Q1
+ C1
\
VQ =
4 p e0 R2
where
R2 =
0 =
VP =
... Distance between P and C
[0 - 3]2 + [ 0 - ( -1)]2 + [1 - 2]2

200 p e 0
4 p e 0 11
200 p e 0
+ C1
4 p e 0 78
i.e.
= 11
C 1 = 15.0755
15.0755 = 9.4141 V
Case 2 : Due to line charge along x axis.

rQ
rL
VPQ =
ln
2 p e0
rP
... Potential difference
As line charge is along x axis, any point on it (x, 0, 0).

\
rQ =
( 0 - 0) 2 + (1 - 0) 2 = 1
and
rP =
( 6 - 0) 2 + (7 - 0) 2 = 85
VPQ =
40 p e 0
ln
2 p e0
... ^ Distance from line charge

... x not considered
1
= 44.4265 V
85
TM
Field Theory
4 - 17
VPQ = VP - VQ
But
VQ = 0 V
and
... Absolute potential of P

\
VP = VPQ + VQ = 44.4265 V
Case 3 : Surface charge in the plane x = 3 i.e. parallel to yz plane.
Note : As E due to infinite surface charge is known use VAB = E =
So
rS
a
2 e0 x
... a x is normal to yz plane
Point P is infront of plane as x co-ordinate of P is 5 hence + a x .

dL = dx a x + dy a y + dz a z
rS
dx
\
E dL =
2 e0
VPQ = -
xQ = 0
and
... Potential between P and Q
VQ = 0 V
and
VP = 20 V
... Absolute potential of P
Total VP = 9.4141 44.4265 20 = 73.8406 V
Example 4.12.6
Solution :
V
V
V
ax +
ay +
az
E = - V = -
y
z
V
8x
- ( 2x)
= 2 y ( 2x) + 0 - 4
= 4xy +
2
x
2
2
x2 + y 2
x + y
-2y
V
= 2x 2 + 0 - 4
y
2
2
x + y
8y
= 2x 2 +
2
x2 + y 2
V
= 0 + 20 - 0 = 20
z
\
rS
5 rS
5 8e
dx = = - 0 = 20 V
2 e0
2 e0
2 e0
VPQ = VP - VQ
\
\
rS
dx
2 e0
... a x a y = a x a z = 0
x P = 5 hence
VPQ = -
But
E d L.
8x
E = - 4xy +
x2 + y 2
8y
a + 2x 2 +
2 x
x2 + y 2
TM
a + 20 a z
2 y
Field Theory
4 - 18
E at P = -
{ [- 60 + 0.0268]a x + [72 - 0.0112]a y + 20 a z }
= + 59.9732 a x - 71.9888 a y - 20 a z V/m

\
D at P = E at P e 0 = 0.531 a x - 0.6373 a y - 0.177 a z nC/m 2
Now
rv = D
and
D = e0 E
hence
r v = E e0
E x E y E z
+
+
x
y
z
E =
= -

8x
4xy +
x
x2 + y 2
8y
2
2x +
2 y
x2 + y 2
2
2
2
2 2
8 - 8x 2 x 2 + y 2 x + y
x +y

( 2x)
= - 4y +
- 0 +
2 + 2 4

x
y
= - 4y -
32 x 2
( 8) - 8y 2 x 2 + y 2
(x 2 + y 2 )
( 2y)
32 y 2
(x 2 + y 2 ) (x 2 + y 2 ) (x 2 + y 2 ) (x 2 + y 2 )
2

- ( 20)
2 z
At P, x = 6, y = 2.5 and z = 3.
E = 10 - 4.4816 10 -3 + 0.01527 - 4.4816 10 -3 + 2.651 10 -3 = 10.00895
\
\
r v at P = e 0 E = 8.854 10 -12 10.00895 = 88.6193 pC/m 3
Example 4.12.7
2
V = 100 (x y )
Solution :
At (2, 1, 3), V = 100 [(2) ( 1) = 300 V
V
V
V
E = V =
ax +
ay +
a z = 200 x ax + 200y ay
y
z
x
\ At (2, 1, 3), E = 400 ax 200 ay V/m
For
V = 300 V, the equation of locus is,

300 = 100 (x2 y2)
i.e.
x y
=3
Example 4.12.8
Solution : The rate means gradient of the scalar.
TM
Field Theory
4 - 19
In cylindrical system, gradient of the scalar in

i)
z direction =
V
2
a =
[r sin 2f] a z = 0 a z
z z
z
ii)
f direction =
1 V
1 2
a =
[r sin 2f] a f = r 2cos2f a f
r f f
r f
At r = 2 m and f = 45, rate 2 2 cos 90 = 4 a f

Example 4.12.9
100
Solution : V = 100r 3 =
Spherical
r 3 V
1 V
1 V
ar +
a +
a
E = V =
r q q r sin q f f
r
= 3r 4 100 a r + 0 + 0 = 300r a r
At (0.5, 60, 45), E = 4800 a r V / m
Example 4.12.10
Solution :
V = x 2 y(z + 3) = x 2 yz + 3x 2 y
i)
V
V
V
ax +
ay +
az
E = - V = -
y
z
x
= -[(2xyz + 6xy) a x + (x 2 z + 3x 2 ) a y + x 2 y a z ]
... (1)
At (3, 4, 6) E = - [( -144 + 72) a x + ( -54 + 27) a y + 36 a z ] = 72a x + 27a y - 36a z V m

ii)
\
D = e0 E
E y E z
E
+
D = e 0 E = e 0 ( E) = e 0 x +
y
z
x
... Use equation (1)
= e 0 [2yz + 6y + 0 + 0] = e 0 y[2z + 6] = r v
\
Q =
e 0 [2yz + 6y] dx dy dz
z= 0 y= 0 x= 0
v
1
r v dv =
1
z= 0 y= 0
= e0
e 0 [2xyz + 6xy] 10 dy dz
z= 0 y= 0
= e0
2y 2 z 6y 2
[2yz + 6y] dy dz = e 0
+
dz
2
2
0
z = 0
1
z2
-12
(z + 3) dz = e 0 2 + 3z = 3.5 e 0 = 3.5 8.854 10 = 30.989 pC
0
z= 0
TM
Field Theory
4 - 20
Example 4.12.11
Solution : The given potential is,
V = 10 y (x 3 + 5) = 10 x 3 y + 50 y
V
V
V
ax +
ay +
az
E = - V = -
x
y
z
i)
= - 30 x 2 y a x + 50 a y = - 30x 2 y a x - 50 a y
At y = 0,
E = - 50 a y V m
ii) At y = 0,
V
V
V
ax +
ay +
az
E = - 50 a y = -
y
z
x
V
= 50 and integrate hence V = 50 y + K
y
But y = 0,
V = K = constant
This proves that as potential is constant on y = 0 surface, it is equipotential.
iii) For y = 0, E = - 50 a y V m 2 i.e. D = e 0 E = - 50 e 0 a y C m 2
For y = 0,
\
dS = dx dz a y
D d S = - 50 e 0 dx dz
Q =
.... a y
2
D dS =
1 V
1
V
ar +
aq +
E = - V= -
q
r
r
sin
f
1
10
1
20
= - sin q cos f a r + cos f
cos q a q +
3
2
r
r
s
in q
r
r
i)
20
r
sin q cos f a r -
10
r
cos q cos f a q +
10
r3
... charge in the region
a
f f
10
sin q ( - sin f) a f
2
sin f a f
10
10
20
sin q cosf a r cos q cos f a q +
sin f a f
D = e0 E = e0
3
3
3
r
r
r
p
p
At point 2, , 0, r = 2, q =
2
2
\
=1
z = 0 x= 0
Example 4.12.12
- 50 e 0 dx dz
= - 50 e 0 [x]20 [z]10 = - 100 e 0 C = - 0.8854 nC

Solution :
and
f=0
D = 2.5 e 0 a r = 22.135 10 -12 a r C / m 2
TM
Field Theory
4 - 21
W = -Q
ii)
final
E dL
initial
final
Now
E d L = Potential difference between initial and final
initial
Initial point A (1, 30 , 120 ) and final point B ( 4, 90 , 60 )

\
E dL
= VAB = VA - VB
VB
= V at B =
VA
= V at A =
10
r2
sin q cos f
10
r2
=
at B
sin q cos f
10
( 4) 2
=
at A
sin ( 90 ) cos ( 60 ) = 0.3125 V
10
(1) 2
sin ( 30 ) cos (120 ) = - 2.5 V
VAB
W = - Q VAB = -10 10 -6 - 2.8125 = 28.125 mJ
= VA - VB = - 2.5 - 0.3125 = - 2.8125 V

... Same as above
Example 4.12.13
p y
Solution : a) V = E 0 e - x sin
4
\
V
V
V
ax +
ay +
az
E = - V = -
y
z
x
V
p y
-x
= E 0 sin
( -1) e
x
4
... y is constant
V
p y p
= E 0 e - x cos
y
4 4
... x is constant
V
= 0
z
\
... z is absent
py
py
p
a x + E 0 e - x cos
a y V/m
E = - - E 0 e - x sin
4
4
4
At P ( 0 , 1 , 1) , E = E 0 [0.7071 a x - 0.555 a y ] V/m

b)
V = E 0 r cos q
V
1 V
1 V
ar +
aq +
a
E = - V = -
r q
r sin q f f
r
TM
Field Theory
4 - 22
V
V
V
= E 0 cos q,
= - E 0 r sin q,
=0
r
q
f
\
E = - E 0 cos q a r + E 0 sin q a q V/m
Convert P ( 0,1, 1) to spherical co-ordinates.

r =
\
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2, f = tan -1
y p
z
= , q = cos -1 = 45
x 2
r
E = + E 0 [ - 0.7071 a r + 0.7071 a q ] V/m
Example 4.12.14
V
V
V
Solution : i) E = V =
ax +
ay +
az
V = 10 y x3 + 50 y V
\
E = [30 y x2 a x + (10x3 + 50) a y + 0 a z ]
At y = 0,
E = (10 x3 + 50) a y V/m
ii) E is only in a y direction, E = (10 x3 + 50) a y

\
V
V
V
E = V=
ax +
ay +
az
y
z
Equating the two sides, (10x3 + 50) =
V
y
Integrating with respect to y, V = 10 x y + 50 y + C

At y = 0,
V = C = Constant
Thus as potential is constant along the surface y = 0, it is equipotential surface.

iii) dS = dx dz a y ,
E = (10x + 50) a y
3
D = e 0 E = e 0 (10 x + 50) a y
\
Q =
D
S
dS =
- e 0 (10x 3 + 50) dx dz
ay
z= 0 x= 0
2
10 x 4
= e0
+ 50 x [z] 10 = 1.2395 nC
4
0
Example 4.13.6
Solution : i) The arrangement is shown in the Fig. 4.19.
When Q 1 is positioned, no other charge is present. Hence work done W1 = 0 J.
When Q 2 is placed, Q 1 is present hence work done is,
W2 = Q 2 V2, 1
TM
=1
Field Theory
4 - 23
Q2 Q1
Q Q
= 1 2
4 p e 0 R 21 4 p e 0 d
Q1
When Q 3 is placed, Q 1 and Q 2 are present hence work done is,

Q1
Q2
+
W 3 = Q 3 V 3, 1 + Q 3 V 3, 2 = Q 3
4
p
e
4
p
e
R
R
0 31
0 23
Now
Q3
R 31 = R 23 = d
Fig. 4.19
W3
WE = W1 + W2 + W 3 =
but
Q1 = Q2 = Q 3 = Q
WE =
1
Q Q + Q1 Q 3 + Q2 Q 3 ]
4 p e0 d [ 1 2
3 Q2
J
4 p e0 d
Q1
R 12 = d, R 23 = d,
2d
= 2
=
2
R 34 = d,
R 41 = d,
2 d = R 24
Q4
For Q 1 which is placed first, W1 = 0.

Q2Q1
Q Q
= 1 2
4 p e 0 R 21 4 p e 0 d
For Q 4 ,
Q1 Q 3
4 p e0
2d
Q2 Q 3
4 p e0 d
W4 = Q 4 V4, 1 + Q 4 V4, 2 + Q 4 V4, 3

Q1
Q2
Q3
= Q4
+
+
4 p e 0 R 41 4 p e 0 R 42 4 p e 0 R 43
=
2
d
Q1
Q2
For Q 3 , W 3 = Q 3 V 3, 1 + Q 3 V 3, 2 = Q 3
+
4
p
e
4
p
e
R
R
0 31
0 32
2d
Fig. 4.20
W2 = Q 2 V2, 1
=
Q2
2d
ii) The arrangement is shown in the Fig. 4.20.
For Q 2 ,
Q2
Q3
=
Q + Q2 ]
4 p e0 d [ 1
R 31
Q1 Q4
Q2 Q4
Q Q
+
+ 3 4
4 p e0 d 4 p e0 d 2 4 p e0 d
And
Q1 = Q2 = Q 3 = Q4 = Q
WE = W1 + W2 + W 3 + W4 =
1
1
Q2
+1 +1 +
+ 1
1+
4 p e 0 d
2
2
TM
Q3
Field Theory
4 - 24
WE =
5.414 Q 2
J
4 p e0 d
Example 4.13.7
2d
=
2
2 d=
2 m = R42
R41
R21 = R32 = R43 = R41 = 1 m = d

Let Q1 is placed first when all other charges are absent.
Hence W1 = 0 J
Q1
W2 = Q2 V21 = Q2
For Q2
4pe 0 R 21
2d
2
Q4
d
2
d
2
d
R43
Fig 4.21
W4 = Q4 V41 + Q4 V42 + Q4 V43
Q3
Q2
Q1
= Q4
+ Q 4 4p e R + Q 4 4p e R
4
p
e
R
0 41
0 42
0 43
But
Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = Q4 = Q = 4 nC
W = W 1 + W2 + W3 + W4
= 0+
Q2
Q2
Q2
Q2
Q2
Q2
+
+
+
+
+
4p e 0 4p e 0 4p e 2 4p e 0 4p e 2 4p e 0
0
0
Q2
4p e 0
( 4 10 -9 ) 2
2
5.4142 = 0.7785 J
=
4
+
2 4p 8 . 854 10 -12
Example 4.13.8
Solution :
\
E=
10 6
r6
WE =
ar ,
1
2
e E
E =
dv =
vol
10 6
1
2
r6
,
e
E
10
vol
10 12
r 12
12
r 12
dv
dv = r dr df dz in cylindrical system
z = 0 to 200 mm i.e. 0 to 0.2 m, f = 0 to 2 p and r = 0.05 to 0.1 m.
\
WE =
1
e 10 12
2
0.2 2p
0.1
z = 0 f = 0 r = 0.05
r dr df dz
r 12
TM
R32
d
2
For Q3
W3 = Q3 V32 + Q3 V31 = Q3
Q1
Q2
4p e R + Q 3 4p e R
0 32
0 31
For Q4
Q2
2d
2
d = 1m
R31 = 2
R21
Q1
Q3
Field Theory
4 - 25
WE =
1
2p
f
(10 e 0 ) 10 12 [z] 0.2
0 [ ]0
2

0.1
r = 0.05
1
r 11
... e = 10 e 0
dr
0.1
r -10
10 13
e 0 0.2 2 p
2
-10
0.05
1
1
= 55.6313 +
= 5.691 10 13 J
10
10
10 ( 0.05)
10 ( 0.1)
Example 4.13.9
Solution :
V = r 2 z sin f
... Cylindrical system
V
V
V
ar +
af +
az
E = - V= -
r
r
z
f
1
= - 2 r z sin f a r + r 2 z cos f a f + r 2 sin f a z
r
WE =
1
2
WE =
e 0 | E|2 dv
vol
4 r 2 z 2 sin 2 f + r 2 z 2 cos 2 f + r 4 sin 2 f
| E| =
\
e0
2
[4 r
vol
z 2 sin 2 f + r 2 z 2 cos 2 f + r 4 sin 2 f dv
dv = r dr df dz
\ WE =
e0
2
e0
2
e0
2
e0
2
e0
2
e0
2
p/ 3
z= - 2 f= 0 r= 1
2
z= - 2
4 4
6 4
4 2
2
2 f r + z 2 cos 2 f r + r sin 2 f df dz
4
z
sin
4
4
6

1
1 1
f = 0
p / 3
p/ 3
r 3 4 z 2 sin 2 f + z 2 cos 2 f + r 2 sin 2 f dr df dz
z= - 2 f= 0
[255 z
] df dz
sin 2 f + 63.75 z 2 cos 2 f + 682.5 sin 2 f
3 2
z3
2
2
2
2fz
+
255
sin
63.75
+
cos
f
682.5
sin
f
z
[
]
3
3

-2 df
-2
-2
f = 0
p/ 3
p/ 3
[1360 sin
f + 340 cos 2 f + 2730 sin 2 f df
[4090 sin
f + 340 cos 2 f df
f= 0
p/ 3
f= 0
TM
Field Theory
4 - 26
e0
2
p/ 3
p/ 3
1 - cos 2 f
1+ cos 2 f
4090
d
df
f
+
340
2
2
f= 0
f= 0
e0
2
4090
2
p/ 3
sin 2f
340
+
f - 2
2
f= 0
sin 2 f p / 3
f
+
2 f = 0
e
e0
340 p
p
2045 - 0.433 +
+ 0.433 = 0
3
2
2
2 3
= 6.6735 nJ
{( 2045 0.6141) + (170 1.48019)}
Example 4.13.10
olution :
The arrangement is shown in the Fig. 4.22.
When Q1 is positioned, no other charge is present

hence W1 = 0 J.
Q1
When Q2 is placed, Q1 is present.

Q2Q1
Q Q
= 2 1
W2 = Q2 V2, 1 =
\
4p e 0 R 21
4p e 0 d
=
Q2 0.5
0.5
Q3
Fig. 4.22
2 10 -9 2 10 -9
= 71.9019 nJ
4p 8.854 10 -12 0.5
When Q3 is placed, both Q1 and Q2 are present.
Q2
Q1
W3 = Q3 V3, 1 + Q3 V3, 2 = Q3
+
\
4p e 0 R 31 4p e 0 R 23
9
= 2 10
\
2 10 - 9
2 10 - 9
4p e 1 + 4p e 0.5 = 107.8528 nJ
0
0
WE = W1 + W2 + W3 = 179.755 nJ
Example 4.13.11
Solution : The charges existing at the corners of an equilateral triangle are shown in the
Fig. 4.23.
When Q 1 is placed, no other charge is present,
\
WE1 = 0 J
When Q 2 is placed, Q 1 is present.
Q1
\
WE2 = Q 2 V21 = Q 2
pe
4
R
0
21
When Q 3
= 2
pe
4
0
is placed, Q 1 and Q 2
WE3 = Q 3 V 31
=
J
1
4pe 0
Q1 = 1 C
1m
Q3
3C
1m
1m
Fig. 4.23
both are present,

Q1
Q2
+ Q3
+ Q 3 V 32 = Q 3
pe
pe
4
R
4
R
0
32
31
0
TM
Q2
2C
Field Theory
\
\
4 - 27
WE3 = 3
pe
4
9
2
+ 3
= 4pe J
1
pe
1
0
0
WE = WE1 + WE2 + WE3 = 0 +

=
11
4p 8.854
2
9
+
4pe 0
4pe 0
= 9.8865 10 10 J
10 - 12
Example 4.13.12
Solution : The potential on the surface of the sphere is,
V =
r s ds
1
r s r sin q dq df
4pe 0
4pe 0 r =
s
2p
10 10 -9
( 0.1) sin q df
4p 8 . 854 10 -12
f = 0q = 0
= 89.877 0.1 [- cos q]p0 [f]20 p = 89.877 0.1 2 2p = 112.9433 V

\
WE =
1
r V ds
2 s
but
r s V ds = Q = Total surface charge

s
Q = 4pr 2 r s = 4p ( 0.1) 2 10 10 -9 = 1.2566 nC

\
WE =
1
112.9433 1.2566 10 -9 = 70.964 nJ
2
Example 4.13.13
Solution : When Q1 = 1 nC is placed, work done is zero as E = 0, hence W1 = 0 J
When Q2 is placed, there is field of Q1 present.
Q1
W2 = Q2 V2, 1 = Q2
\
4p e 0 R 21
When Q3
present.
4 10 -9 ( -1 10 -9 )
= 3.595 10 -8 J
4p 8.854 10 -12 1
is placed, there is field of both Q1 and Q2 is
=
\ W3 = Q3 V3,1 + Q3 V3, 2 =
=
R23 =
Q 3Q1
Q 3Q2
+
4p e 0 R 31 4p e 0 R 23
3 10 -9
4p 8.854 10 -12
1 +1
-1 10 -9 4 10 -9
+
1
1 + 1
Q2 (0,0,1)
R21
R23
R31
Q1 (0,0,0)
Q3 (1,0,0)
Fig. 4.24
= 4.93
10 - 8
J
TM
Field Theory
4 - 28
W = W1 + W2 + W3 = 13.35 nJ
Example 4.14.3
Solution :
The potential V in terms of dipole moment is,

p ar
V =
4 p e0 r 2
Now Q (1, 2, - 4) and P ( 2, 3, 4)

r = ( 2 - 1) a x + ( 3 - 2) a y + [ 4 - ( -4)] a z = a x + a y + 8 a z
\
\
ar =
p ar =
=
\
V =
1 + 1 + 64 = 66
ax +ay + 8az
r
=
r
66
( 3 a x - 5 a y + 10 a z )
(a x + a y + 8 a z )
66
3 - 5 + 80
78
=
10 -9 as p in nCm
66
66
p ar
4 p e0 r 2
78 / 66 10 -9
4 p 8.854 10 -12
66
= 1.3074 V
Example 4.14.4
Solution : i) The dipole moment is given by,
where d = d a z
p = Qd
Here d = Distance between charges = 2 mm
\
p = 3 10 -6 2 10 -3 a z = 6 a z nCm
ii) In spherical system, E is given by,

E =
Qd
4p e 0 r 3
[2 cos q a r + sin q a q ]
3 10 -6 2 10 -3
4p 8.854 10 -12 (2) 3
[2 cos 40 a r + sin 40 a q ] = 10.3275 a r + 4.333 a q V m
Example 4.14.5
Solution : The dipole is shown in the Fig. 4.25.
Given P (0.3, 0, 0.4) in cartesian co-ordinates.
\
x = 0.3, y = 0, z = 0.4
r =
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 0.5
TM
Field Theory
4 - 29

z
z
q = cos - 1 = 36.8698
r
y
f = tan - 1 = 0
x
Vp =
(0, 0, 0.1)
q
r2
y
d = 0.2 m
x
P(r, q, f)
r1
(0, 0, 0.1)
Fig. 4.25
0.2 cos (36.8698 )

Q d cos q
1.5 10 - 9
=
= 8.6282 V
4 p e0 r 2
(0.5) 2
4p 8.854 10 - 12
qqq
TM
Current and Conductors

Example 5.2.5
Solution :
a) From the continuity equation of current

I =
( J) dv
J dS =
vol
As r = 3 m is constant, use surface integral.

J dS =
100 cos q
r2
100 cos q
2p p / 6
100 r 2
r +1
f= 0 q= 0
r2 +1
f= 0 q = 0
I =
r 2 sin q dq df
+1
2p p / 6
J dS =
... As J is in a r direction
r 2 sin q dq df
2 cos q sin q
dq df =
2
p/6
cos 2q
- 2
2 r2 +1
0
100 r 2
[f]20 p
2p p / 6
f= 0 q = 0
100 r 2
2
r +1
sin 2q
dq df
2
and r = 3 m
50 9 - cos 2 6 - cos 0
=
2 p = 70.6858 A
10
2
2 [ ]
... use radian mode to calculate cos

b) Now r = 10 m and limits for q are 0 to a,
\
2p
I =
100 r 2
f= 0 q = 0
(r
+1
sin 2q
dq df
2
(5 - 1)
TM
Field Theory
5-2
\
\
70.6858 =
50 r 2 cos 2q
[f]20 p
2 0
r 2 + 1
70.6858 =
50 (10) 2 - cos 2 a - cos 0
2p
2
2 [ ]
(101)
0.4545 = - cos 2 a + 1
i.e.
... Same I as before
cos 2a = 0.5455
2a = 56.9411 or 0.9938 rad
a = 28.47 or 0.4969 rad
i.e.
Example 5.2.6
Solution :
From continuity equation,

I =
J dS
For y = 0 plane, the normal vector is a y and hence dS normal to a y is dx dz a y .

0.002
0.1
I =
z = - 0.002 x = - 0.1
= 10 2 [z] - 0.002 2
0.002
0.002
10 2 | x| a y dx dz a y =
0.1
z = - 0.002 x = - 0.1
0.1
0.1
| x |2
|x | dx = 2 100 [0.002 - ( - 0.002) ] 2
0
x= 0
= 200 4 10 -3
(0.1) 2
= 4 mA
2
Example 5.2.7
Solution :
J = 10 r 2 z a r - 4 r cos 2 f a f
I =
J dS = ( J) dv
S
J =
=
\
I =
vol
1
1 J f J z
, J r = 10 r 2 z, J f = - 4r cos 2 f
(r J r ) +
+
r r
r f
z
1
1
(10 r 3 z) +
- 4r cos 2 f = 30 r z + 8 sin f cos f
r r
r f
( 30 r z + 8 sin f cos f) r dr df dz
vol
2. 8
2p
[ 30 r
z + 4 r sin 2f dr df dz
z = 2 f = 0 r= 0
2. 8
2p
z= 2 f =
10 2 | x| dx dz
30 r 3 z 4 r 2 sin 2f
df dz
3 +
0
r=0
TM
Field Theory
5-3
2p
2. 8
[270 z + 18 sin 2f]df dz
z = 2f= 0
2. 8
z =2
2. 8
2. 8
2p
[270 z f + 9 cos 2f]
f=0
dz =
z2
[540 p z dz] = 540 p z
z=2
z= 2
= 3257.203 mA = 3.257 A
Example 5.2.8
Solution :
a) J at r = 3, q = 0 and f = p is,
2
cos ( 0 ) a r + 20 e - 6 sin 0 a f - 2 sin 0 cos p a f = 0.222 a r A/m 2
J =
( 9)
b)
I =
J dS
dS in a r direction is r 2 sin q dq df a r
\
I =
J r 2 sin q dq df a r
]=
2
r2
cos q r 2 sin q dq df
... a r a r = 1
aq ar = af ar = 0
20
2p
2 cos q sin q dq df
f= 0 q= 0
20
20
2p
f= 0
- cos 2q
sin 2 q dq df = 2 0
q= 0
[f]20 p
= 0.735 A
Example 5.2.9
Solution :
J =
Given
r = 3,
J =
cos q a r + 20 e - 2r sin q a q - r sin q cos f a f
r2
q=0
4
32
and
f=p
cos 0 a r + 20 e - 2 3 sin 0 a q - 3 sin 0 cos p a f
4
2
a A/m
9 r
Example 5.2.10
Solution : The current is given by,
I =
J dS
Assuming J given in a z direction, dS = r dr df a z
TM
sin 0 = 0
Field Theory
5-4
J dS =
I =
10 4
r dr df = 10 4 dr df
r
2p
4 10 - 3
f= 0
r= 0
10 4 dr df = 10 4 [r]40 10
-3
[f]20 p
= 10 4 4 10 - 3 2 p = 80 p A
Example 5.4.3
Solution :
L = 2000 ft = 2000 30 10 -2
E =
c)
V 1.2
=
= 2 10 -3 V/m
L 600
J = s E = 3.82 107 2 10 -3 = 76.4 kA/m 2
a)
b)
) m = 600 m
(
2
p 2
p
= 24 A
d = 76.4 10 3 20 10 -3
4
4
V2
P = power dissipated = VI =
= I 2 R W = 1.2 24 = 28.802 W
R
I = JS = J
Example 5.4.4
Solution : n = 10 29 electrons / m 3 , E = 10 mV/m, s = 5 107 S/m
i)
J = sE = 5 107 10 10 3 = 500 kA/m 2
p 2
p
ii)
Area A =
d = (1 10 3 ) 2 = 7.854 10 7 m 2
4
4
I = J A = 500 10 3 7.854 10 7 = 0.3926 A
iii)
r e = ne = 10 29 (1.6 10 19 ) = 1.6 10 10 C/m 3 .
Note that e = Charge on one electron = 1.6 10 19 C

Example 5.4.5
Solution : d = 0.8 mm, L = 2 cm, I = 20 A
I
I
20
= 39.788 10 6 A/m 2
=
=
| J| =
S
p 2
p
3
2
d
[0.8 10 ]
4
4
Now
| J| = s|E|
| E| =
And
|J| 39.788 10 6
=
= 0.686 V/m
s
5.8 107
V = EL = 0.686 2 10 -2 = 0.0137 V
V 0.0137
R =
=
= 6.86 10 -4 W
I
20
Example 5.4.6
Solution : The shells are shown in the Fig. 5.1.
TM
Field Theory
5-5
Let charge Q is placed on the inner shell. Hence E due

to Q between the shells is given by,
E =
Q
4p e 0 r 2
ar
While the potential is given by,

Vab = -
E dL =
Fig. 5.1
a
Q r -1
Q
=
=
4p e 0 -1
4p e 0
b
But voltage Vab = V given hence,

Q 1 1
V =
\
4p e 0 a b
dr
4p e 0 r 2
dL = dr a r
1 - 1
a b
4p e 0 V
1 - 1
a b
The total current flowing from one shell to other is given by,
I = J dS but J = s E
I =
I = s
i.e.
Q =
s E dS
Q
4p e o r
4pr 2 =
sQ
s 4p V
=
eo
1 - 1
a b
dS = 4 p r
Using Q
The resistance between the shells is given by,

\
R=
V
V
=
I
4p s V
1 - 1
a b
When b >> a,
1
1
<<
b
a
i.e.
i.e.
R=
R=
1 1 1
-
4p s a b
1
4p s a
Example 5.7.2
Solution :
i) M(4, 2, 1) is shown in the Fig. 5.2.

As point M is inside the conducter E = D = 0.
TM
b >> a
Field Theory
5-6
ii) N(3, 1, 4) is shown in the Fig. 5.2. It is located

inside the dielectric.
D N = r S i.e. DN = r S a y = 4 a y nC/m 2
EN =
z
Conductor
M
rS
4 10 9
= 150.59 V/m
=
e 0 e r1 8.854 10 12 3
E tan = D tan = 0
\
Dielectric
er1 = 3
y
K As per boundary conditions

Fig. 5.2
E = EN = 150.59 a y V/m, D = DN = 4 a y nC/m 2
Example 5.7.3
Solution : E = 60 a x + 20 a y 30 a z
D = e 0 E = 8.854 10 12 60 a x + 20 a y 30 a z
\
D = 0.531 a x + 0.177 a y 0.265 a z nC/m 2

DN = D as Dtan = 0 as per boundary conditions
r S = DN = D = ( 0.531) 2 + ( 0.177 ) 2 + ( 0.265) 2 = 0.619 nC/m 2
qqq
TM
Dielectrics and Capacitance

Example 6.1.4
Solution :
For a dielectric medium,
where
e R = c e + 1 = 4.25 + 1 = 5.25
D = e0 eR E
D = 8.854 10 -12 5.25 0.15 10 -3 = 6.9725 10 -15 C / m 2
and
\
P = c e e0 E
P = 4.25 8.854 10 -12 0.15 10 -3 = 5.644 10 -15 C m 2
Example 6.1.5
Solution :
For the dielectric,

P = c e e0 E
Now
eR = c e + 1
i.e.
And
D = e0 eR E
E =
c e = e R - 1 = 2.8 1 = 1.8
D
3 10 -7
= 12.101 10 3 V/m
=
e 0 e R 8.854 10 -12 2.8
P = 1.8 8.854 10 -12 12.101 10 3 = 1.9285 10 -7 C / m 2
Example 6.1.6
Solution :
c e = 0.12,
D = 1.6 n C m 2
P = Polarisation = c e e 0 E
= c e e0
D
e0 eR
where
eR = c e + 1
P =
ce D
0.12 1.6 10 - 9
= 0.1714 nC / m 2
=
1.12
ce +1
E =
D
1.6 10 - 9
= 161.3475 V/m
=
e0 eR
8.854 10 - 12 1.12
(6 - 1)
TM
Field Theory
6-2
Example 6.2.5
Solution : The two media are separated by z = 0 plane and a z are the directions of
normal to the surface.
D1 = 2 a x + 5 a y - 3 a z nC/m 2
D1 = DN1 + Dtan 1
Normal direction to the surface is a z hence the part of D1 in the direction of a z is
DN1 .
DN1 = -3 a z nC/m 2
\
\
Dtan 1 = D - DN1 = 2 a x + 5 a y nC/m 2
According to boundary conditions,

DN1 = DN2 = - 3 a z
while
\
\
Dtan 1
Dtan 2
Dtan 2 =
e
e1
= r1
e2
e r2
2
5
2ax +5ay
i.e.
Dtan 2
(2 a x + 5 a y ) = 0.8 a x + 2 a y
5
2
nC/m 2
D2 = DN2 + Dtan 2 = 0.8 a x + 2 a y - 3 a z nC/m 2

z
D1
z>0
er1 = 5
Normal
az
q1
Surface
z=0
plane
q2
z<0
er2 = 2
az
D2
Fig. 6.1
Energy density WE1
1 D1
=
2 e1
1 D1
=
2 e 0 e r1
2
1
=
( 2) 2 + (5) 2 + ( -3) 2 10 -9
8.854 10 -12 5
TM
= 0.4291 mJ/m 3
Field Theory
and
6-3
WE2 =
1 D2
2 e2
0.8 2 + 2 2 + -3 2 10 -9
( ) ( ) ( )
1
=
12
2
8.854 10
2
= 0.3851 mJ/m 3
To find angle of D2 with z axis i.e. - a z is to be obtained by dot product.

\ D2 ( - a z ) = D2 a z cos q 2
\
[0.8 a x + 2 a y - 3 a z ] ( - a z ) =
+ 3 = 3.6932 cos q 2
Alternatively, tan q 2 =
Now
( 0.8) 2 + ( 2) 2 + ( - 3) 2 cos q 2
D tan 2
( 0.8) 2 + ( 2) 2
=
D N2
3
i.e.
D2 =
( 0.8) 2 + ( 2) 2 + ( - 3) 2 = 3.6932
D1 =
( 2) 2 + (5) 2 + ( -3) 2 = 6.1644
D2
D1
= c e e0 E = c e e0
As
P2
P1
q 2 = 35.678
3.6932
= 0.599
6.1644
q 2 = 35.678
i.e.
( c e + 1) e 0
( c e + 1) e 0 E
(c e )
( c e + 1)
( e R - 1)
eR
But
eR = c e + 1
e R2 - 1
e
1
D2 R1
e R2
e R1 - 1 D
1
= 0.599
( 2 - 1)
2
(5 - 1)
= 0.3743
Example 6.2.6
Solution :
E1 = 100 a x + 80 a y + 60 a z
At boundary,
E1 = Etan 1 + EN1
Now EN1 is projection of E1 in the normal direction, given by the dot product.
\
EN1 =
[ E1 a N12 ] a N 12
TM
... a z
= 1
Field Theory
6-4
= 100 a x + 80 a y + 60 a z
=
\
\
) - 72 a x + 73 a y + 76 a z a N12
( - 28.57 + 34.285 + 51.428 ) a N12
= 57.143 a N12
EN1 = 16.326 a x + 24.489 a y + 48.979 a z V/m

Etan 1 = E1 - EN1 = 116.326 a x + 55.511 a y + 11.021 a z V/m
At the boundary, Etan 2 = Etan 1

\
EN2 =
and
e
EN1
= 2
e1
EN2
3 e0
e1
= 1.5 EN1
EN1 =
E
e2
2e 0 N1
E2 = Etan 2 + EN2 = Etan 1 + 1.5 EN1 = 91.837 a x + 92.245 a y + 84.489 a z V/m
Example 6.2.7
z

E1 = 5 a x 2 a y + 3 a z kV/m
z>0
er1 = 4
i) The normal directions to the plane z = 0 are a z .

\
EN1 = 3 a z , Etan 1 = 5 a x 2 a y
z<0
er2 = 3
From boundary conditions,
a1
q2
E2
a2 EN2 Etan1
Etan 1 = Etan 2 = 5 a x 2 a y
E N1
e
3
= r2 =
E N2
e r1
4
i.e.
EN2 =
az
E
q1 E1 N1
z=0
az
Etan2
4
= 4 az
E
3 N1
Fig. 6.2
\ E2 = EN2 + Etan 2
= 5 a x 2 a y + 4 a z kV/m
ii)
iii)
tan q 1 =
E N1
=
E tan1
3
25 + 4
i.e.
q 1 = 29.12
with interface
tan q 2 =
E N2
=
E tan2
4
25 + 4
i.e.
q 2 = 36.6
with interface
WE1 =
1
1
e 1| E1|2 = 4 8.854 10 -12 ( 25 + 4 + 9) 2 10 6
2
2
3
= 672.904 J/m
WE2 =
1
1
e | E |2 = 3 8.854 10 -12 ( 25 + 4 + 16) 2 10 6
2 2 2
2
3
= 597.645 J/m
iv) Cube is at (3, 4, 5) i.e. z = 5 hence it is in the region z < 0 with e r1 = 3.

Volume of cube = 2 2 2 = 8 m3
\ Energy in cube = WE2 volume = 597.645 8 = 4.781 mJ
TM
Field Theory
6-5
Example 6.2.8
Solution : The normal direction to the y = 0, plane is a y hence out of E 2 , 12 a y is the
normal component of E 2 .
\
E N2 = 12 a y V/m
E1
E 2 = E tan 2 + E N2
But
er1 = 4
E tan 2 = 5 a x + a z V m
y=0
At the boundary of perfect dielectrics,
er2 = 1
E tan 1 = E tan 2 = 5 a x + a z V m
E N1
e
= r2
E N2
e r1
and
\
i.e.
1
E N1
=
12 a y
4
E2 = 5ax + 12ay + az
E N1 = 3 a y
Fig. 6.3
E1 = E tan 1 + E N1
= 5 a x + 3 a y + a z V m.
Example 6.6.4
Solution : r S = 2 mC / m 2 , A = 1 m 2 , Gradient = 105 V/m, d = 1 mm
Q = r S A = 2 10 6 C
Gradient =
V
V
i.e. 105 =
d
1 10 3
C =
Q 2 10 6
= 20 nF
=
V
100
i.e. V = 100 V
Example 6.6.5
The e r varies linearily from e r1 to e r2 . The equation
for this linear behaviour is,
er = K x + A
At x = 0,
x=0
x=d
er varies
linearily
e r = e r1
\ A = e r1
At x = d,
e r = e r2
e r2 = K d + e r1
er1
i.e.
K=
er 2 - er 1
d
e - er 1
er = r 2
x + er 1
d
Let the plate at x = 0 carries positive charge.

TM
er2
Fig. 6.4
Field Theory
6-6
E1 =
+rS
ax
2e
... Due to plate at x = 0
while
E2 =
-rS
(- a x )
2e
... Due to plate at x = d
E = E1 + E2 =
rS
a
e x
V = - E dL = -
= -
x = 0
x = d
... Between the plates
x= 0
x= d
rS
a
e x
dx a
rS
e r2 - e r1
x + e r1 e 0
... e = e 0 e r
... a x
dx
=1
x= 0
= -
rS
e - e r1
d
ln r2
x + e r1
( e r2 - e r1 )
d
e0
x = d
= -
rS d
ln {e r1} - ln {e r2 - e r1 + e r1} ]
e 0 ( e r2 - e r1 ) [
-rS d
rS d
e
e
ln r1 =
ln r2
e 0 [e r2 - e r1 ] e r2 e 0 ( e r2 - e r1 )
e r1
And
Q = rS A
C=
Q
=
V
rS A
rS d
e
ln r2
e 0 ( e r2 - e r1 ) e r1
i.e.
e 0 ( e r2 - e r1 ) A
F
e
d ln r2
e r1
C =
Example 6.6.6
The e r varies linearily from 4 to 8, along x direction.
The equation for linear behaviour is,
er = K x + C
er1 = 4
+
+
At x = 0, e r = e r1 = 4
\
\
er2 = 8
4 = 0+C
C = 4
At x = 0.01, e r = e r2 = 8
\
8 = 0.01 K + 4
K = 400
1 cm
z
x=0
x = 1 cm
x = 0.01 cm
Fig. 6.5
TM
Field Theory
6-7
e r = 400 x + 4
(1)
Now let plate at x = 0 carries positive charge.

+rS
a
\
E1 =
2e x
And
E2 =
-rS
2e
(- a x )
... Due to plate at x = 0.01
rS
a
e x
E = E1 + E2 =
V = - E dL = -
... Between the plates
x = 0.01
rS
a dx a x
e x
e = e 0 e r = e 0 [400 x + 4]
and
\
... Due to plate at x = 0
V = -
x = 0.01
= =
rS
r
dx = - S
e0
e 0 ( 400 x + 4)
[ln 400 x + 4]00.01 =
rS
e0
- r S ( - 0.6931)
400 8.854 10
Q = rS A
C =
-12
rS A
Q
=
V 195.715 10 6 r
12 10 -4
195.715 10 6
x = 0.01
1
dx
400 x + 4
-rS
4
ln
8
400 e 0
400
And
... From (1)

0
= 195.715 10 6 r S V
... A = 12 cm 2
S
= 6.1313 pF
Example 6.6.7
Solution : er = 2.55, E = 10 kV/m, d = 1.5 mm
i)
D = e 0 e r E = 8.854 10
7
= 2.2577 10
\
C/m
7
r S = D = 2.2577 10
V
d
ii)
E =
V = 15 V
i.e.
12
2.55 10 10
C/m
10 10 =
V
1.5 10 -3
Example 6.6.8
Solution :
a)
A = 100 cm , d = 2 mm, C = 2 10 -4 mF, V = 20 kV

Q
Q
i.e. 2 10 -4 10 -6 =
C =
V
20 10 3
2
TM
Field Theory
6-8
Q = 4 mC
\
The flux is same as the charge
\
y = Q = 4 mC
b)
E =
V 20 10 3
10 10 3 kV
=
= 10 10 6 V/m =
= 100 kV/cm
d
100 cm
2 10 -3
c)
C =
e0 er A
d
e r = 4.5177
d)
D = rS =
2 10 -4 10 -6 =
i.e.
8.854 10 -12 e r 100 10 -4

2 10 -3
Q
4 10 -6
2
=
= 4 10 -4 C/m
A 100 10 -4
Example 6.6.9
Solution : A = 1 cm 2 = 1 10 - 4 m 2 ,
d = 1 cm = 1 10 - 2 m, e r = 6, e 0 = 8.854 10 - 12
For parallel plate capacitor,

e e A
eA
6 8.854 10 - 12 1 10 - 4
= 0.5312 pF
C =
= r 0
=
d
d
1 10 - 2
Example 6.7.2
Solution : The D field between the plates in cylindrical co-ordinates is of the form
D = D f a f where D f depends only on r.
Let plate at f = 0 is V = 0 and plate at f = a is V = Vo.
a
Df
Vo = E d L =
a f (rdf a f )
e
f= 0
D f r
e
df =
f= 0
D f ra
e
Where e = e 0 e r
eVo
ra
The charge density on the plate f = a is
eVo
r S = D n = D f =
ra
Df =
The total charge on the plate is,

Q =
C =
r S ds =
r2
z = 0 r = r1
e Vo
eVo L r2
dr dz =
ln
ra
a
r1
e L r2
Q
=
ln
a
r1
Vo
TM
Field Theory
6-9
Example 6.8.4

1
As e r , the standard formula for spherical capacitor
r
can not be used.
+
+
+
5 cm
+
+
10 cm
er 1
r
In spherical conductor E at a radial distance r is given

by,
Q
ar V m
E =
4 p er2
\
Fig. 6.6
V = - E dL
-
= -
r = 5 cm
r = 10 cm
= -
= -
And
Q
4 p e0
10 Q
4 p e0
4 p er2
r = 0.05
r = 0.1
a r dr a r
1
Q
dr = 4
p
e0
0.1
r2
= {ln [r]}0.05
0.1
... Note e = e 0 e r
0.05
r = 0.1
10
dr
r
10 Q
0.05
ln
4 p e 0 0.1
... Q = 1 mC
= 62.298 kV
Q
1 10 -6
= 16.051 pF
C =
=
V 62.298 10 3
Example 6.8.5
Solution : i) The capacitance of a single isolated sphere is,
C = 4pea
... e = e 0 , a =
1.5
= 0.75 m
2
= 4 p 8.854 10 - 12 0.75 = 83.447 pF

ii) For co-axial cable,
C =
2p e L
where, L = 1.5 m, e r = 2.26, a = 0.6 mm, b = 3.5 mm
b
ln
a
2p 8.854 10 - 12 2.26 1.5

= 106.935 pF
3.5
ln
0.6
iii) Consider the cylindrical conductor suspended above
conducting plane as shown in the Fig. 6.7.
b = 1.5 mm
C =
the
h = 15 m
Plane
Fig. 6.7
TM
Field Theory
6 - 10
The capacitance of this arrangement is given by,

C
=
L
2pe
h
cosh -1
b
e = e 0 , h = 15 m, b = 1.5 10 - 3 m
\
C
=
L
Example 6.9.4
2p 8.854 10 - 12
= 5.6173 pF m
15
cosh - 1
1.5 10 - 3
Kept this unsolved example for students practice.
Example 6.9.5
Solution : The equivalent arrangement is two
capacitors connected in parallel, as shown in
the Fig. 6.8.
W
For C 1 , A 1 =
L
2
W
L
e1
e 1A 1
2
=
C1 =
d
d
W
For C 2 , A 2 =
L
2
W
L
e2
e2 A 2
2
=
C2 =
d
d
e WL e 2 WL
+
\
C eq = C 1 + C 2 = 1
2d
2d
WL
(e + e 2 )
\
C eq =
2d 1
W
2
W
2
C1
C2
Fig. 6.8
Parallel capacitors
Required capacitance
Example 6.9.6
Solution : Area A = W L is common to both
the capaciters. The equivalent arrangement is
two capacitors in series as shown in the Fig. 6.9.
e A
e A
while C 2 = 2
C1 = 1
d
d
d
where
A = WL
A=WL
e1
C1
e2
C2
The equivalent capacitance of the

C eq
e 1A e 2 A
C1C2
d
= d
=
C1 + C2
e 1A e 2 A
+
d
d
Fig. 6.9
TM
Field Theory
6 - 11
A
e 1e 2
= d
e1 + e2
\
C eq =
A
d
Required capacitance
1
1
e 1 + e 2
Example 6.9.7
Solution : For Fig. 6.9.7 (a) there are two capacitors in series.
e 1A
e2 A
and
C2 =
C1 =
( d 2)
( d 2)
Where
A = S = 20 cm2, d = 2 mm, e r 1 = 4,
C1 =
C2 =
Ceq =
e r2 = 6
4 8.854 10 -12
20 10 -4 = 70.832 pF
2 10 -3
6 8.854 10 -12
20 10 -4 = 106.248 pF
2 10 -3
C1C2
= 42.5 pF
C1 + C2
For Fig. 6.9.7 (b) there are two capacitors in parallel. The area of plates becomes half for
each i.e. S 2 = 10 cm 2 .
S/2
S/2
12
4
e 1 ( S 2)
4 8.854 10
10 10
= 17.708 pF
\ C1 =
=
d
( 2 10 -3 )
C1
\ C2 =
\
e 2 ( S 2)
=
d
6 8.854 10 -12
10 10 -4
( 2 10 -3 )
= 26.562 PF
w/2
Ceq = C 1 + C 2 = 44.27 PF
Solution : a) The arrangement is three capacitors in series.

3 8.854 10 -12 20 10 -4
0.4 10 -3
= 132.81 pF
C2 =
w/2
Fig. 6.10
Example 6.9.8
C3 =
C2
2 8.854 10 -12 20 10 -4
0.3 10 -3
TM
= 118.053 pF
Field Theory
6 - 12
C1 =
\
1
C eq
1 8.854 10 -12 20 10 -4
0.2 10 -3
1
1
1
=
hence
+
+
C1 C2 C 3
= 88.54 pF
C3 = eR3 e0 A/d3
Ceq = 36.6372 pF
C2 = eR2 e0 A/d2
b) Let the supply voltage be V.

\
1
C V2
2 eq
1
1
E2 = C 2 V22 , E3 = C 3 V 32
2
2
ET = Total energy =
E1
1
=
C V2,
2 1 1
C1 = eR1 e0 A/d1
For capacitors in series, Q = C1 V1 = C2 V2 = C3 V3 = Ceq V

\
ET =
Q2
1
,
2 C eq
E1 =
% Energy stored in region 1 =

C eq
C1
C eq
C2
C eq
C3
Q2
Q2
Fig. 6.11
Q2
1
1
1
, E2 =
, E3 =
2 C1
2 C2
2 C3
100 = 41.3792 %
100 = 31.0345 %
100 = 27.5863 %
Example 6.9.9
er2 = 6

Fig. 6.12.
d 2 = 0.002 m
d = d 1 + d 2 = 0.01 m
\
Air
d1
d 1 = 0.01 0.002 = 0.008 m
er1 = 1
e r2 = 6 e r1 = 6
A = 1
Wood
d2
Fig. 6.12
m2
C1 =
e1 A
d1
C1 =
e 0 e r1 A
8.854 10 - 12 1 1
=
= 1.1067 10 - 9 F
d1
0.008
C2 =
e 0 e r2 A
8.854 10 - 12 6 1
=
= 26.562 10 - 9 F
d2
0.002
C eq =
and
C2 =
e2 A
d2
and two are in series.
C1 C2
1.1067 10 - 9 26.562 10 - 9
=
C1 + C2
1.1067 10 - 9 + 26.562 10 - 9
= 1.0624 10 - 9 F = 1.0624 nF
TM
Field Theory
6 - 13
Example 6.10.5
+
C1
C2
Veq = Voltage
Fig. 6.13.
between
Initially when C 1 is charged to 100 V d.c., the
the plates
energy stored is,
Fig. 6.13
1
1
E =
C V 2 = 4 10 - 3 100 2 = 20 J
2 1
2
This energy must remain same while voltage across the two must be same as Veq . So total
energy in the new arrangement is,
1
1
1
2 + 1 10 - 3 V 2
i.e 20 = 4 10 - 3 Veq
E =
C V2 + C V2
eq
2 1 eq 2 2 eq
2
2
\
2
= 6666.6667
Veq
i.e.
Veq = 81.6496 V
... Potential between the plates
Example 6.10.6
Solution : The capacitor is shown in the Fig. 6.14.
x
er
Lx
C1
Dielectric
slab
(a)
C2
(b)
Fig. 6.14
There are two capacitors in parallel.

e A
e (L x)W
e e A
e e xW
, C2 = 0 r 2 = 0 r
C1 = 0 1 = 0
d
d
d
d
\
C eq = C 1 + C 2 =
e 0 (L x)W e 0 e r xW e 0 W
=
L+ x( e r 1) ]
+
d
d
d [
U = Energy stored in capacitor =

\
U =
1 e0 W
L+ x( e r 1) ]V 2
2
d [
But
E =
V
d
U =
1 e0 W 2 2
E d [ L+ x( e r 1) ]
2 d
i.e.
1
CV 2
2
V = Voltage
V = Ed
|F| = Force acting on the dielectric =

=
d 1 e0 W 2 2
E D [ L+ x( e r 1) ]
dx 2 d
1
e WE 2 d( e r 1)
2 0
dU
dx
Proved.
TM
Field Theory
6 - 14
Example 6.10.7
Solution :
V = 100 V, 44.21 mJ/unit area is energy.
For a parallel plate capacitor,

e A
and
C = 0
d
E=
1 e0 A 2
V
2 d
1
C V2
2
E
1 e0
V2
=
A
2 d
E =
But
E
= Energy per unit area
A
\ 44.21 10 - 6 =
\
i.e.
1
8.854 10 - 12
(100) 2
2
d
d = 1.0013 mm
... Seperation between plates
Example 6.10.8
2
Solution : A = 50 50 cm , V = 250 V, d 1 = 1 mm, e r = 1

\
\
C1 =
e0 A
8.854 10 12 50 50 10 4
=
= 2.2135 10 9 F
d1
1 10 3
Q = C 1 V = 2.2135 10 9 250 = 5.5337 10 7 C

E 1 = Energy stored =
1
C V 2 = 6.9171 10 5 J
2 1
When separation is increased to 3 mm i.e. d2 = 3 mm

\
C2 =
e0 A
8.854 10 12 50 50 10 4
=
= 7.3783 10 10 F
3
d2
3 10
The charge remains same

Q
5.5337 10 7
= 750 V
=
\
V =
C2
7.3783 10 10
E 2 = energy stored =
\
1
C ( V 1 ) 2 = 2.075 10 4 J
2 2
Work done = E 2 E 1 = 1.3834 10 4 J = 138.34 mJ
Example 6.10.9
2
Solution : d = 5 mm, S = 80 cm , e r = 10
i)
C =
ii)
C =
E =
e S 8.854 10 -12 10 80 10 -4
=
= 141.664 pF
d
5 10 -3
Q
V
i.e. Q = CV = 141.664 10
V
50
=
= 10 kV/m,
d 5 10 -3
12
50 = 7.0832 nC
2
D = e 0 e r E = 0.8854 C/m
TM
Field Theory
6 - 15
WE =
1
1
CV2 = 141.664 10 12 (50)2 = 0.17708 J
2
2
iii) Though source is disconnected and the dielectric is removed, Q on the surface remains
same
Q 7.0832 10 -9
2
=
Q = 7.0832 nC, D = r S =
= 0.8854 C/m
\
4
S
80 10
E =
WE =
But
C =
D
0.8854 10 -6
= 100 kV/m
=
e0
8.854 10 -12
e r = 1 as dielectric removed
1
1
1 Q2
Q 2
CV2 = C =
2
2 C
2 C
e 0 S 8.854 10 -12 80 10 -4
=
= 14.1664 pF
d
5 10 -3
1 (7.0832 10 -9 ) 2
= 1.7708 J
2 14.1664 10 -12
Q
7.0832 10 -9
=
= 500 V
V =
C 14.1664 10 -12
WE =
iv)
Example 6.10.10
Solution : A = 1 m 2 , d = 1 mm, e r = 25,
C =
V = 1000 V
e e A
eA
8.854 10 - 12 25 1
= 221.35 nF
= 0 r =
d
d
1 10 - 3
Q = CV = 221.35 10 - 9 1000 = 2.2135 10 - 4 C
For the plate separation 'x', the capacitor is C =
eA
.
x
For the fixed voltage V across the plates,

V
(CV)
C
Q
= V
= V2
x
x
x
While the energy stored in a capacitor WE =

\
WE
=
x
x
1
CV 2
2
1 CV 2 = 1 V 2 C
2
2
x
The force between the plates is given by,

F = =
\
C
=
x
WE
1
Q
C
C
+ V
= - V2
+ V2
2
x
x
x
x
1 2 C
V
2
x
- eA
but C =
eA
x
x2
TM
Field Theory
6 - 16
F = -
F = -
1 2 eA
V
2
x2
(1000) 2 8.854 10 - 12 25 1
2 (1 10 - 3 ) 2
= 110.675 N
... x = d = 1 mm
Example 6.10.11
Solution : The four cases are shown in the Fig. 6.15.
100 mF
C1
V1
50 mF
C2
C1, V1
V2
C2
C1
C2, V2
+
+
1000 V
+
1000 V
Ceq = C1 = 100 mF
Ceq = C2 = 50 mF
E=
2
1
C V = 50 kJ
2 1
E=
1000 V
1000 V
C 1 C2
V is same for both
= 33.33 mF
C1 + C2
\ V1 = V2 = 1000 V
Q = Ceq V = 33.333 C
Ceq = C1 + C2 = 150 mF
Q
= 333.333 V
V1 =
2
1
C1
Ceq V
E=
2
Q
= 666.666 V
V2 =
= 75 kJ
C2
Ceq =
2
1
C V = 25 kJ
2 2
E=
1
2
Ceq V
= 16.666 kJ
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Fig. 6.15
Example 6.10.12
Solution :
Fig. 6.16.
The arrangement is shown in the
Initially when C 1 is charged to 100 V d.c., the

energy stored is,
E =
C1
C2
1
1
C V 2 = 4 10 - 3 100 2 = 20 J
2 1
2
Veq = Voltage
between
the plates
Fig. 6.16
This energy must remain same while voltage across the two must be same as Veq . So total
energy in the new arrangement is,
1
1
E =
C V2 + C V2
2 1 eq 2 2 eq
1
2 + 1 10 - 3 V 2
20 = 4 10 - 3 Veq
\
eq
2
2
\
2 =6666.6667
Veq
Veq =81.6496 V
... Potential between the plates
qqq
TM
Poissons and
Laplaces Equations
Example 7.2.4
2 3
Solution : V = 2 xy z
VP = 2 1 (3)2 ( 1)3 = 18 V
\
The Laplace's equation is 2 V = 0
2V =
2V
x 2
2V
y 2
2V
z 2
[2y 2 z 3 ] +
[4xyz 3 ] + [6xy 2 z 2 ]
x
y
z
= 0 + 12 xz + 12 xy z
As 2 V 0, the given V does not satisfy Laplace's equation.
Example 7.2.5
Solution : Find 2 V
2V =
V

2V
1 2 V
1
1
sin
+
+
r
q
r r 2 sin q q
q r 2 sin 2 q f 2
r2 r
( -2)
1 2
1
50

r 50 sin q
+ 2
sin q 2 cos q + 0
2
3
r
r r sin q
r
1 -100 sin q
1
50 sin q cos q
+
2
2
r
r sin q q
r r
r2
=
=
=
1
r2
1
1 50
1
( -100 sin q) - +
sin 2q
r 2 r 2 sin q r 2 q 2
+100 sin q
r4
100 sin q
r
1
r4
sin q
50
4
r sin q
25 2 cos 2q =
100 sin q
r
100 sin q
50
r4
sin q
r4
Hence given potential field does not satisfy Laplaces equation.
(7 - 1)
TM
1
r4
sin q
50 [1 - 2 sin 2 q]
Field Theory
7-2
Poisson's and Laplace's Equations
Example 7.2.6
Solution :
The potential due to dipole is given by,

Q d cos q
K cos q
V =
=
2
4pe 0 r
r2
K=
Qd
= Constant
4pe 0
According to Laplace's equation in spherical system,

1 2
2
1
K

2V =
r K cos q - 3 + 2
sin q 2 sin q + 0
2
r r
r r sin q q
r
=
=
=
1
r2
1
r2
- 2 K cos q
1
K sin 2 q
+
r
r
r 2 sin q q r 2
- 2 K cos q -
2 K cos q
r4
2 K cos q
r4
1
r2
1
r 2 sin
K
r2
2 sin q ( - cos q)
= 0
This shows that potential due to electric dipole satisfies Laplace's equation.
Example 7.2.7
Solution : In cartesian system let the vector A is,
A = A x ax + A y ay + A z az
2A = 2A x a x + 2A y a y + 2A z a z
\
L.H.S. = 2 A = 2 A x a x + 2 A y a y + 2 A z a z
=
2 A y
2 A x
2 A z
+
+
x
y
z
2
2A x
A y
2A z
+
=
+
x x 2 y y 2 z z 2
A y
A x
A z
R.H.S. = 2 A = 2
+
+
y
z
x
2 A x
2 A y
2 A z
+
+
x 2 x y 2 y z 2 z
2
2A x
A y
2A z
+
=
+
= L.H.S.
x x 2 y y 2 z z 2
... Proved
Example 7.4.9
Solution :
The spherical shells are shown in the Fig. 7.1.
The E is in radial direction and hence V is also the function of r alone and independent of
q and f.
TM
Field Theory
\2V =
\
7-3
1 2 V
r
= 0 ... Laplace's equation
r
r 2 r
r = 0.2m
2 V
r
= 0
r
r
Integrating,
r2
V
=
r
r = 0.1m
0 + C1 = C1
V = 100 V
... (1)
C
V
= 1
r
r2
Integrating,
V =
At r = 0.1 m,
V = 0
0 = -
Solving,
e0
Fig. 7.1
C1
r2
dr + C 2 = -
C1
+ C 2 ... (2)
r
and r = 0.2 m, V = 100 V

C1
+ C2
0.1
100 = -
and
C1
+ C2
0.2
C1 = 20, C2 = 200
20
+ 200 V
r
V = -
Hence
E = -V = -
E = -
20
r2
20
1
a r = - + 200 a r - -20 - a r
r
r r
r 2
a r V/m
- 20 e 0
- 177.08
a r pC/m 2
r2
r
Note that as outer shell is at higher potential, E is directed from outer to inner shell and
hence in - a r direction.
D = e0 E =
ar =
Example 7.4.10
Solution : The potential is changing with respect to y only hence,
2 V =
2V
y2
=0
... Laplace's equation
Integrating twice, V = C 1 y + C 2
\
V
V
V
ax +
ay +
a z = - C1 a y
E = - V = -
x
y
z
2
D = e 0 E = - C 1 e 0 a y C/m
But given
D = 253 a y N C/m
253 10 -9 = - C 1 e 0
i.e
TM
Field Theory
7-4
C1 = -
253 10 - 9
8.854 10
- 12
= - 28.574 10 -3
At y = 0.01 m, V = 0 i.e. 0 = - 28.574 10 3 0.01 + C 2

\
C 2 = 285.746
V = - 28.574 10 3 y + 285.746
So voltage at y = 0 m is, V = 285.746 V

and voltage at y = 0.02 m is, V = 285.746 V
Example 7.4.11
Solution :
V =
Q
4per
Spherical system
V is the function of r only hence derivatives with respect to f and q are zero.
1 2 V
Other terms are zero
\
2V =
r
r
r 2 r
=
\
-Q
1 2 Q
1 -Q
1 2
=0
=
r
r
= 2
2
2
2
4
p
e
r
r
r
4p er r r 4p e
2V = 0
(1)
Now,
E = V=-
E =
D = eE=
Now,
ar
4p e r 2
D = rv
-Q
Q
V
=
a
ar = -
ar
r
2
r 4p er
r
4p er
Q
4p r 2
i.e.
D r =
ar
D=
4p r 2
1 2
(r D r )
r 2 r
Q
1 2
1 Q
=0
r
= 2
2
2
r r
r r 4p
4p r
r
Now Poisson's equation is 2 V = v but r v = 0 hence it reduces to 2 V = 0.
e
rv =
(2)
This matches with the equation (1) obtained above. This proves that potential for a point
charge satisfies Poisson's equation.
Example 7.4.12
Solution : V is a function of f only and not the function r and z.
TM
Field Theory
7-5
2V =
1 2V
r 2 f 2
=0
Integrating,
V
=
f
0 df + C 1 = C 1
Integrating,
V =
C 1 df + C 2 = C 1 f + C 2
At f = 10, V = 50 V while at f = 30, V = 20 V

\
50 = 10 C 1 + C 2
and
20 = 30 C 1 + C 2
Subtracting, 30 = 20 C 1
\
C 1 = 1.5
and
C 2 = 65
V = 1.5 f + 65 V
Now at P (2, 1, 3),

\
tan f =
... Use f in degrees.
x = 2, y = 1, z = 3
y 1
=
x 2
f = 26.56
VP = 1.5 26.56 + 65 = 25.152 V
Example 7.4.13
Solution : V is a function of q only and not the function of r and f .
1

V
\
2V =
sin q
=0
2
q
q
r sin q
V
sin q q = 0
Integrating,
C1
V
V
=
= 0 dq + C 1 = C 1 I.e.
= C 1 cosec q
sin q
sin q
q
q
Integrating,
V =
q
C 1 cosec q dq + C 2 = C 1 ln tan + C 2
At q = 30, V = 50 V and at q = 50, V = 20 V

\
30
50 = C 1 ln tan
+ C2
i.e. 50 = 1.3169 C 1 + C 2
and
50
20 = C 1 ln tan
+ C2
and 20 = 0.7629 C 1 + C 2
Subtracting, 30 = 0.5539 C 1
\
C 1 = 54.152,
C 2 = 21.3125
TM
Field Theory
7-6
q
V = - 54.152 ln tan - 21.3125
... Use q in degrees.
For P (2, 1, 3), x = 2, y = 1, z = 3

q = cos -1
z
= cos -1
r
VP = - 54.152 ln tan
3
= 36.6692
= cos -1
14
z
x2 + y 2 + z2
36.6992
- 21.3125 = 38.4489 V
Example 7.4.14
Solution : At origin, V(0, 0) = f(0) = 0
f( x)
V
V
a x - 4y a y + 0 a z
ax +
ay +
a z = - 15x 2 +
E = -V = -
x
y
z
x
f(x)
E x = 15x 2 +
x
f(x)
At origin, E x = 0 hence
= 0 at origin
x
For a charge free region, 2 V = 0

2V
x 2
2V
y 2
2V
z 2
= 0
f( x)
V
= 15x 2 +
,
x
x
2V
x 2
30 x +
2 f( x)
x 2
= 30x +
- 4+ 0 = 0
2 f( x)
x 2
i.e.
x 2
f(x)
=
x
But at origin,
f(x)
= 0 i.e. 0 = A 1
x
Integrate,
f(x) =
But
\
2V
2V
= 4,
=0
y
z 2
2 f(x)
Integrate,
V
V
= 4y,
=0
y
z
= 4 30x
(4 - 30 x)dx + A 1 = 4x -
30x 2
4x dx + A 2
2
f(x) = 0 at origin hence 0 = A 2

f(x) =
4x 2
2
30x 3
6
= 2x 2 - 5x 3
TM
30x 2
+ A1
2
4x 2 30x 3
+ A2
6
2
Field Theory
7-7

z
Example 7.4.15
Solution :
Fig. 7.2.
The plates are shown in the
Plate 1
V1 = 0 V
Consider cylindrical co-ordinate system.

f 1 = 0 for plate 1 and
Insulated
hinge
f 2 = a = 10 for plate 2
The potential is a function of f only and
constant with r and z. Hence Laplace's
equation in cylindrical system is,
2V
f1 = 0
1
=0
r f2
Integrating,
Plate 2
V2 = Vo V
a
V
= 0 df + C 1 = C1
f
Integrating,
f2 = 10
Fig. 7.2
V =
At f 1 = 0,
C1 df + C2
= C1 f + C 2
(1)
V1 = 0 V i.e. 0 = C1 0 + C2, so C2 = 0
V = C1 f
Now
V = V0 at f = f2 = a
V0
a
C1 =
V =
V0
f
a
For a = 10,
V =
V0
f V
10
V
f must be in degrees.
Example 7.4.16
Solution : The two cones are shown in the Fig. 7.3.
The potential is constant with r and f and is the function of q only.
So Laplace's equation reduces to,
1
d
d
r sin q q
2
sin q
Integrating,
Integrating
sinq dV = 0
dq
dV
dq
sin q
dV
=
dq
0+A = A
dq + B = A cosecq + B
TM
(1)
Field Theory
7-8
q1

q2
p
q1 =
10
p
q2 =
6
V1 = 0 V
V2 = 50 V
Fig. 7.3
V = A ln tan + B
2
\
For q 1 =
p
,
10
p / 10
0 = A ln tan
+B
\
For q 2 =
V1 = 0 V
p
,
6
i.e. 0 = 1.8427 A + B
(2)
V2 = 50 V
p / 6
50 = A ln tan
+ B i.e. 50 = 1.3169 A + B
Solving equations (6.4.10) and (6.4.11), A = 95.09319, B = 175.2282
(3)
V = 95.09319 ln tan + 175.2282
E = V=
=
1 dV
a
r dq q
1 d
95.09319 ln
r dq
Other terms are zero
q
tan 2 + 175.2282 a q
1
1
= 95.09319
sec 2
r
q
tan
2
TM
1
q
a
2 2 q
Field Theory
7-9
q
cos
2
95.09319
1
=
aq
r
q
q
2
2sin cos
2
2
=
95.09319
1
aq
q
q
2sin cos
2
2
95.09319
a q V/m
r sin q
Example 7.5.4
Solution : The spherical shells are shown in the Fig. 7.4.
The E is in radial direction and hence V is also the function of r alone and independent of
q and f .
1 2 V
\
2V =
r
=0
r
r 2 r
\
2 V
r
= 0
r
r
Integrating,
\
Integrating,
At r = 0.1 m,
\
\
r2
r = 0.2 m
V
= 0 + C1 = C1
r
C1
V
=
r
r2
C1
C
V =
dr + C 2 = - 1 + C 2
2
r
r
... (1)
r = 0.1 m
V = 100 V
... (2)
Fig. 7.4
V = 0
and r = 0.2 m, V = 100 V

C1
C
0 = + C 2 and 100 = - 1 + C 2
0.1
0.2
C
C
100 = - 1 - - 1
0.1 (0.2)
100 = 10 C1 + 5 C1 i.e. C1 = 20
\
\
Hence
\
\
C 2 = 200
20
V = + 200 V
r
V
20
1
a =+ 200 a r - -20 - a r
E = - V = r r
r r
r 2
20
a r V/m
E = r2
- 20 e 0
- 177.08
ar =
a r pC/m 2
D = e0 E =
2
r
r2
TM
e0
Field Theory
7 - 10
Key Point Note that as outer shell is at higher potential, E is directed from outer to inner
shell and hence in - a r direction.

Example 7.5.5
Solution : Assume that the plates are placed parallel to x-y plane as shown in the Fig. 7.5.
z=d
V=f
Upper plate
er
a
x
z=0
Lower plate
V=0
y
Fig. 7.5
The space between the plates is filled with two dielectrics,

1. For thickness 'a' with e r
2. For thickness 'd a' with air e 0
Using Laplace's equation in cartesian form
2V 2V 2V
=0
2V =
+
+
x 2 y 2 z 2
But V = f(z) only and not the functions of x and y.
\
2V
z 2
= 0
Integrating,
V
=
z
Integrating,
V =
0+A = A
A dz + B = Az + B
Let the potential for z < a, V1 = A1z + B1
z < a (1)
Let the potential for z > a, V2 = A2z + B2
z > a (2)
At z = 0,
V=0
hence
B1 = 0
From equation (1)

TM
Field Theory
At z = d,
At z = a,
7 - 11
V=f
B 2 = f A 2d
hence
From equation (2)
V1 = V 2
A1 a = A2a + B2 = A2 a + f A2d
i.e.
A1 =
A 2 (a - d) + f
a
(3)
At the boundary, at z = a there are two perfect dielectrics giving,

DN1 = DN2
\
\
e r EN1 = EN2
er
i.e. e 1 E N1 = e 2 E N2 where e 1 = e 0 e r
i.e. e r
Solving equations (3) and (4),

A2
A 2 (a - d) + f
=
er
a
B2 = f -
V1 =
e r A1 = A 2
(4)
aA2 = A2 e r (a d) + e r f
and
A1 =
f
a (1 - e r ) + e r d
a (1 - e r ) f + f e r d - e r f d
a (1 - e r ) f
e r fd
=
=
a (1 - e r ) + e r d
a (1 - e r ) + e r d
a (1 - e r ) + e r d
f
z,
a (1 - e r ) + e r d
E 1 = V1 =
E1 =
C1 =
i.e.
i.e.
er f
a (1 - e r ) + e r d
A2 =
e2 = e0
dV1
dV2
=
dz
dz
d
d
[A1z] =
[A2z + B2]
dz
dz
and
e 1A
a
V2 =
er f
a (1 - e r ) f
z+
a (1 - e r ) + e r d
a (1 - e r ) + e r d
V1
f
az =
az
a
e
(
1
z
r ) + er d
f
a
a ( e r - 1) - e r d z
and
C2 =
Proved
e0 A
( d - a)
Two capacitors are in series,

\
er e0 A e0 A
e 20 A 2 ( e r )
C1C2
a
d- a =
C =
=
C1 + C2
e 0 A [e r (d - a) + a]
er e0 A e0 A
+
a
d- a
er e0 A
=
=
e r (d - a) + a
e0 A
er
d a a
e r 1 - d + d
Proved
qqq
TM
Steady Magnetic Field

Example 8.3.5
Solution :
Fig. 8.1.
The points are shown in the

Point 1
A (1,2,4)
dL
The direction of dL is from A to B. So let

us obtain unit vector in the direction from B (2,1,3)
A to B.
RAB
a AB =
| RAB|
=
( -2 - 1) a x + ( -1 - 2) a y + ( 3 - 4) a z
x
-3 a x - 3 a y - a z
Point 2
C (3,1,2)
Fig. 8.1
19
Now, a R12 =
R12
R12
dL a R12 =
10 -4 -3 a x - 3 a y - a z
19
=
( 3 - 1) a x + (1 - 2) a y + ( -2 - 4) a z
( 2) 2 + ( -1) 2 + ( -6) 2
2ax -ay - 6az

41
I dL a R12 =
... From A to C
ax ay az
- 3 - 3 -1 = 17 a x - 20 a y + 9 a z
3 -1 -6
... (without considering
R12
( -3) 2 + ( -3) 2 + ( -1) 2
\ dL = dL a AB =
aR12
6 10 -4 17 a x - 20 a y + 9 a z
19 41
] = 2.1497 10 -5
(8 - 1)
TM
1
and
19
1
)
41
[17 a x - 20 a y + 9 a z ]
Field Theory
8-2
dH =
I dL a R12
4p (R 12 )
2.1497 10 -5 17 a x - 20 a y + 9 a z
4p ( 41 )
= 4.172 10 -8 17 a x - 20 a y + 9 a z
= 0.7093 a x - 0.8344 a y + 0.3755 a z mA/m

Example 8.3.6
Solution : a) Wire of length L is formed into
circle.
L
= 0.1591 L
\ 2pR = L i.e. R =
2p
dL is tangential to the circle hence is
perpendicular to the radius R.
According to Biot-Savart law,
dH =
O
R
I
I dL a R
90
aR
dL
Fig. 8.2
4p R 2
dL a R = |dL| |a R|sin q a N
By definition.
a N = Unit vector normal to the plane containing dL and a R .

sin q = 1 as q = 90, angle between dL and a R .
|a R| = 1 and |dL| = dL
\
dH =
Now
dL
I dL a N
4p R 2
i.e.
H = dH =
I dL a N
4p R 2
= Circumference of the circle = 2 p R
H =
I 2pR a N
4p R 2
I
a =
2R N
I
a A/m.
0.3182L N
b) Wire of length L is formed into equilateral triangle let the triangle is placed in x-y plane
such that its centre is at the origin, as shown in the Fig. 8.3 (a).
Consider differential length dL at point P, which is at a distance x from D.
l(AC) =
L
,
3
l(AD) =
L
6
i.e. l(CD) = (AC) 2 - (AD) 2 = 0.2886 L
From the property of equilateral triangle, l(OD) =

l(OD) =
1
l(CD)
3
1
0.2886 L = 0.0962 L
3
R = - x a x + 0.0962L a y
as shown in the Fig. 8.3 (b).
TM
Field Theory
8-3
C
O
0.0962 L
dx
P
A
L/6
L/6
L/3
Fig. 8.3 (b)
Fig. 8.3 (a)
|R| =
dL a R
x 2 + (0.0962L) 2
ax
= dx
-x
dH =
4p R
H =
x =-
Put x = 0.0962 L tan q,
H =
x 2 + (0.0962L) 2
and dL = dx a x
I 0.0962 L dx a z
4p [x 2 + (0.0962 L) 2 ] 3
L
6
L
6
dH = 2
dH =
x =0
L
6
2 I 0.0962L
4p
L 6
x= 0
dx a z
[x 2
+ (0.0962L) 2 ] 3
dx = 0.0962 L sec q dq
For x = 0, q 1 = 0 and x =
\
- x a x + 0.0962L a y
ay
az
0.0962 L dx a z
0
0 =
x 2 + (0.0962L) 2
0.0962 L 0
I dL a R
x =+
i.e. a R =
L
, q2 = 60
6
I 0.0962 L
2p
60
0.0962 L sec 2 q dq a z
(0.0962L) 3 sec 3 q
0.866 I
I
1.432 I
a =
az
[sin q] 60
az =
0
2p 0.0962 L z
2p 0.0962L
L
All three sides are producing H in the same direction. Hence total H at the origin i.e.
centre is,
4.296 I
a z A/m
Htotal = 3H =
L
=
TM
Field Theory
8-4
c) Wire of length L is formed into a square. Consider the

square in x-y plane, such that centre is at the origin.
Consider the differential length dx at P, at a distance of
x. Thus dL = dx a x
L
\
R = - xa x + a y
8
\
\
C
I
|R| =
aR =
dL a R =
dH =
x 2 + (0.125 L) 2
ay
dx
-x
0
0.125 L
I dL a R
4p R
H =
x =-
Put x = 0.125 L tan q,
H =
0 =
0
L
4
0.125 L dx a z
2
x + (0.125 L)
4p [x 2 + (0.125 L) 2 ] 3
L
8
dH = 2
dH =
x =0
L
8
P
x dx
L
8
Fig. 8.4
I 0.125 L dx a z
L
8
2 I 0.125 L
4p
L 8
x= 0
dx a z
[x 2
+ (0.125 L) 2 ] 3
L
, q2 = 45
8
2I 0.125 L
4p
45
0.125 L sec 2 q dq a z
q = 0
2I
4 p ( 0.125 L)
45
(0.125 L) 3 sec 3 q
cos q dq a z =
q= 0
1.2732 I
0.9 I
a
[sin q] 45
az =
0
L
L z
All the sides produce H in the same direction. Hence total H at centre is,
Htotal = 4H =
3.6 I
a A/m
L z
Example 8.3.7
Solution : The small wire is shown in the Fig.8.5.
a RQP =
2
dx = 0.125 L sec q dq
For x = 0, q 1 = 0 and x =
\
az
L
8
L
8
x 2 + (0.125 L) 2
x =+
- x a x + 0.125 L a y
ax
R = - xa x + 0.125 L a y
RQP
| RQP|
RQP = (0 - 1) a x + (2 - 0) a y + (2 - 0) a z = - a x + 2 a y + 2 a z
TM
Field Theory
8-5
|RQP | =
\
a RQP =

z
1+4+4 = 3
-ax + 2ay + 2az
3
P(0, 2, 2)
I dL = 2 a x
\
dH =
I dL a RQP =
I dL a RQP
4p R
ax
ay
2
1
3
0
2
3
ax
2A
az
4
4
0 = az - ay
3
3
2
3
RQP
Q
(1, 0, 0)
Fig. 8.5
4
4
az - ay
3
3
dH =
= - 0. 0117 a y + 0 . 0117 a z A/m
4 p ( 3) 2
y
Example 8.3.8
Solution : A square loop in cartesian system is shown in
Fig. 8.6.
L/2
By the symmetry, each half side contributes same amount of

O
x
H at the centre O of a square loop of length L. For the half L/2
L/2
R
side, 0 x L 2 , y = - L 2
According to Biot-Savart law, the field at the origin is given
L/2
dx
by,
L
(I dx a x ) - x a x + a y
Fig. 8.6 (a)
2
dH =
3/ 2
L 2
4p x 2 +
2
R
L
+ ay
L
2
I dx a z
2
=
3/ 2
xax
2 L 2
4p x +
2
Fig. 8.6 (b)
There are 8 half sides and all contribute H in same direction.

L
I dx a z
L 2
L 2
2
2 2I
2 2I
=
az =
aN
H = 8 H = 8
\
3/
2
pL
p
L
2
0
0
L
4p x 2 +
where a N = Unit vector normal to the plane in which loop is kept.

TM
Field Theory
8-6
Example 8.3.9
Solution :
\
R12 = -3 a x - 4 a y - 5 a z
-3 a x - 4 a y - 5 a z
R12
=
a R12 =
|R12|
32 + 42 +52
R12
O
= - 0.4242 a x - 0.5656 a y - 0.7071 a z

\
dH2 =
(0,0,0)
I 1 dL1 a R12
2
Fig. 8.7
4p R 12
I 1 dL1 =
IdL
P(3,4,5)
I 1 dL(given) = 3p (a x + 2a y + 3a z ) mAm
I 1 dL1 a R12 =
ax
ay
az
3p
6p
9p
-0.4242 -0.5656 -0.7071

= -13.328 a x - 12 a y - 5.33 a z + 8 a z + 6.664 a y + 16 a x
dH2
= 2.672 a x - 5.336 a y + 2.67 a z

2.672 a x - 5.336 a y + 2.67 a z
= 4.252 a x - 8.4925 a y + 4.252 a z nA m
=
4p ( 50 ) 2
Example 8.5.5
Solution : i) P (2, 2, 0) : Consider the four sides separately as shown in the Fig. 8.8.
I
I
sin a 2 sin a 1 ] +
sin a 2 sin a 1 ]
\ HP =
4pr1 [
4pr2 [
+
I
I
sin a 2 sin a 1 ] +
sin a 1 sin a 2 ]
4pr 3 [
4pr4 [
Hp =
I
I
I
[sin a 2 sin a 1 ] +
[sin a 2 sin a 1 ] +
[sin a 2 sin a 1 ]
4pr1
4pr2
4pr 3
+
I
[sin a 1 sin a 2 ]
4pr4
10 sin 45 sin ( 45) sin 45 sin ( 71.56)

+
4p
2
2
sin (18.43) sin ( 18.43) sin (71.56) sin ( 45)
+
+
6
2
10
{0.7071 + 0.8278 + 0.1053 + 0.8278} = 1.964 a z A m
4p
Use the above procedure for the remaining points and verify the answers :
ii) 1.78 a z A m
iii) 0.1178 a z A m
iv) 0.3457 a x 0.3165 a y + 0.1798 a z A m

TM
Field Theory
8-7
r1 = 2
r2 = 2
P(2,2,0)
2
2 a2
a1
I = 10 A
a2
P(2,2,0)
a1
a2 = 45
a1 = 45
I = 10 A
a2 = 45
6
a1 = tan1 = 71.56
2
(b)
(a)
r3 = 6
I = 10 A
I = 10 A
a1
a2
P(2,2,0)
r4 = 2
a1
a2
P(2,2,0)
2
a2 = tan1 = 18.43
6
6
a2 = tan1 = 71.56
2
1 2
a1 = tan = 45
2
2
a1 = tan1 = 18.43
6
(c)
(d)
Fig. 8.8
Example 8.5.6
Solution : For a conductor in the form of regular polygon of n sides inscribed in a circle
of radius R, the flux density B at the centre is given by,
m nI
p
B = 0 tan
Refer Ex. 8.5.3
n
2pR
For given conductor, n = 6, R = 1 m, I = 5 A
4p 10 -7 6 5
p
B =
tan = 3.4641 mWb m 2
\
6
2p 1
Example 8.5.7
Solution : Consider the various sections of the
B
circuits.
Section I : Section AB is shown in the Fig. 8.9 (a) ,
2.5
x
PM is the perpendicular on AB.
a2
r = l (PM)
\
3m M
r=2 m
a1
The triangle ABC is right angled triangle.
\
\
x = tan -1
4
= 53.13
3
a 2 = 90 - x = 36.8698
5m
P
2.5
4m
Fig. 8.9 (a)

TM
Field Theory
8-8
From the symmetry of the circuit,

a 1 = a 2 = 36.8698
But as A is below point P, a 1 = - 36.8698
r = l (PM) = BP cos a 2 = 25 cos (36.8698) = 2 m
\
H1 =
=
I
sin a 2 - sin a 1 ] a N
4p r[
10
sin 36.86- sin ( - 36.86 ) ] a N
4 p 2[
= 0.4774 a N A/m
R=2.5
Section II : Section B to C along a semicircle as shown in

the Fig. 8.9 (b).
The H at the centre of circular conductor is given by

(I/2R) a N .
\ Due to semicircular portion,
1 I
a
H2 =
2 2R N
10
a = a N A/m
4 2.5 N
Section III : Section C to A is shown in the Fig. 8.9 (c).
=
2.5
P
3m
PM is perpendicular on AC.
3
= 36.8698
4
2.5
a1
a2
As triangle ABC is right angled triangle,

x = tan -1
Fig. 8.9 (b)
x
2m
2m
M
4m
Fig. 8.9 (c)
a 1 = 90 x = 53.13
From the symmetry of the circuit,

a 2 = a 1 = 53.13
But a 1 is negative as point C is below point P, a 1 = 53.13
r = l (PM) = PC cos a 1 = 2.5 cos (53.13) = 1.5
\
H3 =
I
10
sin 53.13- sin ( - 53.13 ) ] a N
sin a 2 - sin a 1 ] a N =
4p r[
4 p 1.5 [
= 0.8488 a N A/m
Hence total H at point P is,
H = H1 + H2 + H3 = 2. 3262 a N A/m
TM
Field Theory
8-9
Example 8.5.8
Solution : Consider the sections of given loop to
calculate H at P.
Section I : The portion AB of the circuit, as shown in
the Fig. 8.10 (a), PM is the perpendicular on AB from
P. Note that a 1 and a 2 are to be measured from
perpendicular line from P to the conductor.
And r = l (PM)
r a2 0.5 m
a1
A
1m
Fig. 8.10 (a)
The triangle ABP is a right angled triangle hence,

x = tan -1
AP
1
= tan -1
= 63.43
PB
0.5
a 2 = 90 - x = 26.565
And
a 1 = 90 - a 2 = 63.43
... from D ABP

... from D PMB
But a 1 is negative as point A is below point P.

r = l (PM) = BP cos a 2 = 0.5 cos (26.565) = 0.4472 m
\
H1 =
=
I
4p r[
5
sin 26.565 - sin ( - 63.43 ) ] a N
4 p 0.4472 [
= 1.1936 a N A/m
a N = Unit vector normal to the plane is which
the circuit is placed
Section II : The semicircle B to C.
where
R=0.5 m
The H at the centre of circular conductor is (I/2R) a N where R is

radius of the conductor.
Hence H2 due to semicircular loop is,

H2 =
Fig. 8.10 (b)
1 I
5
a =
a = 2.5 a N A/m
2 2R N 4 0.5 N
Section III : The portion C to A is shown in the

Fig. 8.10 (c).
1m
x
P
a1
r a2 0.5 m
PM is perpendicular on AC.
0.5
= 26.565
1
as triangle APC is right angled triangle
x = tan -1
TM
Fig. 8.10 (c)
90
C
Field Theory
8 - 10
a 2 = 90 x = 63.43
And
a 1 = 90 a 2 = 26.565
But a 1 is negative as point C is below point P.

r = l (PM) = PC cos a 1 = 0.5 cos (26.565) = 0.4472 m
\
H3 =
=
I
4p r[
5
sin 63.43- sin ( - 26.565 ) ] a N
4 p 0.4472 [
L a 1 = 26. 56
= 1.1936 a N A/m
Hence the total H at point P is
H = H1 + H2 + H3 = [1.1936 + 2.5 + 1.1936] a N = 4.8873 a N A/m
Example 8.5.9
Solution : Consider the arrangement as shown in the Fig. 8.11 (a).
2
a 1 = 0 and a 2 = - tan -1 = 21.801
5
z
I
[sin a 2 - sin a 1 ] a N
H =
4p r
where
aN = ay
a 1 and a 2 are negative as both the ends of the
conductors are below point P.
\
H =
= 0.0591 a y
P
(0, 0, 5)
a2
r=5
10
[sin( -21.801 ) - sin(0 )] (a y )
4p 5
Side 1
Fig. 8.11 (a)
A/m
Example 8.5.10
Solution :
I = 10 A 2
The arrangements are shown in the Fig. 8.12.
Case a : It is infinitely long straight conductor.

I
P (1, 2, 3), I = 10 A
a ,
H =
2pr f
Now
\
r =
H =
x2 + y 2 = 1 + 4 = 5 m
and
f = tan -1
y
= tan -1 2 = 63.43
x
10
a f = 0.7117 a f A/m
2p 5
To find x component, take dot product with a x .

\
H x = H a x = 0.7117 a f a x = 0.7117 sin f
Similarly
H y = H a y = 0.7117 a f a y = + 0.7117 cos f

TM
and a f a z = 0
Field Theory
8 - 11
5m
a
r 2
3m a
1
P(1,2,3)
P(1,2,3)
y
(a)
a1
z =
3m
a2
5m
(b)
H x = 0.6365,
(c)
Fig. 8.12
H y = 0.3183
H = 0.6365 a x + 0.3183 a y A/m
Case b : It is a finite length conductor with z 1 = 0 and z 2 = 5 m. [Refer Fig. 8.12 (b)]
y
r = x 2 + y 2 = 1 + 4 = 5 m , f = tan -1 = 63.43 at point P
x
3
= 53.3 but negative as that end is below point P.
a 1 = tan -1
5
\
H=
a 1 = 53.3
and
a 2 = tan -1
2
= 41.81
5
I
10
sin a 2 - sin a 1 ] a f =
[sin 41.81- sin ( - 53.3 )]a f = 0.5225 a f
4pr [
4p 5
H x = H a x = 0.5225 ( a f a x ) = 0.5225 ( - sin f)
and
H y = H a y = 0.5225 ( a f a y ) = 0.5225 ( cos f)
H x = 0.4673, H y = 0.2337 i.e. H = 0.4673 a x + 0.2337 a y A/m
Case c : It is a conductor from z = 5 to z = . [Refer Fig. 8.12 (c)]

r =
x 2 + y 2 = 1 + 4 = 5 m, f = 63.43
a 1 = tan -1
2
2
= tan -1
= 41.81 and a 2 = tan -1 = 90
r
r
5
Both a 1 and a 2 are positive as above point P.

I
10
sin a 2 - sin a 1 ]a f =
\ H=
[sin 90 - sin 41.81] a f = 0.1186 a f
4pr [
4p 5
) = 0.1186 ( - sin f)
) = 0.1186
H x = H a x = 0.1186 a f a x
and
H y = H a y = 0.1186 a f a y
H x = 0.106, H y = 0.053 i.e. H = 0.106 a x + 0.053 a y A/m

TM
( cos f)
... f = 63.43
Field Theory
8 - 12
Example 8.7.2
Solution : Refer section 8.7 for H on the axis of a circular loop given by,
H =
I r2
2 (r 2 + z 2 ) 3
a z A/m
In this example, r = 3 from x 2 + y 2 = (3) 2 , I = 10 A, z = 5.

For (0, 0, 5), H = 0.227 a z A/m
For (0, 0, 5), H = 0.227 a z A/m
Example 8.7.3
Solution : Refer the procedure discussed in the section 8.7.
H =
Ir 2
2 (r 2 + z 2 ) 3/ 2
a z A/m
In this example, r = 5 cm and I = 50 mA. The ring is in z = 1 plane and point P (0, 0, 1)
hence z = 2 cm.
50 10 -3 (5 10 -2 ) 2
a z = 0.4 a z A/m
H =
\
2[(5 10 -2 ) 2 + ( 2 10 -2 ) 2 ] 3 / 2
Example 8.7.4
Solution :
Coil 1
The coils are shown in the Fig. 8.3.
Assuming direction of I1 and I2 same, according

to right hand rule H1 and H2 at P due to coil
1 and coil 2 are in same direction i.e. a z
direction.
I 1 r12
az
H1 =
2 r12 + z 21
=
3
2
z = 5 plane
I1 = 10 A
z1 = 2.5 m
P (0,0,2.5)
z2 = 2.5 m
I2 = 20 A
3
2
Coil 2
az
Fig. 8.13
= 0.2561 a z
and
H2 =
I 2 r22
2 r22 + z 22
\
r2 = 0.5 m
z = 0 plane
10 (1) 2
2 1 2 + 2 .5 2
r1 = 1 m
3
2
az =
20 ( 0 . 5)
2 0 .5 2 + 2 .5 2
3
2
a z = 0.1508 a z
H = H1 + H2 = 0.2561 a z + 0.1508 a z = 0.4069 a z A/m
TM
Field Theory
8 - 13
Example 8.7.5
Solution : The coil is shown in the Fig. 8.14
placed in xy plane with z-axis as its axis.
z = 100 m at which H is to be obtained.

P
d
r = radius of coil = = 25 m
2
I = 28 10 4 A
z = 100 m
Hence H at the point on the axis of a

circular loop is,
H =
I r2
2 r 2 + z2
3/ 2
2 25 + 100
az
4
I = 2.810 A
28 10 4 ( 25) 2
2
d = 50 m
3/ 2
az
Fig. 8.14
= 79.894 a z A/m
Example 8.7.6
Example 8.9.6
Solution :
Due to infinite long conductor along z-axis.

H1 =
20p 10 -3
10 10 -3
I
af =
af =
a f A/m
r
2p r
2p r
At r = 0.5 cm, no current sheet is enclosed.

H = H1 =
10 10 -3
a f = 2 a f A/m
0.5 10 -2
At r = 1.5 cm, current sheet at r1 = 1 cm is getting enclosed. It carries current in z direction.
K1 = 400 10 - 3 a z A/m
\
I enc = K1 2p r1 = 400 10 -3 2p 1 10 -2 = 0.02513 A
... r1 = 1 cm for sheet
According to Ampere's circuital law,
2p
H d L = I enc
i.e.
H f r df = I enc
... H = H f a f and dL = r df a f
f= 0
H f (2pr) = I enc
H2 =
i.e.
Hf =
4 10 -3
a f A/m
r
I enc 0.02513
=
2pr
2pr
and
H1 =
TM
10 10 -3
a f A/m
r
Field Theory
8 - 14
14 10 -3
So at r = 1.5 cm, H = H1 + H2 =
1.5 10 - 2
a f = 0.933 a f A/m
At r = 2.5 cm, second sheet also gets enclosed for which,

K2 = - 250 10 -3 a z A/m
\
I enc = K2 2 p r2 = - 250 10 -3 2p 2 10 -2 = 0.03141 A
... r2 = 2 cm for sheet
According to Ampere's circuital law,
2p
H dL = I enc
i.e.
H f r df = I enc
f= 0
Hf =
I enc - 0.03141
=
2pr
2pr
i.e.
H3 =
- 5 10 -3
a f A/m
r
4 10 5
H = H1 + H2 + H3 = + - 10 -3 a f
r r r
So at r = 2.5 cm,
=
9 10 -3
9
10 -3 a f =
a f = 0.36 a f A/m
r
2.5 10 -2
Example 8.9.7
Q
(0,3,10)
Solution : The planes are shown in the Fig. 8.15.
K = +10 ax
z=4
i) P(1, 1, 1)
For z = 0 plane, a N = +a z at P
\
H1 =
=
[ ]
10
a y = +5 a y A/m
2
For z = 4 plane, a N = a z at P as P is below z = 4

plane.
\
H2 =
=
P(1,1,1)
1
1
K a N = [( 10 a x ) a z ]
2
2
K = 10 ax z = 0
1
1
K a N = [( 10 a x ) ( a z )]
2
2
[ ( )] = +5 a
10
a y
2
A/m
H = H1 + H2 = 10 a y A/m at P(1, 1, 1)
ii) Q(0, 3, 10)
For z = 0 plane, a N = +a z at Q hence H1 = +5 a y A/m.
For z = 4 plane, a N = +a z at Q as Q is above the plane

\
H2 =
1
1
K a N = [(10 a x ) a z ]K a x a z = a y
2
2
TM
Fig. 8.15
Field Theory
8 - 15
=
\
[ ]
10
a y = 5 a y A/m
2
H = H1 + H2 = 0 A/m at Q (0, 3, 10)
Example 8.9.8
z
Solution : The sheet is located at y = 1 on which

K is in a z direction. The sheet is infinite and is
y=1
plane
The H will be in x direction.

a) Point A ( 0, 0, 0)
a N = - a y normal to current sheet at point A
\
Now
H =
1
1
K aN =
40 a z - a y
2
2
az ay = -ax
H =
K = 40 az
Fig. 8.16
1
+ 40] a x = 20 a x A/m
2[
b) Point B (1, 5, - 2)
This is to the right of the plane as y = 5 for B.
\
a N = a y normal to sheet at point B
H =
1
1
K aN =
40 a z a y
2
2
] = - 20 a x
A/m
Example 8.9.9
Solution :
The arrangement is shown in the Fig. 8.17.

r = 0.5 cm
r = 0.5 cm
P
B
P
0.5 m
0.5 m
Right hand rule
1m
(a)
(b)
Fig. 8.17
The current carrying conductors are seperated by 1 m. The two currents are in opposite
directions hence according to right hand thumb rule, the field produced at P is in the
same direction due to both the conductors as shown in the Fig. 8.17 (b).
I1
I
H at P = H1 + H2 =
\
a + 2 a
2p d 1 f 2p d 2 f
TM
Field Theory
Now
8 - 16
d1 = d2 = 0.5 m, I1 = I2 = 100 A
2 100
H at P =
a = 63.6619 a f A/m
2p 0 . 5 f
Now at the surface of conductor A,

I
a where r = Radius of conductor
H1 =
2p r f
H2 =
a f is due to other conductor
2p (1 - 0 . 5 10 -2 )
100
100
+
a = 3199.09 a f A/m
HA =
-2
2p 0 . 995 f
2p 0 . 5 10
Same is the value of H on the surface of conductor B but in opposite direction.

\
HB = 3199.09 a f A/m
Example 8.9.10
Solution : Consider the conductor as shown
in the Fig. 8.18 along z-axis. Consider a
closed path of radius r. The current
enclosed by the path is part of the total
current. The total current I is uniformly
distributed in area pr02 while the closed
z
r0
r
I
path encloses the area pr 2 .

p r 2 Ir 2
\
I enc = I
=
p r02 r02
Now
Hf
Closed path
Fig. 8.18
1 1
r
=
sin ar - cos ar
r a 2
a
dL = r df
in a f direction
According to Ampere's circuit law,
H dL
2p
i.e.
= I enc
H f r df =
f= 0
Hf =
I r2
r02
i.e. 2p H f r =
I r2
2p r r02
Ir
2p r02
I r2
i.e.
r02
1 1
r
Ir
sin ar - cos ar =
r a 2
a
2p r02
1 1
r
Ir
p r
p r
=
sin
cos
\
r
2
r
2
r
p
0
0
2p r02
2r
p
0
2r0
TM
a =
p
2 r0
given
Field Theory
8 - 17
But if the closed path selected, has to enclose the total current I, then r = r0
r0
1 1
I
p
p
=
sin cos
2
r0
2 p
2
2 p r0
2r
p
0
2r0
Now cos
p
= 0 and r0 = 1 cm = 1 10 -2 m
2
1
4.052 10 -5
0.01
] = 2p I0.01
I = 2p 4.052 10 -5 = 2.5464 10 -4 A
Example 8.10.5
Solution :
From the point form of Ampere's circuital law,

H = J
In the cartesian system,

ax
H =
x
y cos (a x)
ay
y
0
az
z
y + ex
y cos (a x) y + e x

x
=
y+ e ax +
z
x
) a

+ y cos (a x) a z
= (1) a x + 0 - e x a y + ( - cos a x) a z
On yz plane, x = 0
\ J on yz plane = a x - e 0 a y - cos 0 a z = a x - a y - a z A / m 2
Example 8.10.6
In cylindrical co-ordinates A is given by,
1 (r A f ) 1 A r
1 A z A f
A r A z
ar +
af +
A =
a
r f z
r
r
f
z
r
z
r
Now A r = 0, A f = sin 2f and A z = 0
1 ( r sin 2f)
sin 2f
- 0 a z
\
A = 0 a r + [0 - 0] a f + r
z
r
Solution :
=
p
At 2, , 0 ,
4
[0 - 0] a r
r = 2,
f=
+ 0 af +
sin 2f
az
r
sin 2f
az
r
p
, z=0
4
TM
Field Theory
8 - 18
p
p
sin 2
sin
2
4
A =
az =
a z = 0.5 a z
2
2
Example 8.10.7
In the spherical co-ordinates, curl H is given by,
Solution :
H =
sin q H f H q
1
1 1 H r (r H f )
ar +
a
r sin q
r sin q f
q
f
r q
1 (r Hq ) Hr
a
r r
q f
Now H r = 0,
H q = 2.5,
Hf = 5
(5 r )
5
sin
q
2.5
1
1
1 ( r 2.5)
a r + 0 aq +
- 0 a f
\ H =
r sin q q
r
r r
r
f
1
1
1
5 cos q - 0] a r + [-5] a q + [2.5] a f
r sin q [
r
r
5
5
2.5
cot q a r - a q +
af
r
r
r
p
At 2, , 0 ,
6
r = 2, q =
H =
p
, f = 0
6
5
p
5
2.5
cot
a - aq +
a = 4.33 a r - 2.5 a q + 1.25 a f
2
6 r
2
2 f
Example 8.11.3
0.1p
Solution : According to Stokes Path1

r=4
theorem,
f = 0
H dL = H d S dL = rdq aq
L
In spherical system,
Path3 r = 4,
f = 0.3p
r=4
dL = rdq aq
dL = dr a r + r dq a q + r sin q df a f
The closed path forming its
perimeter is composed of 3 paths
as shown in the Fig. 8.19.
f = 0
0.3p
For all the three paths r = 4 m,

For arc 1, r = 4, f = 0 and q is
changed from 0 to 0.1 p.
Path 2
dL = r sinq df af
For arc 2, r = 4, q = 0.1 p and f is

changed from 0 to 0.3 p.
q = 0.1p, r = 4
Fig. 8.19
TM
,f = 0.3p
Field Theory
8 - 19
For arc 3, r = 4, f = 0.3 p and q is changed from 0.1 p to 0 to complete the closed path.
\
Now
H dL =
H r = 6r sin f,
H dL +
path 1
path 2
H dL
path 3
H f = 18 r sin q cos f
H q = 0,
For path 1, dL = r dq a q and
H dL +
H q = 0 so
H dL = 0
path 1
For path 2, dL = r sin q df a f and H f = 18 r sin q cos f

\
0.3 p
H dL =
path 2
f= 0
p
18 r 2 sin 2 q cos f df = 18 r 2 sin 2 q [sin f]0.3
0
= 18 r 2 sin 2 q 0.8090 = 22.2487

H dL = 0
For path 3, dL = r dq a q and H q = 0 so
... r = 4, q = 0.1 p
path 3
H dL = 22.2487 A
Let us find
( H) d S
S
1
r sin q
H =
+
=
H f sin q H q
1 1 H r d (r H f )
ar +
a
r sin q f
q
f
r q
1 (r Hq ) Hr
a
r r
q f
1
1
1
1
[36 r cos f sin q cos q - 0] a r + r sin q 6r cos f - 36 r sin q cos f a q + r [0]
r sin q
Now
\
( H) d S
( H) d S
S
... In + a r direction
= ( 36 cos q cos f) r 2 sin q dq df

0. 3 p 0. 1 p
... r = 4
36 r 2 sin q cos q cos f d q df
f= 0 q= 0
= 18 r 2
0. 3 p
cos f df
f= 0
0.1 p
sin 2q dq
... 2 sin q cos q = sin 2 q
q= 0
0.1 p
p cos 2q
= 18 r 2 [sin f]0.3
0
2 0
TM
... r = 4
Field Theory
8 - 20
= 18 16 0.8090
1
[- cos 36+1] = 22.2487 A
2
Thus Stokes theorem is verified.

Example 8.11.4
Solution : According to stoke's theorem,
H dL =
( H) d S
r=2
Path 3
In cylindrical system,
dL = dr a r + r d f a f + dz a z
The closed path forming its perimeter is composed of
four paths as shown in the Fig. 8.20.
Path 2
Path 1
Path 4
p
p
<f<
4
2
Path 1 : r = 2, z =1,
Fig. 8.20
Path 2 : r = 2, f = p / 2, 1< z < 1.5

Path 3 : r = 2,
p
p
< f < , z = 1.5
4
2
Path 4 : r = 2, f = p / 4, 1< z < 1.5

Evaluate
H d L over these paths.
H dL =
H dL +
Path 1
H dL +
Path 2
H dL +
Path 3
H dL
Path 4
H r = 0, H f = 2r 2 (z + 1) sin f, H z = 0
H dL = H f r df
For path 2 and 4, f is constant hence
H d L is zero.
Path 2
f= p/ 2
H dL =
2r 2 (z + 1) sin f r df +
f = p/ 4
z= 1
r= 2
p/ 4
2r 2 (z + 1) sin f r df
f = p/ 2
z = 1.5
r = 2
p/ 2
= 2 (2) 3 (2)
p/ 4
sin f df + 2 (2) 3 (2.5)
f= p/ 4
sin f df
f= p/ 2
p/ 2
p/ 4
= 25 [- cos f] p / 4 + 2 4 2.5 [- cos f ] p / 2

p
p
= 25 - cos + cos + 2 4 2.5 [- cos p 4 + cos p 2]
2
4
= 22.6274 - 28.2842 = - 5.6568 A
TM
Field Theory
8 - 21
Now H in cylindrical co-ordinates is,

H f
1 (rH f ) 1 H r
1 H z
H z
H r
a
H =
ar +
af +
r f z
r
r
z
z
r
r f
=
H f
z
(rH f )
r
- H f
z
ar +
1 (rH f )
az
r r
[2r 2 (z + 1) sin f] = 2r 2 sin f

z
[2r 3 (z + 1) sin f] = 6r 2 (z+ 1) sin f

r
H = - 2r 2 sinf a r + 6r (z + 1) sin f a z
Let the surface is in a r direction.

dS = r df dz a r
\ ( H) d S = - 2r 3 df dz sinf
\
( H) d S =
1.5 f = p / 2
z= 1
- 2r 3 sinf df dz
... r = 2
p
f=
4
p/ 2
1.5
= -2 (2) 3 [- cos f] p / 4 [z] 1
= -2 4 [ - cos p 2 + cos p 4] [1.5 - 1]

=
- 5.6568A
Thus stoke's theorem is verified.
Example 8.11.5
Solution :
From Stoke's theorem,
dL =
( F)
S
dS
Divide the given path L into three sections.

Section I : r varies from 0 to 3, f = 0 and z = 0
\
\
Along radial direction
dl = dr a r
F dl =
I
(r cos f a r + z sin f a z ) dr a r =
r= 0
r cos f dr
r= 0
ar ar = 1, az ar = 0
3
r 3
27
= cos 0 = [1] = 9
3
3
0
Section II : r is constant 3, f varies from 0 to 45, z = 0
TM
Field Theory
8 - 22
Along f direction
dl = df a f
F dl =
II
45
(r cos f a r + z sin f a z ) df a f
f= 0
ar af = az af = 0
= 0
Section III : r varies from 3 to 0, f = 45 and z = 0
dl = dr a r
Note that dl is always positive, limits of integration from r = 3 to 0 taking care of

direction.
F dl
III
(r cos f a r + z sin f a z ) dr a r
r= 3
0
a r a r = 1, a z a r = 0
r cos f dr
r= 3
0
r 3
-27
= cos 45 = 0.7071
= 6.3639
3
3
3
F dl
= 9 + 0 6.3639 = 2.636
To evaluate R.H.S., find F

1 Fz Ff
1 ( r Ff ) 1 Fr
Fr Fz
ar +
af +
a
F =
r f z
r
z
r
z
r f
r
2
Fr = r cos f,
Ff = 0,
Fz = z sin f
1
1
1
F = 0 - 0 a r + [0 0] a f + ( 0) - ( r) 2 ( - sin f) a z
r
= r sin f a z
dS = r dr df az as surface is in x-y plane i.e. z = 0 plane for which normal direction is az.
\
( F)
S
dS = (r sin f a )(r dr df) a

z
45
z
r2
f= 0 r = 0
r 3
sin f dr df = [- cos f] 45
0
3
0
= [9] [ 0.707 ( 1)] = 9 0.2928 = 2.636

Thus Stoke's theorem is verified.
Example 8.11.6
Solution : i) The path of L is shown in the Fig. 8.21.
TM
Field Theory
8 - 23
F dL =
F dL =
ab
(x y a x - y a y ) dx a x
bc
2
ab
F dL
ca
x2 y
dx and y = 0 for path ab
x=2
F dL = 0
F dL =
(c)
ab
(b)
Fig. 8.21
2 (a)
ab
bc
(x 2 ya x - y a y ) (dx a x + dy a y ) =
bc
F dL =
F dL =
i.e.
x 3 dx -
x= 0
bc
ca
x 2 y dx - y dy
bc
Equation of path bc is y = x
\
dy = dx
1
y2
x4
1 1
1
y
dy
=
2 = 4- 2 =- 4
4
0
0
y= 0
1
(x 2 y a x - y a y ) [dx a x + dy a y ] =
ca
x 2 y dx - y dy
ca
Equation of path ca is y = mx + c where m = 1 slope and y = 1 for x = 1

\
1 = 1 + c
i.e.
x= 2
x 2 y dx - y dy =
x 2 [- x+ 2] dx -
x= 1
ca
c = 2 i.e.
y=x+2
y dy
y= 1
0
y2
x 4 2x 3
1 16 2 1
= -
+
= -4 + 4 + 3 - 3 + 2 = 1.4166
4
3
2
1
1
F dL = 0 -
ii) For Stoke's theorem, find
1
+ 1.4166 = 1.1667
4
( F) d S
ax ay az
= a x (0 - 0) - a y (0 - 0) + a z (0 - x 2 ) = -x 2 a z
F =
x y z
x 2 y -y 0
\
( F) d S =
( - x 2 a z ) dx dy a z =
- x 2 dx dy
Now split the area in two triangles. For the first triangle the equation of line is y = x
hence use dy = x. And x varies from 1 to 0. For the second triangle, the equation of line is
y = x + 2 hence used dy = x + 2 and x varies from 2 to 1.
TM
Field Theory
8 - 24
0
( F) d S =
- x 2 x dx +
x= 1
- x 2 ( - x + 2) dx
x= 2
0
2x 3
x4
x4
3
2
( + x - 2x ) dx = - 4 + 4 - 3
2
1 2
x= 2
- x 3 dx +
x= 1
= 0+
1 1
2 16
3 + 3 - 48 - 8 + 64 14
=
= 1.1667
+ -4- +
=
12
4 4
3 3
12
Thus Stoke's theorem is verified

z
Example 8.11.7
Solution : The path L is shown in the Fig. 8.22.
F dL =
F dL
AB
AB
BC
[(x
CD
(x
x = a
DA
BC
x=a
y
y=0
B
x3
+ y 2 )dx =
+ y 2 x
3
x =
2a 3
3
F dL =
F dL
+ y 2 i 2xy j dx i
AB
y=b
x=+a
Fig. 8.22
y = 0 for AB
2
2
[(x + y )i 2xy j] dy j =
BC
2xy dy
y= 0
2xy 2
=
2
y =
F dL =
CD
[(
= ab 2
x 2 + y 2 i 2xy j dx i =
CD
x3
=
+ y 2 x
3
x =
=
F dL =
DA
x = + a for BC
+a
(x
+ y 2 ) dx
x= a
a3
a3
=
ab 2
ab 2
3
3
2a 3
2ab 2
3
y = + b for CD
2
2
[(x + y )i 2xy j] dy j =
DA
TM
2xy dy
y= b
Field Theory
8 - 25
2xy 2
=
2
y =
F dL
y
-2xy
L.H.S.
= ( 2y 2y) k = 4yk
z
0
4y k ( dxdy) k =
b
x = a for DA
2a 3
2a 3
ab 2
2ab 2 ab 2 = 4ab 2
3
3
F =
x
x2 + y 2
( F) dS =
= ab 2
+a
4y dxdy
y = 0 x = a
[ 4x]+a
x=
y= 0
y2
2
ydy = 4[x]+a
a 2 = 4ab
0
Stoke's theorem is verified
Example 8.12.4
Solution : The portion of the cylinder is
shown in the Fig. 8.23. The flux crossing the
given surface is given by,
f = B dS
S
z=1
dS
1m
dS normal to a r direction is,

dS = r df dz a r
\ f = m 0 H dS
... B = m 0 H
z=0
= m0
p/4
2.39 10 6 cos f df dz
f=0
z = 0 f= 0
f = p/4
Fig. 8.23
p/4
= 2.39 10 6 m 0 [ sin f] 0
[z]10
p
\ f = 2.39 10 6 4 p 10 -7 sin - sin 0 [1 - 0] = 2.1236 Wb
4
Example 8.12.5
Solution : The arrangement is shown in the Fig. 8.24
TM
Field Theory
8 - 26
B = m0 H =
2.239 10 6 4p 10 -7
cos f a r
r
2.8136
cos f a r Wb m 2
r
f =
dS
B dS
p 4
f= - p 4 z= 0
2.8136
cos f r df dz
r
p 4
= 2.8136 [sin f] - p
p/4
[z] 10
p/4
Fig. 8.24
= 2.8136 [0.7071 - ( - 0.7071)] = 3.9789 Wb

Example 8.12.6
Solution : Consider the cross-section of the solenoid as shown in the Fig. 8.25 with its axis
along z direction.
x
L >> a
sin q =
dz
q1
P
q2
tan q =
+z
a
z
Fig. 8.25 Cross-section of solenoid
The solenoid is made up of turns which are arranged in circular loops. Thus a circular
loop at dz produces a magnetic field at point P which is at a distance z on its axis. Let
current through solenoid is I amperes.
Ia 2 dl
dH =
(1)
2[a 2 + z 2 ] 3 2
Use the result of section 8.7 for obtaining H on the axis of a circular loop with r = a.
Let
\
\
N
= Number of turns per unit length.
L
N
dl =
dz
L
dH =
(2)
Ia 2 Ndz
2L[a 2 + z 2 ] 3
(3)
TM
Field Theory
8 - 27
From Fig. 8.25, tan q =

\
But
a
a
i.e. z =
= a cot q
z
tan q
a
dz = a cosec 2 q dq =
a
sin q =
dz =
sin q
i.e. sin 3 q =
a 2 + z2
a sin q (a 2 + z 2 )
a
3 2
dq =
a sin q
sin 3 q
dq
a3
(a 2 + z 2 ) 3
dq =
(a 2 + z 2 ) 3
sin q dq
(4)
a2
Using equation (4) in (3),

dH =
(a 2 + z 2 ) 3 2 sin q dq
IN
Ia 2 N
=
sin q dq
2
2 + 2 3 2
2L
2L
a (a
z )
H =
NI
2L
q2
sin q
dq =
q1
NI
q
[ cos q] q 2
2L
1
H =
NI
[cos q 2 cos q 1 ] a z
2L
B =
mNI
[cos q 2 cos q 1 ] a z
2L
At the center of the solenoid, for L >> a, q 2 0, q 1 180

\
B =
mNI
mNI
[cos 0 cos 180 ] a z =
a z Wb m 2
2L
L
At center
While if P is at any end, q 2 90, q 1 180

mNI
mNI
[cos 90 cos 180 ] a z =
a Wb m 2
2L
2L z
The variation B along the axis is shown in the
B
Fig. 8.26.
It can be seen that the field strength at the end of

the long solenoid is one half of that at the center.
Example 8.12.7
Solution :
At one end
B =
mNI
L
mNI
2L
0
Fig. 8.26
The flux is given by,

f =
B dS ,
0.5 L
dS = dx dy a z
S
TM
Field Theory
8 - 28
2.5 sin px e -2y a dx dy a

z (
z) =

2
x= 0 y = 0
2.5 sin
px -2y
e
dx dy
2
Separating the variables,

2
- cos px
-2y
-
0
- cos p - ( - cos 0) e - e
2 e
=
f = 2.5
2.5
- 2 - 2
p
p
-2
2
2
=
1
2.5 2
1
2.5 2
2 = 1.5915 Wb
[ - ( -1) - ( -1) ] 0 + =
p
2
p
2
Example 8.13.3
Solution :
Now,
Vector magnetic potential, A = 50 r 2 a z Wb/m

B = A
1 A z A f
1 ( rA f ) A r
A r A z
=
a
ar +
a
+
f
r r
r
z
f z
z
r f
Now
A r = 0,
A z = 50 r 2
A f = 0,
1 (50 r 2 )
(50 r 2 )
1
2
- 0 a r + 0 B =
a f + r [0 - 0] a z = - 100 r a f Wb/m
r
H =
Now
B - 100
=
r a f A/m
m0
m0
J = H
H r = 0, H f = -
100 r
,
m0
Hz = 0
- 100 r 2
100 r
0
1
0
a r + [0 - 0] a f +
H = 0 - 0 a z
r
z
r
100
200
[2r] a z = - m a z
0
0
[0 - 0] a r + 0 a f + r - m
1
J = -
Now
I =
200
a
m0 z
J dS
where d S = r dr df a z
TM
A/m 2
Field Theory
8 - 29
2p
f= 0 r= 0
200
a r dr df a z =
m0 z
2p
f= 0 r= 0
200
r dr df
m0
= -
- 200 1
200 r 2
[f]20 p = m 2 [2p] = - 500 10 6 A
m0 2
0
0
So current is 500 MA and negative sign indicates the direction of current.

Example 8.13.4
Solution : The B from vector magnetic potential is given by,
ax ay az
B = A=
x y
z
Ax Ay Az
ax
ay
az
= a x [3 - 3] + a y [2 - 2] + a z [5 - 3] = 2 a z
x
y
z
4x + 3y + 2z 5x+ 6y + 3z 2x+ 3y + 5z
B =
B = 2 a z Wb/m 2
Its magnitude is constant in the direction a z . It is a conservative field.

Example 8.13.5
Solution :
A =
10
x2
+ y2 + z2
ax
ax
x
10
B = A =
x2 + y 2 + z2
=
ay
az

10

10
ay 2
a
z x + y 2 + z 2
y x 2 + y 2 + z 2 z
- 20 z
(x 2
+ y2
+ z2)2
ay +
20 y
(x 2
+ y2 + z2)
az
Example 8.13.6
Solution :
a)
The A is a vector magnetic potential.

A x A y
A z
+
+
A =
x
y
z
TM
Field Theory
8 - 30
=
b)
3y - z] +
2 xz] +
[0] = 0
[
[
x
y
z
... Proved.
B = A
A =
ax
ay az
x
y z
3y - z 2 xz 0
= a x [0 - 2x] + a y [ - 1 + 0] + a z [2z - 3]
\
B = A = - 2x a x - a y + (2z - 3) a z
At P (2, 1, 3), x = 2, y = 1, z = 3
\
B = - 4 a x - a y + 3 a z Wb/m 2
A at P = - 6 a x + 12 a y Wb/m
H at P =
Now
J = H
H =
1
B
=
m0 m0
1
m0
[- 4 a x - a y + 3 a z ]
A/m
where
{- 2x a x - a y + (2z - 3) a z }
ax ay
az
1
J =
m 0 x y
z
- 2x - 1 2z - 3
=
1
m0
{a x [0 - 0] + a y [0 - 0] + a z [0 - 0]}
= 0 A/m 2
Example 8.13.7
Solution : For a current sheet of current density K, the magnetic field intensity is given
by,
1
K aN
H =
2
For the given sheet, a N = a z and K = Ky a y
\
\
ax
KaN = 0
0
1
K
H =
2 y
ay
Ky
0
az
0 = Ky a x
1
a x A/m
TM
Field Theory
8 - 31
m0
K a
2 y x
B = m0 H =
Wb/m 2
Now
A = B
But A in cartesian system is,
ax
x
Ax
A =
ay
y
Ay
az
z
Az
As B has only a x component, consider a x of A and equate.

A z A y m 0
m
A z A y
=
= 0 Ky
\ ax
Ky a x i.e.
2
2
y
z
The vector magnetic potential A must be independent of x and y. Thus

\
A y
z
Integrating, A y =
m0
K
2 y
Let at z = z 0 , A y = 0
0 = -
... As A y can be function of z.
m0
m
Ky dz + C 1 = - 0 Ky z + C 1
2
2
m0
Ky z 0 + C 1
2
Ay =
m0
Ky
2
( z 0 - z)
A =
m0
Ky
2
( z 0 - z) a y
Ky a y = K
But
A z
= 0.
y
hence
A =
i.e.
C1 =
m0
Ky z 0
2
For z > 0
Wb/m
m0
2
K ( z 0 - z ) Wb/m
Example 8.13.8
Solution : The current sheet is shown in the Fig. 8.27.
z
The vector magnetic potential is,

dA =
m 0 K dS
4pR
dS = dx dy,
R=
P (0, 0, z)
x2 + y 2 + z2
K
K
R = (0 - x) a x + (0 - y) a y + (z - 0) a z
= -x a x - y a y + z a z
\ dA =
.... z > 0
m 0 Ky a y dx dy
dS at (x, y, 0)
Fig. 8.27
4p (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 1 2
TM
Field Theory
8 - 32
dB = D d A but dA x = dA z = 0,
\
dB = -
= -
m 0 Ky dx dy

(dA y )a x =
a
1
2
2
2
2
z
z 4p (x + y + z ) x
m 0 Ky dx dy
4p
1
2z
-
2 + y2 + z2) 3
2
(x
ax =
m 0 Ky z dx dy
4p (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 3
ax
For simplicity in integration, convert cartesian to cylindrical co-ordinates as

x 2 + y 2 = r 2 , z = z, dx dy = r dr df
x = 0, y = 0, r = r
\
B =
x = , y = , r =
and
2p
m 0 Ky z r dr df
f = 0r = 0
4p (r 2 + z 2 ) 3
Now
I1 =
r = 0 (r
\ 2 r dr = 2 u du,
\
ax
dr can be solved by using r 2 + z 2 = u 2
2 3 2
+z )
r dr = u du , u =
I1 =
r=0
u du
(u 2 ) 3
r 2 + z2
1
1
-2
u du = - u r = 0 = - 2 2
r + z r =0
r= 0
1 1
1
= - =+
z
z
\
B =
H =
m 0 Ky z
4p
[f] 20 p
1
1
a = m K a
z x 2 0 y x
B
1
=
K a
m0
2 y x
Similarly replacing z by z , H = -
.... For z > 0

1
K a
2 y x
For z < 0
qqq
TM
Magnetic Forces,
Materials and Inductance
Example 9.2.5
Solution :
Q = Charge = 5 10 18 C
B = 0. 4 a x + 0.2 a y 0.1 a z T
v = (2 a x 3 a y + 6 a z ) 105 m / s
a) By definition,
F = Q ( E + v B)
At
t = 0,
0 = 5 10 18 [E + (2 a x 3 a y + 6 a z )105 ( 0.4 a x + 0.2 a y 0.1 a z )]
E = [(2 a x 3 a y + 6 a z )105 ( 0.4 a x + 0.2 a y 0.1 a z )]
E = 105
E = 105 [(+0.3 1.2) a x ( 0.2 + 2.4) a y + (0. 4 1.2) a z ]
E = 0.9 105 a x + 2.2 105 a y + 0.8 105 a z
E = (0.9 a x + 2.2 a y + 0.8 a z )10 5 V / m
F= 0
ax
ay
az
2
3
6
0.4 0.2 0.1
b) Let E field be in x-direction only. Then we can write,

E = Ex a x
The force is given by,
F = Q ( E + v + B)
\
F = 5 10 18 [(E x a x ) + {(2 a x 3 a y + 6 a z )105 ( 0.4 a x + 0.2 a y 0.1 a z }]
F = 5 10 18 [(E x a x (0.9 105 a x + 2.2 105 a y + 0.8 105 a z )]

(9 - 1)
TM
Field Theory
9-2
Magnetic Forces, Materials and Inductance
F = 5 10 18 [(E x 90000) a x 22000 a y 80000 a z ]
But|F| = 2 10 12 N. Hence finding magnitudes on both the sides and equating,

\
2 10 12 = 5 10 18 (E x 90000) 2 + ( 220000) 2 + ( 80000) 2
\ (E x 90000) 2 + ( 220000) 2 + ( 80000) 2 = (400000) 2

Solving for E x , we get
\ (E x 90000) 2 = 1.052 10 11
\ Taking square root we get,
E x 90000 = 324345.5
E x = 414. 355 103 V / m or E x = 234.3955 V / m
Example 9.2.6
Solution :
Given : Q = 18 nC = 18 10 - 9 C
v = v a v = 5 10 6 [0.6 a x + 0.75 a y + 0.3 a z ] m/s
i) The electric force exerted by E on charge Q is given by,
Fe = Q E = 18 10 - 9 [( - 3 a x + 4 a y + 6 a z ) 10 3 ]
= - 54 10 - 6 a x + 72 10 - 6 a y + 108 10 - 6 a z
= ( - 54 a x + 72 a y + 108 a z ) mN
The magnitude of the force exerted on the charge is given by,
| Fe| =
( -54 10 -6 ) 2 + (72 10 -6 ) 2 + (108 10 -6 ) 2 = 140.5844 mN 140.6 mN
ii) The magnetic force exerted by B on the charge Q is given by

Fm = Q v B = 18 10 - 9 [5 10 6 (0.6 a x + 0.75 a y + 0.3 a z )
(- 3 a x
+ 4 a y + 6 a z ) 10 - 3 ]
= [(0.054 a x + 0.0675 a y + 0.027) ( - 3 a x + 4 a y + 6 a z ) 10 - 3 )]
ax
ay
az
0.054
- 3 10 - 3
0.0675
4 10 - 3
0.027
6 10 - 3
= [( 405 - 108) 10 - 6 ] a x - [( 324 + 81) 10 - 6 ] a y + [(216 + 202.5) 10 - 6 ] a z

= (297 a x - 405 a y + 418.5 a z ) 10 - 6 N
Hence the magnitude of the force exerted on charge is given by,
TM
Field Theory
9-3
|Fm | =
(297 10 - 6 ) 2 + ( - 405 10 - 6 ) 2 + (418.5 10 - 6 ) 2 = 653.74 mN
iii) Total force exerted on charge both B and E acting together is given by,
F = Fe + Fm
=
[- 54 10 - 6 a x + 72 10 - 6 a y + 108 10 - 6 a z ] + [297 10 - 6 a x - 405 10 - 6 a y + 418.5 10 - 6 a z ]
= (243 a x - 333 a y + 526.5 a z ) mN

Hence
(243 10 - 6 ) 2 + ( - 333 10 - 6 ) 2 + (526.5 10 - 6 ) 2 = 668.6855 mN ~ 668.7 mN
|F| =
Example 9.2.7
Solution : i) Let the position of the charge is given by P(x, y, z).

The force exerted on charge by E is given by,
F = QE
According to Newton's second law,
(1)
dv d 2 z
(2)
=
dt dt 2
Equating equations (1) and (2) we can write,
d2 z
= Q E = ( 0.3 10 6 30 a z )
(3)
m
dt 2
The initial velocity is constant and it is in x-direction so no force is applied in that
direction. Rewritting equation (3), we get,
QE
d2 z
(4)
=
2
m
dt
F = ma =m
Integrating once equation (4) by separating variables, we get

QE
dz
= vz =
t + k1
dt
m
where k1 is constant of integration.
(5)
To find k1 : At t = 0, initial velocity in z-direction is zero.

Substituting values in equation (5), we get
0 = 0 + k1
i.e. k1 = 0
Thus equation (5) becomes,
QE
dz
=
v =
t
dt
m
Integrating equation (6) with respect to corresponding variables we get,
Q E t2
z =
+ k2
m 2
where k2 constant of integration.
To find k2 : At t = 0, charge is at origin. Substituting values in equation (7) we get,
TM
(6)
(7)
Field Theory
9-4
0 =
Q E 0
+ k 2 i.e. k2 = 0
m 2
Hence solution of the equation (3) is given by,

Q E 2 0.3 10 6 30 a z 2
z =
t =
t
2m
2 3 10 16
(8)
At t = 3 msec,
z =
0.3 10 6 30
2 3 10
16
( 3 10 6 ) 2 = 0.135 m
Let us consider initial constant velocity in x-direction, the charge attains x co-ordinate of,
x = vt = ( 3 105 )( 3 10 6 ) = 0.9 m
Hence at t = 3 msec, the position of charge is given by,
P(x, y, z) = (0.9, 0, 0.135) m
ii) To find velocity at t = 3 m sec using equation (6), we get,
v =
QE
( 0.3 10 6 30 a z )
t =
( 3 10 6 )
16
m
3 10
4
= 9 10 a z m/sec
The actual velocity of charge can be obtained by including initial constant velocity in
x-direction as,
v = (3 10 5 a x 9 10 4 a z ) m / sec
iii) The kinetic energy of the charge is given by,
2
1
1
K.E. =
m |v|2 = 3 10 16 ( 3 105 ) 2 + (9 10 4 ) 2
2
2
\
K.E. = 1. 4715 10 5 J
Example 9.2.8
Solution : The magnitude of velocity is given as v = 6 10 6 m/s. The direction of this
velocity is specified by an unit vector. Thus we can write,
v = v a v = 6 10 6 [- 0.48 a x - 0.6 a y + 0.64 a z ] m/s
The force experience by a moving charge in a steady magnetic field B is given by,
F= Q v B
= - 60 10 -9 [( 6 10 6 ) ( - 0.48 a x - 0.6 a y + 0.64 a z ) ( 2 a x - 6 a y + 5 a z ) (1 10 -3 )]
= ( - 3.6 10
-4
ax
ay
az
) - 0.48 - 0.6 0.64 = ( - 3.6 10 -4 ) [0.84 a x + 3.68 a y + 4.08 a z ]

2
5
-6
TM
Field Theory
9-5
= ( - 0.3024 a x - 1.3248 a y - 1.4688 a z ) 10 -3 N

Thus the magnitude of the force on a moving charge is given by,
F = ( - 0.3024 10 -3 ) 2 + ( -1.3248 10 -3 ) 2 + ( - 1.4688 10 -3 ) 2 = 2.0009 mN
Example 9.2.9
Solution : Given : H =
0.01
a A m, Q = 1 pC = 1 10 - 12 C, v = 10 6 a y m sec
m0 x
The magnetic force exerted on charge Q is given by,

Fm = Q v B
But
assuming free space for which m r = 1
B = m H = m0 mr H = m0 H
Fm = Q v (m 0 H)
0.01
Fm = Q v m 0
ax
m
0
Fm = 1 10 - 12 10 6 a y ( 0.01 a x )
Fm = 1 10 - 8 ( - a z ) N
(Q a y a x = - a z )
Example 9.3.4
Solution : A force exerted on a current element in a magnetic field is given by,
F = I dL B
But current element is 4 cm long i.e. 0.04 m long. It carriers current of 10 mA in
y-direction. The magnetic field is given by,
5
A/m
a
H =
m x
But
5
B = m H = m a x = 5 a x T.
m
Hence, force exerted is given by,

F = {10 10 -3 [0.04 a y ]} {5 a x }
\
F = -2 10 -3 a z N = -2 a z mN
Example 9.3.5
Solution : A force exerted a current carrying conductor in the magnetic field B is given
by,
F = IdL B
... (1)
From given data,
I = 10 A, dL = 4 a y and B = 0.05 a x T
TM
Field Theory
9-6
Substituting values in equation (1), we get,

F = [10 (4 a y ) (0.05 a x )]
= [10 4 0.05) (a y a x )
ay ax = az
= 2 ( a z ) N
Example 9.4.5
Solution : For air, m = m 0 m r = m 0 = 4p 10 - 7 H/m
d = Distance of separation = 10 cm = 10 10 - 2 m
I 1 = I 2 = I = Current = 100 A
In general, the force between two parallel long wires is given by,
m I1 I2l
m I I l
F =
= 0 1 2
2p d
2p d
Hence force per meter length is given by,
m I I
F
4 p 10 - 7 100 100
= 0.02 N/m
= 0 1 2 =
2p d
l
2 p 10 10 - 2
As two parallel conductors carry equal current of 100 A but directions are opposite. Hence
they will repel each other. Thus the nature of the force is repulsive force.
Example 9.4.6
Solution : Force between two parallel conductors is given by,
mI1 I2 l
F =
2p d
For free space, m = m 0 m r = m 0 = 4 p 10 -7 H/m
d = 10 cm = 10 10 -2 m
I 1 = I 2 = 10 A
Hence force per unit length is given by,
F
4p 10 -7 10 10
=
= 0.2 mN/m
l
2 p 10 10 -2
Example 9.4.7
Solution : Assume that parallel conductors are in air.
\
m = m 0 m r = m 0 = 4p 10 7 H/m
Two conductors are separated by distance d = 10 m.

The force between two infinitely long straight conductors is given by,
F =
m I 1I 2 l m 0 I 1I 2
=
l
2pd
2pd
TM
Field Theory
9-7
Hence force per meter is given by,

F
4p 10 7 10 10
= 2 mN
=
2p 10
l
Example 9.4.8
Solution : A rectangular loop with width a
and height b is placed parallel to infinitely
long conductor as shown in the Fig. 8.1.
Due to infinitely long wire the magnetic flux
density is given by
m0 I1
a T
B1 =
2p r 0 f
Force exerted on side AB is given by,
F1 = - I 2 B 1 d L2
= -I2
m 0I 1
2p r 0 a f
z=0
-m0 I1 I2
2 pr0
... (Qa f
=
Infinitely long wire

B
I1
I2
r0 A
Rectangular loop
C
Fig. 9.1
(dz a z )
dz a r
z=0
a z = + ar )
- m 0 I 1I 2 b
ar N
2p r 0
Force exerted on side BC is given by,

F2 = -I 2 B 1
-m 0 I 1I 2
2p
= +
d L2
= -I 2
r = r0 + a
r =r0
r = r0 + a
m 0I 1
2p r a f
(dr a r )
dr
(- a z )
r
r =r0
... (Q a f a r = -a z )
m 0 I 1I 2 1
1
- ln a z N
ln
2 p r 0 + a
r 0
Force exerted on side CD is given by

F3 = -I 2 B 1
=
d L2
-m0 I1 I2
2p (r 0 + a)
= -I 2
m 0I 1
2p(r 0 + a) a f [dz a z ]
z= b
dz a r =
- m 0 I 1I 2
+ m 0 I 1I 2 b
( - b) a r =
a N
2p (r 0 + a)
2p (r 0 + a) r
TM
Field Theory
9-8
Force exerted on side DA is given by,

F4 = -I 2 B 1
-m 0 I 1I 2
2p
-m 0 I 1I 2
2p
d L2
r0
= -I 2
r0 + a
m 0I 1
2p r a f [dr a r ]
+a
r0
r0
-m 0 I 1I 2
dr
( -a z ) =
r
2p
1
1
ln r - ln r + a ( -a z )
0
0
1
1
l n r + a - ln r a z N
0
0
... Adjusting negative sign
Now total force on a loop is given by,

F = F1 + F2 + F3 + F4
\
F =
m 0 I 1I 2 b
2p r 0
F =
-m 0 I 1I 2 b 1
1
ar
2p
r 0 + a r 0
ar +
m 0 I 1I 2 b
a
2p (r 0 + a) r
Rearrange terms inside bracket and taking negative sign out of it we get,
F =
m 0I 2I 2 b 1
1
( -a r ) N
r 0
2p
r 0 + a
This indicates force of attraction and infinitely long wire tries to attract a rectangular loop
towards it.
Example 9.5.9
Solution : For N turns loop, the maximum value of magnetic torque is given by,
Tmax = N B I S, where S = Area of a square loop
Now for a square loop, each side is 15 cm
\
Tmax = 200 1 5 (15 10
i.e.
15 10 2 m
15 10
) = 22.5 Nm
Example 9.5.10
I = 100 mA = 100 10 -3 A
Solution : Given
B = 0.2 a x - 0.1 a y + 0.2 a z T
i) The force exerted on segment AB is given by,
FAB = IdL B
Now,
dL = 0.6 a x
FAB = (100 10 -3 ) 0.6 a x (0.2 a x - 0.1 a y + 0.2 a z )
FAB = -12 a y - 6 a z mN
TM
Field Theory
9-9
ii) Now the torque on a loop is given by,

T = m B = IS B
Now area of triangle shaped loop placed in x-y plane can be written in vector form as,
S =
1
[0.6 a x (0.4 a x + a y )] = 0.3 a z
2
Hence
T = 100 10 -3 (0.3 a z ) (0.2 a x - 0.1 a y + 0.2 a z )
T = 3 a x + 6 a y mN. m
Example 9.5.11
Solution : Consider a circular loop in z = 0 plane as
Current is in a f as shown in the Fig. 9.2. The given
magnetic field is uniform given by
a + a z
B = B0 x
T
y
I
x
B
The magnetic dipole moment of a planar circular loop is

given by,
m = (I S) a n
where S is the area of the circular loop.
Fig. 9.2
Note that the loop is laying in z = 0 plane. Thus the direction of unit normal a n must be
decided by the right hand thumb rule. Let the fingures point in the direction of current (in
a f direction), then the right thumb gives the direction of a n which is clearly a z .
\
( ) a z = (p r 2I) a z
m = I p r2
The total torque is given by

T = m B
=
p r 2I a z
p r 2 B0 I
2
p r 2 B0
=
2
B0
2
(a x
+az ) =
ax
ay
az
0
1
0
0
1
1
p r 2 B0 I
2
p r 2 B0 I
2
[a z ( a x + a z ) ]
[- (- a )]
y
I
a y N-m
Example 9.5.12
Solution : a) The field is uniform and hence it will not produce any translation of the
loop.
TM
Field Theory
9 - 10
Hence we can write, the magnetic torque is given by,

T = I SB
From the given Fig. 9.5.11, the square loop has sides of 4m each. Also it is placed in x - y
plane. Hence the area is given by,
dS = ( 4 a x ) ( 4 a y ) = 16 a z m 2
Hence the magnetic torque at origin is given by,
T = 0.6(16 a z ) (100 a y ) 10 -3 = - 0.96 a x N m
b) A(0, 0, 0) and B = 200 a x + 100 a y mT :
Again the field is uniform and hence it will not produce any translation of the loop.
Hence similar to part (a), we can write,
T = I S B = 0.6(16 a z ) ( 200 a x + 100 a y ) 10 -3
\
(Q a z a x = +a y
a z a y = a x )
T = - 0.96 a x + 1.92 a y N m
Example 9.7.4
Solution : i) The relative permeability m r can be obtained as,
mr =
1.8 10 5
m
=
m0
4 p 10 7
= 14.3239
The magnetic field intensity and magnetization are related to each other as,
M = cm H =
(m r 1) H
M
120
= 9 A/m
=
14. 3239 1
mr 1
H =
ii)
n = Number of atoms = 8. 3 10 28 atoms/m3

m = 4. 5 10 27 A m
The magnetization is given by,
M = (n) (m) = 8. 3 10 28
)(4.5 10 27 )
= 373.5 A/m
Now the magnetic field intensity is given by,

H =
iii)
373. 5
M
= 17.7857 A/m
=
22 1
mr 1
The magnetic flux density is given by,

B = m H = m 0 m r H = m 0 (1 + c m ) H
TM
... m r = ( c m + 1)
Field Theory
9 - 11
H =
300 10 6
B
= 14.9207 A/m
=
m 0 (1 + c m )
4 p 10 7 (1 + 15)
Example 9.7.5
Solution :
But
a) J = H
B
B
B
=
=
H =
m m 0 m r m 0 ( c m + 1)
... (1)
Putting value of H in equation (1)

\
J =
1
B
=
B
m 0 ( c m + 1) m 0 ( c m + 1)
B =
ax
x
0.005 y 2
[0 - 0] a x
ay
y
0
az
z
0
(0.005 y 2 ) a y + 0 (0.005 y 2 ) a z
- 0
z
y
= (0.01 y) a z
\
J =
J =
1
[- 0.01 y a z ]
m 0 ( c m + 1)
- 0.01 y
4 p 10 -7 ( 6 + 1)
az
Calculating value of J at y = 0.4 m.

\
J = 454.7284 a z A/m 2
The magnitude of J is 454.7284 A/m 2

b)
Jb = M
But
M = cm H =
... (2)
cm B
cm B cm B
=
=
m
m 0 m r m 0 ( c m + 1)
Putting value of M in equation (2)

\
\
\
Jb = M =
cm B
cm
=
B
m 0 ( c m + 1) m 0 ( c m + 1)
B = (0.01) y a z
6
Jb =
( - 0.01 y a z )
4 p 10 -7 7
Calculating value of J at y = 0.4 m.

TM
Field Theory
9 - 12
J b = 2728.37 a z A/m 2
The magnitude of J b is 2728.37 A/m 2

c)
JT =
B
m0
We can also write,

J T = J b + J = ( 2728.37 a z ) + ( 454.7284 a z ) = 3183.09 a z A/m 2
Thus the magnitude of J T is 3183.09 A/m 2 .
Alternative method :
JT =
1
B
1
=
B =
m0 m 0
4 p 10 -7
( - 0.01 y a z ) = 7957.74 y
a z A/m 2
Calculating value of J T at y = 0.4 m

\
J T = 3183.09 a z A/m 2
Hence the magnitude of J T is 3183.09 A/m 2 .

Example 9.8.6
Solution
region 2
gradient
direction
But
\
: Let f (x, y) = 2x 5y. Thus f (x, y) increases from region 2 to region 1 as

is defined by 2x 5y < 0 while region 1 by 2x 5y > 0. Now if we calculate
of f (x, y) then it represents a vector with a magnitude and direction. The
of that vector is in the direction of increasing value of f(x,y).
f
f
f
a +
a +
a
f =
x x y y
z z
f = 2x 5y
f = 2 a x - 5 a y
Now the unit vector normal to the plane is given by,

a n21 =
\
2ax -5ay
2ax -5ay
f
=
=
f
4 + 25
29
a n21 = 0.3714 a x - 0.9284 a y
a) The magnitude of the normal component of B 1 is given by,
( )(a n21 )]a n12
B N1 = [ B 1
But
B 1 = m 1 H 1 = m 0 m r1 H 1
= ( 4 p 10 -7 3) ( 30 a x )
= 113.0973 10 -6 a x T
TM
Field Theory
\
b)
9 - 13
B1
= 113.0973 m T
B N1 = ( B 1 a 21 )
= [113.0973 10
21
-6
ax
(0.3714 a
- 0.9284 a y ]
(0.3714 a x - 0.9284 a y )
= 4.2 10 -5 ( 0.3714 a x - 0.9284 a y )

= 15.59 a x - 38.99 a y m T
\
B N1
(15.59 10 -6 ) 2 + ( 38.99 10 -6 ) 2 = 41.99 m T
c) From the symmetry,

B 1 = B tan1 + B N1
\
B tan1 = B 1 - B N1
= [113.0973 a x - 15.59 a x - 38.99 a y ] 10 -6

= 97.5073 a x + 38.99 a y m T
B tan1
=
=
m 0 m r1
(97.5073 a x
H tan1
H tan1 = 25.86 a x + 10.34 a y
H tan1
+ 38.99 a y 10 -6
4 p 10 -7
( 25.86) 2 + (10.34) 2 = 27.8505 A/m
d) According to the boundary conditions,

B N2 = B N1 = 15.59 a x - 38.99 a y m T
B tan2 =
m2
B tan1
m1
B tan2 =
4
[97.5073 a x + 38.99 a y ] 10 -6
3
B tan2 = 130 a x + 51.98 a y m T
B 2 = B tan2 + B N2
B 2 = [(130 a x + 51.98 a y ) + (15.59 a x - 38.99 a y )] 10 -6
B 2 = 145.59 a x + 12.99 a y m T
H2 =
145.59 a x + 12.99 a y 10 -6
B2
=
m 0 m r2
4 p 10 -7 4
TM
Field Theory
9 - 14
H 2 = 28.96 a x + 2.5842 a y
H2
( 28.96) 2 + ( 2.5842) 2 = 29.075 A/m
Example 9.8.7
Solution : Given : B 2 = 5 a x + 8 a z mWb m 2 ,
K=
1
a mA m.
m0 y
Now the normal component of B 2 is along a z so that the normal component of B 1 is also
along a z being continuous at boundary.
By definition,
B 1n = B 2n = 8 a z
i.e.
Bz = 8
Now for a current at boundary,
(H1 H2 ) a n12
= K
B1 B2
1
ay
az =
m
m
m
1
0
2
B1
B2
1
az =
m0 y
m 0m 1 m 0m 2
B1 B2
az = ay
m1 m2
\
Bxa x + By a y + Bza z
) (5a z + 8a z ) a
4
= ay
Bx 5
Bz 8
6 4 a x + B y 0 a y + 6 4 a z a z = a y
B x 5 a
y + By a x = a y
6 4
Equation components,
By = 0
Bx 5
= 1
6 4
\
Bx
5 1
= 1 + =
6
4 4
Bx =
Hence
B1 = Bxa x + By a y + Bz a z
B 1 = 1.5 a x + 0 a y + 8 a z = (1.5 a x + 8 a z ) mWb m 2
6
= 1.5
4
TM
Field Theory
9 - 15
But
H1 =
B1
1
1
=
1.5 a x + 8 a z ] =
1.5 a x + 8 a z ]
m1
6 m0 [
m 0m 1 [
H1 =
1
[0.25 a x + 1.333 a z ] mA m
m0
Example 9.8.8
Solution : z-axis is normal to the boundary. The normal component is given by,
K (1)
B N1 = ( B 1 a N12 ) a N12
Here below z = 0, there exists medium 2 while above z = 0, medium 1 exists. The field
vector travels from medium 1 to 2.
a N12 = a z
\
\
B N1 =
[(2a
3a y + 2a z
) (a z )] (a z )
= [2]( a z )
K Because B 1 is expressed in militesla
= 2 a z MT
The tangential component of B 1 is given by,
B tan1 = B 1 B N1 = 2 a x 3 a y + 2 a z ( 2 a z ) = 2 a x 3 a y mT.
According to boundary conditions,
B N2 = B N1 = 2 a z mT
Now we can write
(Htan1 Htan2 )
= a N12 K
K (2)
2 a x - 3 a y 10 3
B tan1
B
= tan1 =
m 0 mr1
m1
4 4p 10 7
But
Htan1 =
Htan1 = 198.94 2 a x 3 a y
) A/m
Putting value of Htan1 in equation (2), we get,
[198.94(2a
3a y Htan2
(397.88 a x 596.82 a y ) Htan2
\
But
] = (a
) ( 60 a x )
= 60 a y
Htan2 = 397.88 a x 536.82 a y A/m
B tan2 = m 2 Htan2 = 7 4 p 10 7 397.88 a x 536.82 a y
B tan2 = 3.4999 10 3 a x 4.7222 10 3 a y
B tan2 = 3.5 a x - 4.7222 a y mT
Thus
B 2 = B tan2 + B N2 =
{[3.5 a
} mT
4.7222 a y + [2 a z ]
TM
Field Theory
9 - 16
B 2 = 3.5 a x 4.7222 a y + 2 a z MT
Example 9.8.9
Solution : The surface separating two regions can be defined as,
f(x, y, z) = 3x - 2y + 5z
The unit vector normal to the plane is given by,
3 ax - 2 ay +5 az
f 3 ax - 2 ay +5 az
an =
=
=
f
9 + 4 + 25
38
Then the normal component of H is given by,
3 a x - 2 a y + 5 a z 3 a x - 2 a y + 5 a z
H1n = ( H a n ) a n = (4 a x + 6 a y - 3 a z )

38
38
1
\
H1n =
[12 + 0 + 0 + 0 - 12 + 0 + 0 + 0 - 15][ 3 a x - 2 a y + 5 a z ]
38
-15
(3 a x - 2 a y + 5 a z )
38
H1n =
H1n = ( - 0. 3947)(3 a x - 2 a y + 5 a z ) = - 1.1841 a x + 0.7894 a y - 1.9735 a z
But
H1 = H1n + H1t
H1 - H1n = (4 a x + 6 a y - 3 a z ) - ( -1.1841 a x + 0.7894 a y - 1.9735 a z )
H1t =
H1t = 5.1841 a x + 5.2106 a y - 1.0265 a z A m
Now
H2t = H1t = 5.1841 a x + 5.210 a y - 1.0265 a z A m
Also
B 2n = B 1n
H2n =
=
i.e. m 2 H2n = m 1 H1n
m1
H
m 2 1n
2m 0
[-1.1841 a x + 0.7894 a y - 1.9735 a z ]
5m 0
= - 0.4736 a x + 0.3157 a y - 0.7894 a z

Now
H2 = H2n + H2t
= ( - 0.4736 a x + 0.3157 a y - 0.7894 a z ) + 5.1841 a x + 5.2106 a y - 1.0265 a z )
H2 = 4.7105 a x + 5.5263 a y - 1.8159 a z A m
Now
B 2 = m 2 H2 = 5 m 0 H2 = 5 4 p 10 -7 H2
B 2 = 20 p 10 -7 (4.7105 a x + 5.5263 a y - 1.8159 a z )
B 2 = 29.5965 a x + 34.7222 a y - 11.4094 a z m Wb m 2
Example 9.9.5
Solution : The magnetic field intensity is given by,
TM
Field Theory
9 - 17
H =
I
I
=
2pr C
0.3
where C = Circumference
H =
But
B = mH = m 0 m r H
B = 4 p 10 - 7 1500 2 = 3.7699 10 - 3 T
15 10 - 2
=2 A m
The flux induced in one turn of a iron ring is given by,

f = BS
where S = Area of cross-section of iron ring
= (3.7699 10 - 3 ) (3 10 -4 ) = 1.13097 10 - 6 Wb
Hence the total flux established in the ring is given by,
f Total = N f
where N = Number of turns
= 250 (1.13097 10 - 6 )
= 0.2827 mWb
Example 9.9.6
Solution : The flux in air gap is also flux in core.
f
0.141 10 -3
=
= 0.35 T
Si
4 10 -4
0 . 35
Bi
Bi
= 849.15 A/m
=
=
=
m
m 0m r
4 p 10 -7 328
Bi =
Hence
Then
Hi
(Hi) (li) = (849.15) (0.44) = 373.626 A
For air gap, cross-sectional area is given by,

Sg = (0.02+0.002)2 = 4.8410 4 m2
Hence
Hg lg =
f
0.141 10 -3
lg =
2 10 -3 = 463.65 A
-7
-4
m 0 Sg
4 p 10 4.84 10
Hence
f = H i l i + Hg lg = 373.626 + 463.65 = 837.27 A
Hence
f = N I
f
837.27
I =
=
= 2.0932 A
N
400
Example 9.10.11
Solution : For a given solenoid in air,
m = m 0 = 4p 10 -7 Wb/A.m
N = 200
d = 6 cm = 6 10 -2 m
hence r =
TM
d
= 3 10 -2 m
2
Field Theory
9 - 18
l = 60 cm = 60 10 -2 m
The inductance of a solenoid is given by,
m N2 A
l
L =
-7
2
-2
m 0 N 2 ( pr 2 ) 4 p 10 ( 200) p 3 10
=
=
l
60 10 -2
= 2.3687 10 -4 H = 0.2368 mH
Example 9.10.12
Solution : A solenoid is in air, hence m r = 1
Given
N = 400, d = diameter = 10 cm = 10 10 -2 m, l = 50 cm = 50 10 -2 m
The inductance of a solenoid is given by
2
2
m N 2 A (m 0 m r ) N p d 4
=
L =
l
l
where
d
A = Area of cross-section = p r 2 = p
2
4 p 10
L=
-7
1 ( 400)
50 10 -2
(10 10 - 2 )
p
p d2
4
= 3.1583 10 -3 H = 3.1583 mH
Example 9.10.13
Solution : The inductance of the solenoid is given by,
mN 2 A
= 20 mH
l
where l = Length of the solenoid, A = Area = p r 2 , N = Number of turns
L =
r
Now length is made 2l while the radius is made . Then the inductance is given by
2
Lnew
\
r 2
m N 2 ( p )
2 m N 2 pr 2
=
=
8l
2
l
( )
Lnew =
( )
1 mN 2 A 1
20 10 -3
=
8 l 8
) = 2.5 mH
Example 9.10.14
Solutions : For inner solenoid : m r = 75, l = 50 cm = 50 10 - 2 m, N = 1500
TM
Field Theory
9 - 19
d = 2 cm, hence r = 1 cm = 1 10 - 2 m
So the inductance of solenoid is given by,
L in =
m m N 2 (p r 2 )
4 p 10 - 7 75 (1500) 2 ( p) (1 10 - 2 )
m N2 A
= 0 r
=
l
l
50 10 - 2
\
L in = 0.1332 H
For outer solenoid : m r = 1 (in air), l = 50 cm = 50 10 -2 m, N = 1200
d = 3 cm hence r =
d
= 1.5 cm = 1.5 10 -2 m
2
So the inductance of outer solenoid is given by,

L out =
\
m m N 2 (p r 2 )
4 p 10 - 7 (1200) 2 p (1.5 10 -2 ) 2
m N2 A
= 0 r
=
l
l
50 10 -2
L out = 2.5582 mH
Example 9.10.15
Solution : N = 700, h = height = 1.5 cm = 1.5 10 - 2 m
r1 = Inner radius = 1 cm = 1 10 - 2 m, r2 = Outer radius = 2 cm = 2 10 - 2 m
1) In general, inductance of a toroid of square cross section is given by,
L =
m 0 N2 h
r
ln 2
2p
r1
2 10 -2
4 p 10 -7 (700) 2 1.5 10 -2
ln
= 1.0189 mH
2 p
1 10 -2
2) By general approximate formula for toroid, the inductance is given by,

m N2 A
L = 0
2p R
where A = Area of square cross-section = (1 cm) (1.5 cm) = 1.5 10 - 4 m 2
r = Mean radius = 1.5 cm = 1.5 10 -2 m

4 p 10 -7 (700) 2 (1.5 10 - 4 )
L =
= 0.98 mH
2 p 1.5 10 -2
Thus for toroid, with radius larger than the cross-section, the inductance obtained by both
formulae are approximately same.
Example 9.10.16
Solution : For a solenoid with large length as compared to small cross section, the
magnetic field intensity inside the coil can be assumed to be constant and zero for points
just outside the solenoid.
Let the current flowing through the coil be I 1 .
TM
Field Theory
9 - 20
Then the magnetic field intensity is given by,

H1 =
N1 I 1
( 2000) I 1
=
= ( 2000) I 1 A/m
l1
100 10 -2
The magnetic flux density is given by,
B 1 = m H 1 = m 0 m r H 1 = 4 p 10 -7
) ( 2000 I 1) = (2.5132 10 -3 ) I 1
Wb / m 2
Total flux produced is given by,
f1 =
( B1) ( A 1)
f1 =
(3.1582 10 -6 ) I 1
= 2.5132 10 -3 I 1
) p (2 10 -2 )
Wb
The flux calculated above can only link with the second coil as H 1 and B 1 are zero outside
the coil 1.
The mutual inductance between two coils is given by
M12
\
( 4000) 3.1582 10 -6 I 1
N2 f1
=
=
I1
I1
M12 = 12.633 mH
Example 9.12.3
Solution : Given : N = 1000, f = 10 mWb = 10 10 3 Wb, R = 4 W, V = 40 V
The current in the coil at steady state is given by,
I =
V 40
=
= 10 A
R
4
Hence the self inductance of a coil is given by,

L =
Nf 1000 10 10 3
=1H
=
I
10
Thus the energy stored in a magnetic field is given by,

Wm =
1 2
1
LI = (1) (10) 2 = 50 W
2
2
Example 9.12.4
Solution : The inductance of toroid with N turns and A as area of a toroidal ring cross
section, is given by,
L=
( )
2
2
mN 2 A (m 0 m r ) N pr
=
, where R = Mean radius of a toroid, For air, m r = 1
2pR
2pR
TM
Field Theory
9 - 21
L =
(4 p 10 -7 )( 400) 2 p (4 10 -3 )
2 p (40 10 -3 )

2
= 40.2123 mH
The current flowing through an air core toroid is I = 10 A. Then the energy stored by
toroid is given by,
1 2
1
Wm =
LI =
40.2123 10 -6 (10) 2 = 2.0106 mW
2
2
Example 9.12.5
Solution : The energy density in free space in a magnetic field is given by,
1
1
mH 2 = m 0 m r H 2
wm =
2
2
But for free space m r = 1
1
1
\
wm =
m H 2 = 4 p 10 - 7 (1000) 2 = 0.6283 J m 3
2 0
2
qqq
TM
10
Time Varying Fields

and Maxwells Equations
Example 10.2.6
Solution : Here the magnetic flux is constant while the path is rotating with speed of
1500 r.p.m. The field intensity is given by,
where v = Linear velocity
E = vB
In one minute there are 1500 revolutions which corresponds to 25 revolutions in one
second. The distance covered in one second is ( 2pr ) meter. Hence in 25 revolutions the
distance travelled is (50pr ) meter. The conductor rotates in f-direction. Hence linear
velocity is given by,
v = (50pr ) a f = 50p 25 10 -2 a f = 39.27 a f m/s

Hence the electric field intensity is given by,
E = v B = ( 39.27 a f ) ( 0.5 a r ) = 19.635 ( - a z )
... a f a r = - a z
Induced e.m.f. is given by,

e =
E dL
As the conductor is parallel to z axis, dL = (dz) a z

\
z= 1
19.635(-a z ) ( dz) a z
e =
z= 0
= -19.635 [z]10 = 19.635 V
Example 10.2.7
Solution : The circular loop conductor is in X-Y plane. B is in a z direction which is
perpendicular to X-Y plane.

Hence, we can write,
dS = ( r dr df) a z
Total flux is given by
f =
B dS
(10 - 1)
TM
Field Theory
10 - 2
2p
0. 15
[(0.5 sin 10
f = 0 r= 0
(0.5 sin 10 t)
3
[f]20 p
Time Varying Fields and Maxwell's Equations
) ]
t a z [( r dr df) a z ]
0.15
r2
2
0
) [2p] (0.15)
2
= 0.5 sin 10 3 t
= 35.3429 sin 10 3 t mWb

Now induced e.m.f. is given by,
e = -
df
d
=dt
dt
[ 35.3429 10
= - 35.3429 10 -3
-3
sin 10 3 t
)(10 3 ) cos 10 3 t = 35.3429 cos 10 3 t
Hence current in the conductor is given by,

i =
e - 35.3429 cos 10 3 t
v = 1.7671 cos 103 t A
=
R
20
Example 10.2.8
Solution : The induced e.m.f. is given by,
e = B l v sin q = (1.1) (0.5) (30) sin
p
= 16.5 V
2
As field and direction of motion are perpendicular to each other, q =
p
2
Example 10.2.9
Solution : Here filamentary conductor is fixed and it is placed in z = 0 plane. It encloses
area of 0.65 m 2 .
z
\
dS = dS a z
Induced e.m.f. according to Faraday's is law is given by,
e = -
= -
= -
B
dS
t
B
dS

3
0.05 cos 10
t
a y + a z
t
2
( dS a z )

( )(- sin 10 3 t) dS
Fig. 10.1
0.05 10 3
= + 35.355 sin 10 3 t dS
S
... a y a z = 0
az az = 1
TM
Field Theory
But
10 - 3
dS is given as 0.65 m 2 .
e = 35.355 sin 10 3 t (0.65) = 22.98 sin 103 t V
Example 10.3.8
Solution : The conduction current density is given by
J C = s E = 5 100 sin 10 10 t = 500 sin 10 10 t A/m 2

The displacement current density is given by
JD =
=
D
E
=
( e E) = t ( e 0 e r E) = e 0 e r t
t
t
(8.854 10 -12 1) t [100 sin 10 10 t]
= 8.854 10 -12 10 10 100 cos 10 10 t

= 8.854 cos 10 10 t A/m 2
For the two current densities, the condition for the equal magnitudes is given by
JC
s
=1
=
e
w
JD
s
5
=
= 5.647 10 11
e
8.854 10 -12 1
w =
But
w = 2p f
f =
w
5.647 10 11
= 89.877 GHz
=
2p
2p
Example 10.3.9
Solution : i) The condition for both the current densities to have equal magnitude is
JC
JD
s
=1
we
s
e
2 10 -8
w =
w =
But
w = 2p f
f =
10 -8
36 p
= 226.194 rad/sec
w
226.194
= 36 Hz
=
2p
2p
ii) The displacement current density at f = 36 Hz is given by

TM
Field Theory
10 - 4
JD =
=
d
dE
10 -8 d
=
e E) = e
(
( 200 sin w t)
dt
dt
36 p dt
10 -8
10 -8
200 w cos w t =
200 ( 2 p 36) cos ( 2 p 36) t
36 p
36 p
= 400 10 -8 cos 72 p t A/m 2 = 4 cos 72p t
m A/m 2
dE
dt
So from the expressions of J C and J D it is clear that both are always at right angles to
each other. So the phase angle between the current densities is 90.
J C = s E and J D = e
iii)
Example 10.3.10
Solution :
D = eE = e
V
d
Hence the displacement current density is given by,

JD =
D
e dV
V
=
e =
t
t d d dt
Hence the displacement current is given by

e dV
iD = JD Area =
(A)
d dt
\
iD =
Plate area = A
eA dV
dV
=C
d dt
dt
This current is same as conduction current.

dQ
dD
dV
dE eA dV
=A
= eA
=C
=
dt
dt
d dt
dt
dt
Hence the conduction current and displacement current is same. The displacement current
is given by
iC =
iD =
=
eA dV ( 2 e 0 ) ( A ) dV 2 8 . 854 10 -12 5 10 -4 d
=
=
50 sin 10 3 t
3
d
d dt
dt
dt
3 10
2 8.854 10 -12 5 10 -4 50 10 3
3 10 -3
cos 103t = 0.1475 cos 103t A
Example 10.3.11
Solution :
Area of plate = A = 10 cm = 10 10
Distance of separation = d = 2 mm = 2 10
m
6
Dielectric is air \ e r = 1, Applied voltage V = 300 sin 10 t volts

Hence displacement current is given by,
TM
Field Theory
iD =
10 - 5
eA dV
d dt
=
=
(e0 er )A
dV
dt
d
8.854 10
12
1 10 10
2 10
8.854 10
12
10 10
2 10
d
300 sin 10 6 t
dt
6
300 10 6 cos 10 6 t = 1.3281 cos 10 t mA
Example 10.3.12
Solution :
According to condition,
=
s
we
JC
iC
i
and J D = D
A
A
iC A
iD A
iD
JC
JD
But
s
w (e 0 e r )
w (e 0 e r ) i C
2pf( e 0 e r ) i C
2 p 1 10 9 ( 8.854 10 -12 )( 3)
=
=
s
s
5.8 107
iD = 2.87748 nA
Example 10.5.9
Solution : The point form of Maxwell's second equation is,
D
H = J+
t
But as fields are time invariant, we can write,
D
= 0
t
\
H = J
J =
ax
x
0
ay
az
y
z
0 ( 3 x cos b + 6y sin a )
J =
3 x cos b + 6y sin a ] a x [
[ 3 x cos b + 6y sin a ] a y
y
x
J = 6 sin a a x - 3 cos b a y A / m 2
TM
Field Theory
10 - 6
Example 10.5.10
Solution : Consider Maxwell's equation for static fields,
E = 0
Consider L.H.S. of equation (1),
... (1)
L.H.S. = E = x a x + x a y
2
]=
ax
ay
az
/x /y /z
0
x2
x
( )
( )
=
x2 a y +
x2 a z
( 0) - ( x) a x - ( 0) ( x) y
z
x
z
[0] - [0] + (1) a z
= az
But R.H.S. = 0. That means L.H.S. R.H.S.

Thus we have E 0 which indicates that the given electric field E is not static. But we
can have a static field only if the charge distribution is static. From above calculation it is
clear that E is not static implies this electric field cannot arise from static distribution of
charge.
Example 10.5.11
Solution : Given : E = 20 cos ( wt 50x) a y V m,
i) By definition,
D = eE = ( e 0 e r ) E = e 0 E
\
D = e 0 20 cos ( wt 50x) a y
...For free space
] = 20 e 0[cos ( wt 50x) a y ]
The current density J D is given by,
D
=
20 e 0 cos ( wt 50x) a y
JD = Jd =
t
t
mr = er = 1
} = 20
e 0 [ sin ( wt 50x)]( w) a y
J D = J d = 20 w e 0 sin ( wt 50x ) a y A m 2
ii) By Maxwell's equation, for free space,

B
E =
t
\
ax
ay
B
= x
y
t
0
20 cos ( w t 50x)
az
z
0
= 0
20cos ( wt 50x)a x {0 0} a y + 20cos ( wt 50x) 0a z
z
x
\
B
= 20[ sin ( wt 50x)( 50)]a z = 1000 sin ( wt 50x) a z
t
TM
...(1)
...(2)
Field Theory
10 - 7
B
= 1000 sin ( wt 50x) a z
t
Separating variables,
B = [ 1000 sin ( wt 50x) a z ] dt
Integrating both sides
cos ( wt 50x)
1000
B = 1000
a z = w cos ( wt 50x) a z T
w
By definition,
1000
B
B
B
=
=
=
cos ( wt 50x ) a z A m
H =
wm 0
m m 0m r
m0
...(3)
...(4)
Now to find value of w, let us use Maxwell's equation as follows,

D
= JD
H =
t
ax
ay
H = x y
0
\
1000
cos ( wt 50x)
wm 0
D
t
1000
1000
D

y wm cos ( wt 50x) 0 a x x wm cos ( wt 50x) 0 a y + [0 0] a z = t
0
0
[0 0] a x
\
\
az
D
1000
{ sin( wt 50x)}( 50) 0 a y + [0] a z = t

wm
50000
D
sin ( wt 50x) a y =
wm 0
t
...(5)
Comparing equations (2) and (5) as both are of same form and representing same quantity,
we can write,
50000
20 w e 0 =
w m0
\
w m0 =
2500
w e0
...(6)
Putting equation (6) in equation (4), we can represent H in another form as,
1000
H =
cos ( wt 50x) a z = 0.4 w e 0 cos ( wt 50x ) a z A m
2500
we
0
Now rearranging equation (6)
2500
2500
=
w2 =
7
m0 e0
4 p 10
8.854 10 -12
)(
= 2.24694 10 20
w = 1.4989 10 10 rad sec 1.5 10 10 rad sec

TM
...(7)
Field Theory
10 - 8
Thus representing values of J d and H by putting values of e 0 and w using equations (2)
and (7) as follows
) (
J d = 20 8.854 10 12 cos 1.5 10 10 t 50x a y
J d = 1.7708 10 10 cos 1.5 10 10 t 50x a y A m 2
\
Similarly,
H = 0.4 1.5 10 10
)(8.854 10 12 ) cos ( wt 50x) a z
= 0.053124 cos ( wt 50x ) a z A/m
Example 10.5.12
Solution : a) For time varying fields, we can write Maxwell's equation as,
E = -
B
t
We can write,
E =
ax
x
Ex
= -
ay
y
Ey
az
ax
=
z
x
Ez
0
ay
az
y
z
[kx - 100 t] 0
[kx - 100 t] a x + x [kx - 100 t] a z

z
Again E is varying with respect to x and not with z.

B
kx - 100 t] a z = [
x
t
E =
k az = -
m H = -m
[x + 20 t] a z = - 20 m a z
t
t
( )
... B = m H
Comparing,
k = - 20m = - 20 (0.5) = 5 V/m 2
b) Consider Maxwell's equation derived from Gauss's law for electric fields,
D = rv
\
Dx Dy
Dz
= rv = 0
+
+
x
y
z
... Given
From given expressions of D,

D x = 5x,
D y = 2y ,
D z = kx
Putting values of D x , D y and D z , we get,
(5x) + ( -2y) + ( kx) = 0

x
y
z
TM
Field Theory
\
\
10 - 9
5-2+k = 0
k = 3 mC/m 3
Note that in part (a), k is unknown in the expression of E which is expressed in V/m. In
the expression k is multiplied with x which is expressed in metres (m). Hence accordingly
k is expressed in V/m 2 . While in part (b), k is the part of expression of D which is
expressed in m C/m 2 . k is multiplied by z which is expressed in m, in expression of D.
Hence k is expressed in mC/m 2 .
Example 10.5.13
Solution : Using Maxwell's equation,
H = J +
D
t
In a free space, conduction current density is zero. So J = 0.

\
H =
( )
E
D eE
=e
=
t
t
t
As H has no component in a y and a z directions, H y = H z = 0

\
Hy Hx
H z H y
Hx Hz
+
ax +
a
H =
x - y az
y
x
z
z
y
=
Hx
Hx
ay az
z
y
Again H is varying with z only and not with y.

\
\
Hx
= 0
y
H =
Hx
E
ay = e
z
t
[H m e j (w t + b z) ] a y = e
z
t
H m e j (w t + b z) ( j b) a y = e
E
t
Separating variables,
jb
E = H m e j (w t + b z) a y dt
e
Integrating both the sides with respect to corresponding variables,
TM
Field Theory
10 - 10
b H m j (w t + b z)
jb
e j (w t + b z)
e
ay =
ay
E = Hm
ew
jw
e
Also e = e 0 e r . But for free space e r = 1
\
E =
b H m j (w t + b z )
e
a y V/m
e0 w
Example 10.5.14
Solution :
The displacement current density is given by,

JD =
But
D
t
D = e0 er E = e0 E
For free space or air e r = 1
( e E) = e 0
( E)
t 0
t
JD =
J D = e0
J D = 8.854 10 12 80 ( - 6.277 10 8 ) sin [6.277 10 8 t - 2.092 y] a z
J D = - 0.4446 sin (6.277 10 8 t - 2.092 y) a z A m 2
[80 cos (6.277 10 8 t - 2.092 y) a z ]

t
Hence the amplitude of displacement current density is

|J D| = 0.4446 A m 2
Example 10.5.15
Solution : According to ampere circuital law for free space,
D
where J D is displacement current density.
= JD
H =
t
ax
ay
az
Now
y
z
H = x
0
10 6 cos (377 t + 1.2566 10 - 6 z)
0
=
6
-6
0 - z {10 cos (377 t + 1.2566 10 z)} a z - [0 - 0] a y +
6
-6
x {10 cos (377 t + 1.2566 10 z)} -
0 a z
= - 10 6 {- 1.2566 10 - 6 sin (377 t + 1.2566 10 -6 z)} a x

= + 1.2566 sin (377 t + 1.2566 10 - 6 z) a x
But by definition, the displacement current density is given by,
TM
Field Theory
10 - 11
JD =
\
D
= H
t
For free space
J D = 1.2566 sin (377 t + 1.2566 10 - 6 z) a x A m 2
Hence the amplitude of the displacement current density is 1.2566 A m 2 .

Example 10.5.16
Solution : The magnitude of conduction current density is given by,
Magnitude of conduction current I C
=
JC =
A
Area of cross - section
=
2.5 10 -6
... (Q conductor has circular cross-section
p(2 10 -3 ) 2
and hence A = pr 2 )
Thus the magnitude of displacement current density is given by,

JC
JD
s
we
we e
we
Jc = Jc 0 r
s
s
JD =
5 10 8 8.8542 10 -12 1
J D = 0.198943
35 10 6
J D = 25.164 pA m 2
qqq
TM

33201414HKUO - Field Theory - Solution Manual PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

33201414HKUO - Field Theory - Solution Manual PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

Solutions of Examples for Practice

Hence the unit vector along the direction OP is,

( -1) 2 + ( -3) 2 + ( -4) 2 = 5.099

= -0.1961 a x - 0.588 a y - 0.7844 a z

RCA = RA - RC = - 2 a x - 6 a y - 8 a z , RCA = 104

= -0.1961 a x - 0.588 a y - 0.784 a z

B = - 3ax - 3ay +5az ,

C = 2ax + 6ay - 4az

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

i) The vector from A to C is,

[ 3 - ( -3)]a x + [( -2) - ( -3)]a y + [1 - 5] a z

= 6ax +ay - 4az

( 6) 2 + (1) 2 + ( -4) 2 = 7.2801

6ax +ay - 4az

= 0.8241 a x + 0.1373 a y 0.5494 a z

iii) For distance between B and C, obtain BC

iv) Let B ( x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ) and C (x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) then the co-ordinates of midpoint of BC are

Solution : The surface is shown in the Fig. 1.1.

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

Total surface area = S 1 + S 2 + S 3 = p R 2 + p R 2 + 2 p RL = 2 p R ( R + L).

\ P( 3.1622, 71.56, 5) in cylindrical

... Substituting co-ordinates of P in G

5ax -ay + 2az

Hence projection of G at P on the vector B is,

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

(5) 2 ( 4) 2 + (B y ) cos 45 i.e.

This is the required relation between B y and B z .

For perpendicular vectors, A B = 0

( 26) 2 + (18) 2 + ( 30) 2

= 0.5964 a x + 0.4129 a y + 0.6882 a z

This is the unit vector normal to the plane containing A and B.

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

a n = Unit vector in the direction A B

L.H.S. = A ( B C) and use result of B C above

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

R.H.S. = B(A C) C(A B)

The equations (3) and (4) are same.

Similarly other two terms are also zero.

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

... Refer Table 1.13.1

cos f = 0.9284 and sin f = 0.3714

H x = 20 ( 0.9284) + 10 0.3714 = 22.282

= 20 ( 0.3714) - 10 ( 0.9284) = - 1.856

Converting point B to cartesian system,

i) Cylindrical : Hx = xy z, Hy = x yz, Hz = xyz

Refer Table 1.13.1

= r cos 2 f z cos f + r 2 cos 2 f r sin f z sin f = r z cos3 f + r 3 z sin 2 f cos 2 f

= 0 + 0 + xyz (1) = r 2 sin f cos f z 2

ii) Spherical : Hx = xy z, Hy = x yz, Hz = xyz

x = r sin q cos f, y = r sin q sin f, z = r cos q

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

H x = r 4 sin 3 q cos q sin 2 f cos f

H y = r 4 sin 3 q cos q sin f cos 2 f

H z = r 4 sin 2 q cos 2 q sin f cos f

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

Using in equations (1), (2) and (3),

Using in equations (1.13.4), (1.13.5) and (1.13.6),

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

... Spherical co-ordinates

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

Fx = 0.333, Fy = 0.333, Fz = 0.4082

Using equations (1), (2) and (3), B in cartesian system is :