Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Table of Contents
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Requirements
of Utilities
by Regulating Agencies
Section 4
Standards
ASTM, IEEE, IEC
Section 5
Electrical Principles
Ohm's Law
Series Circuits
Parallel Circuits
Combination Series / Parallel Circuits
Section 6
Hazards
Accidental Re-energization
Induced Currents and Voltages
Step Potential
Touch Potential
Section 7
Section 8
Section 9
Section 10
Section 12
Section 13
AnnanAiv A
nih,i~,.r.lnh.,
This publication intends to assist utility personnel at many levels to understand and apply
techniques for workers to use during maintenance after a line has been de-energized and
taken out of service. Each section has been
written with a particular reader in mind. The
sections are arranged in a sequential manner,
and each stands alone on the information it
provides. This allows a reader with more experience to skip over the more basic sections
that are provided for the lineworker new to
the industry.
Earlier literature referred to this topic as
"grounding" or "jumpering." However, confusion existed with these terms. For example,
there are "hot jumpers" used to maintain an
energized electrical connection that remain
energized during their use. Did grounding
mean a connection to earth or could it be
a connection to neutral? The terminology
was officially changed to personal protective
grounding in our national standards in an
attempt to eliminate this confusion. Ageneration of linemen will probably pass before the
new terminology is commonly used.
iI
I
Fig. 1-1.a
Fig. 1-2.a
Fig. 1-1.b
Separate JumpersTo Separate Earth Connections
Fig. 1-2.b
Separate JumpersTo Common Earth Connection
1E
I
Another modification used shortened jumpers between phases and a single jumper to a
single Earth connection [I3], as diagramed in
Figures 1-3a and 1-3b. This was another attempt to improve worker protection that did
not change the basic circuitry. The worker
remains a separate current return path.
All of these schemes protected the system by
indicating a fault, but left the worker in a situation that could prove fatal. As can be seen in
the diagrams and the associated schematics,
substantial voltage can be developed across the
worker. This was not a satisfactory solution.
What if the structure is wood? If a pole down
Fig. 1B.a
Fig. 1-3.b
Phase to Phase to Single Earth Connection
wire is present and the worker is near or touching it, the separate current path remains. If
there is no pole down wire, the pole may have
a resistance high enough to keep the body
current flow to a low level but not necessarily to a safe level. Each pole is different. Pole
resistance depends upon the amount of moisture sealed in the wood during the pressure
treating, the surface contaminants, and the
amount of water present on the surface and
the type of wood.
Some companies had adopted a policy of plating a full set of grounds on the pole at the
worksite and also on each pole on both sides
of the worksite. This offered protection but
required three full sets of protective grounds.
This increased both the cost and the difficulty
ofthe work for the lineman. In 1955Bonneville
Power Administration engineers theorized
that a set of grounds on the center worksite
pole was adequate, if properly sized and instal1ed.Testingindicatedthat thiswas correct.
A paper(17)of this work was authored by E. J.
Harrington and T.M.C. Martin in 1954. This
was the beginning of the "worksite" grounding movement, but was basically ignored for
many years. The low probability of a worker
being in contact during the extremely short
period the line was re-energized was probably
a major factor in the low number of accidents.
The prevailing philosophy was that the old
methods had kept the number of accidents
low before, so why change? Unfortunately, this
philosophy exists in some areas today.
Additional protection schemes have been
devised. "Bracket grounding" became the
most accepted and commonly used one. Its
use and faults are discussed in detail in a
later section of this publication. Temporary
protective grounds today offer protection to
workers during maintenance on lines believed
to be de-energized that are actually energized
through induction or that later become energized accidentally. However, they must be
installed in a correct manner, which is the
focus of this publication.
By monitoring the voltage applied, the resulting current flow, and the reaction of the
volunteers, a great deal of information was
developed. Calculations were made to develop
a value of resistance for the "average" human
body. Voltages duringsome ofthe experiments
were measured a t 21 volts hand to hand and
10 volts from one hand to the feet. Calculations of resistance using the measured values
yielded 2,330 ohms hand-to-hand and 1,130
ohms hand-to-feet. This early low voltage
research established an average safe let-go
current for an "average" man as 16 milliamperes. Itwas also determined that the human
body responds to current in an exponential
manner. That is, the body responds to an
increasing current as the time shortens in a
similar manner as it responds to a decreasing
current and lengthening duration. This time
current relationship is shown in Figure 2-1.
Perception Level (the least amount of current detectable by the ungloved hand) = 1 .I milliampere*
Painful Shock, painful but muscle control not lost = 9 milliampere*
Painful Shock (Let Go Threshold)
= 16 milliampere*
Training
Equipment
Requirements
Section 3
Utility Requirements
Developing a safe worksite by maintaining
the current through the body a t a safe level
now becomes the task of all involved. First
and foremost, utility management and the
Safety Department must determine what
they consider to be the maximum safe level
of current flow allowable through the worker.
Or, stated another way, the maximum allowable voltage that can be considered safe that
can be developed across the worker must be
specified. At the time of this writing, there
was no standard or widely acceptedmaximum
allowable body current. A value of 50 V is
commonly used, but is not arequirement.This
upper limit of exposure is a key consideration
in selecting the size of protective equipment.
Each worksite and each situation may be different, with each utility accepting a different
margin of safety.
To develop a safe worksite requires the cooperation of several departments within the utility.
The EngineeringDepartment must supply an
a~oroximate
level offault current expected at
an individual worksite or within an assigned
working region. Engineering must also provide the maximum time that a fault current
mav
" flow at the identified sites. The Operations Department must develop appropriate
work and eauipment
maintenance methods.
The Purchasing Department, in cooperation
with the Standards Group, must acquire appropriate safety equipment for issue and use
by the workers. The Safety Department must
coordinate all of these activities. Methods of
evaluating and accomplishing a safe worksite
are discussed later in this document.
A
Many utilities have prepared internal publications to outline work rules and practices,
approved for use by their utility. Others may
not have a formal set of rules in place, relying rather on experienced linemen and the
tailgate conference, now required by OSHA
29 CFR 1910.269(c)17' before beginning work
each day.
According to OSHA regulations, a worker's
training must be reviewed annually 17' and
be documented. Additional training must be
provided if the review finds it to be needed.
Additional information on the topic oftraining
can be found in the next section on regulating agencies.
Worker safety is now everybody's job. With
OSHA regulations now in place, penalties
for accidents can be severe and may affect
a broad range of personnel throughout the
utility if a lack of training is determined to
be the cause.
,.--I--
-C -..;t-hl-
--..:----+
---
------&-A
Standards
Section 4
industry Standards
Standards are used widely in the utility in- While other countries also may have their
dustry. They cover a wide range oftopics. For own national standards, the International
instance, performance specifications for prod- Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the
ucts or components used'"', line construction primary source of internationally accepted
methods and overhead line maintenan~e[~'.standards. IEC standards are also consenOther documents are presented as guides or sus standards, developed by knowledgeable
general methods of equipment use without representatives from each member country
specifying a particular work method, but al- including the U.S. During recent years, the
low the utility the freedom to adapt them to influence of IEC standards has increased,
individual situations. Consensus standards even in the U.S., as a result of treaties such
developed by agreement among an array of as NAFTA.
users, manufacturers, utility representatives
and experienced consultants are widely ac- All consensus standards developed are pubcepted and used. Some utilities have devel- lished andwidelv distributed. Thev
" are availoped standards for their own use, patterned able for a fee from the sponsoringorganization.
after consensus standards, but modified to Thev
" are continuallv
" reviewed and uadated
meet their own particular needs.
as industry needs and technology change.
In the United States, compliance with standards is voluntary in most instances, other
thangovernmental regulations such as OSHA
requirements. The manufacturer of personal
protective grounding equipment may choose
which standardits products meet and accordingly market them. However, the manufacturer may be required to meet all that applies
due to thevariations and requirements within
its customer base.
.
e
Electrical Principles
Section 5
Electrical Principles
The Electrical Principles section of this publication has been included for those who do
not have a strong background in electrical
principles or circuit theory. It is a very basic
presentation. Those with prior knowledge
may wish to skip over this and proceed to
the next section.
Ohms Law
The simple use of Ohm's Law is all that is really needed to develop the theory of protective
grounding. The study could be made more
complex by considering the inductance associated with alternating current, but because
many of the values are based on assumptions
the additional complexity is not believed to be
necessary for this basic presentation.
One of the first laws learned when studying
electricity is Ohm's Law. It gives a fundamental relationship to three electrical quantities.
These are voltage, current and resistance.
If any two of them are known, the third
can be calculated. Using basic algebra, the
relationship can be rearranged into three
forms depending upon which quantity is the
unknown.
The simplest circuit is the series circuit consisting of a voltage source, a connected load
and the interconnecting wiring. To illustrate
a series circuit, consider the following example. The source is a 110 Volts AC WAC)
wall outlet. The load is a single lamp and the
wiring is the cord between the lamp and the
wall outlet. When the lamp is plugged in and
turned on, current flows from one terminal
of the outlet through one of the wires to the
lamp, through the bulb and back to the outlet
through the otherwire. The circuit is shownin
Fig. 5-1. In completed circuits, if the voltage
and resistance are known, the current can be
calculated using Equations 2, 3 or 4.
(Eq. 3)
VAC
I = V / R o r I =V/2Rnow,whichis
110 VAC 1242 Ohms
I = 0.454 Amp.
As expected, the current is now half the previous value. Remember, the source voltage
110
VAC
Calculated individually:
Voltage drop across the 100 Ohm:
=I
= 36.7 Volts
And
Voltage drop across the 200 Ohm:
= 0.367 amp x 200 Ohm = 73.3 Volts
And
Voltage across the 200 Ohm:
= (200 Ohm I300 Ohm) x 110 Volts
= 73.3 Volts
Parallel Circuit
Fig. 5-5
Parallel Circuit
Fig. 5-6
/,
Jfl+\F\/\-'
For example:
"0"S
P)
9% ,
Volts
Fig. 5-7
\j
Volts
Conductor Description
#4 Cu Solid, Hard
#2 concentric lay
DC Ohms11,OOOft. @25"C
0.2485
0.169
0.106
0.0524
0.0842
#4 Al Solid
0.415
#6 Al Solid
0.661
0.04384
0.08155
0.156
0.098
0.078
0.049
1
1
1
I
;
i
i
I
I
i!
1
1
= 1/ 2.223 + 1/ (25
- - - - - - -- -
SeriesIParallel Circuit
Fig. 5-8
ISOURCE
= V / R = 12,000 / 4.265
= 2,813 Amp
The current through each of the circuit parts
can now be determined.
The current through the man:
-
+ R,)
= 2,813
+ RJ) = 2,813 x
= 2,812.998 Amp
or I, = 2813 - ,003 = 2,812.997 Amp
(0.0023 + 25
Ie = ISOURCE
x (R,
(R, + Re + R,)
It is sufficient to consider just the parallel portion of the circuit shown in Fig. 5-8
representing the worker and the protective
jumper. The Engineering Department can provide the maximum fault current in the work
area. This reduces the calculations required
to determining the maximum resistance allowed for the jumper to maintain the voltage
across, or current through the worker below
the predetermined levels. Equation 5a can
be rearranged to determine the maximu~n
resistance.
Hazards
Section 6
Hazards to Address
The primary hazard to protect against is that
of a line becoming accidentally re-energized after it has been de-energized for maintenance.
Possible sources can include incorrect closing
of switches or circuit breakers or energized
over build lines falling into or contacting the
de-energized ones. Other sources that may
also re-energize a circuit are back-feed or
induced voltage from electric or magnetic
fields or both from nearby energized lines. A
static charge canbeinducedfrom atmospheric
conditions such as wind or lightning.
Induced Voltages and Currents [211
Magnetic Induction:
Capacitive Induction:
Step Potet1tial[~,~.~~1
A step potential hazard is defined as the
voltage across a ground support worker who
steps across or otherwise bridges an energized path of Earth. The transfer of the rise
in line voltage during a fault to Earth is by
way of a jumper or other direct connection.
This raises the Earth's point of contact to
approximately the same voltage as the line
itself during the fault.
The Earth itselfhas resistance[20'.Remember,
current flowing through a resistive element
creates a voltage drop. As with any voltage
drop, it is spread over the resistance itself.
Consider the Earth as a string of resistors all
connectedin series. Eachresistor in the series
will develop a voltage because of the current
flowing through it. This is the voltage drop
bridged by the worker who steps across it.
As the distance from the point of contact increases, voltage at that remote Earth point
decreases. Tests indicate that the voltage
drops to approximately half of the point of
contact voltage in the first 3 feet, at least at
distribution voltages levels. It drops to half
of that voltage again in the next 3 feet until
it can (for all practical purposes) be considered zero.
Fig. 6-2
Touch Potential[i~4~121
The worker has still another hazard to contend
with: Touch Potential. This is the voltage
resulting from touching a conductive element that is connected to a remote energized
component. The voltage is called transferred
potential and it rises to the same value as the
contact that becomes energized. It could be
thought of as standing on aremote Earth spot
while holding a long wire that becomes energized on its far end. Touch voltage between
the remote site and the voltage where standing can be quite different. Refer to Fig. 6.2.
The voltage is developed across the ground
worker's body. Methods of protection remain
the same: Isolate, insulate or develop an
equipotential zone.
Equipotential Protection
A practical and more universal method is to
provide a means of keeping the body extremities at the same or nearly the same voltage. If
the difference involtage across the body can be
eliminated, the flow of current is eliminated,
remembering Equation 2 (I =V/R).Without a
difference in voltage, there is no current flow.
This is a theoretical solution that cannot be
fully achieved in practice. If current flows
through anything with resistance, a voltage
drop will be developed. However, the principle of maintaining a sufficiently low level
of voltage across the body is the basis of the
T h e k e y t o a successful equipotential
protectionmethod is t o place t h e worker
in a parallel path with a conductor of
sufficiently low resistance s u c h that t h e
rise i n voltage is held at o r below t h e
selected level. T h e maximum jumper
voltage is shown by Equation 2 (V = I X
R). S h u n t i n g t h e fault c u r r e n t a r o u n d
t h e body, t h r o u g h t h e low resistance
p a t h , is t h e first key. Remember that
some c u r r e n t will flow in every possible
path, b u t it divides in inverse proport i o n t o t h e path's resistance. T h e u s e
of a low resistance jumper is t h e major
factor. T h e second k e y factor is t o h a v e
t h e line protection equipment provide
fast fault removal.
The use of the system neutral provides a low
resistance path for thereturn of a fault current
if it occurs. This does two things: It maximizes
the fault current and tends to lower thevoltage
v
SOURCE
SO
Vl
Vl
v,
and
v~~~~~~
x [R, / (R, + R,)I
vSOUKCE
VSO",
x [RN/ 2RNl or
/2
or
to
Equipment
must be sized to provide theneces- sary worker protection if called upon to do so.
It must be capable of carrying the full fault
current for the amount of time that the fault
current can flow and maintain its electrical
integrity. It must have sufficient mechanical strength to resist the high level of force
placed upon it caused by the magnetic forces
and cable whipping action. As available fault
current levels increase, the demands on the
equipment increases, not proportionally, but
a s the square of the current. That is, if the
current doubles, the mechanical force quadruples and the cable heating increases.
Clamps
Chance grounding clamps come in a variety of styles, sizes and ratings. Included
are C-type clamps in Figure 8-1 rated from
21,500 to 60,000 Amperes, also Snap-On
(Duckbill-type) in Figure 8-2 and Flat-Face
in Figure 8-3, All-Angle in Figure 8-4, and
Ball-and-Socket styles in Figure 8-5. Clamps
are designed for mounting with insulated
hot sticks or Grip-All clampsticks and some
by hand. Others are permanently mounted
onto the end of insulated sticks. A complete
line of accessories such as pole mount cluster
bars, fully assembled grounding sets, underground distribution transformer and switch
grounding items, cutout clamps and sets for
substation use complement the Chance line
of clamps.
Each clamp has a preferred application. Ctype clamps are typically used on round bus
or stranded conductor; the Flat-Face clamp
is used on flat bus or tower legs or braces;
the All-Angle clamp is a popular style where
different conductor approach directions are
required.
Figure 8-1
G36221
GI8102
Duckbill Clamps
Figure 8-2
G33632
C6001735
Flat-Face Clamps
Figure 8-3
C6002102
All-Angle Clamps
-.
-.
G42291SJ
All Angle
Transformer or Switch
C6000785
Cutout Ground Clamp
C6000619
Mounted Substation Clamp
Cable
Theinterconnectingcableisexpectedtobethe
weak link in the personal protective grounding system. Over the years, many cable tests
have beenconducted and agreat dealis known
about its electrical and mechanical properties. Cable manufacturing processes are well
established and when consistent provide a
reliable interconnection. The requirement
on associated components is that they must
now perform better than the cable.
The ultimate ratings shown in Table 8-1were
originally calculated from an equation developed by Onderdonk[". They are based upon
the time a known current can flow causingthe
cable to melt and separate, much like a fuse,
thereby interrupting the flow of current. The
withstand ratingis approximately 70%to 75%
of the ultimate rating. It was included in the
ASTM F855 standard to emphasize the need
to include a margin of safety when developing
a personal protective ground system.
AWG Size
Resistance
ASTM Grade
(Ohms/1,000
fi.)
#2
110
210
310
410
0.156
0.098
0.078
0.062
0.049
1
2
3
4
5
Ferrules
It is recommended that a crimp ferrule beused
to interface the cable to the clamp. While it
is possible to strip the cable insulation and
insert it into the compression terminal of a
clamp, this is not a recommended method for
long term use. While copper strands are new
and shiny, tests show that such an assembly
functions a t the rated current. However,
as time passes, individual strands exposed
through the clamp compression fitting become
corroded. Resistance between the exposed
strands can increase substantially when this
happens. Passing a high level of fault current
through this increasedresistance generates a
substantial amount of heating. Test results
have demonstrated the separation of cable
and clamp due to this heating. In some cases,
heatwas so intense that the pressure terminal
actually melted and burned away from the
clamp body. This results in a complete loss
of worker protection.
Ferrule size should match the conductor size.
Ferrules are made both with and without a
shroud. See Figure 8-7. The shroud slips over
the insulation and is crimped. By covering
the cable insulation, it provides protection
against the entry of dirt and some contaminants. Ferrules without shrouds often are
used with a short length of clear heat shrink
material placed over the cable jacket and the
base of the ferrule. This also helps to prevent
the entry ofmoisture and other contaminants
and provide stress relief. This provides the
added benefit of allowing the user to visually
inspect the cable for broken strands.
Ferrules are available in both aluminum and
copper and are normally specified by the preference of the end-user. A properly crimped
ferrule reduces the entry of contaminants.
Contact aid is injected to reduce the corrosive
effects resulting from the dissimilar metals
(A1 and Cu). The ferrule material is often
selected based on the material used in the
Unshrouded ferrules
Cable
Shrouded ferrules
A
Voltage Detectors
Verification that a line is de-energized before
attaching personal protective grounds are
applied is a critical startingpoint. From this
came the slogan "If it's not grounded, it's not
dead." There are several devices available to
make this determination. Some involve temporary direct contact with the line to make
the measurement. Non-contact models are
positioned near the line and held long enough
to make the reading. They make their measurements based upon the flow of capacitive
leakage current between the line and the
Earth or nearby grounded objects. Other devices operate similar to normal voltmeters.
That is, they have two leads that can make
contact with the line and a ground point to
read thcvoltage present. ~rociduresf;r using
these devices is explained further in General
Installation procedures, Section 10.
Chance offers Multi-Rangevoltage Detectors
(MRVD) in several measurement ranges,
covering from 1 kV to 600 kV. They are
available with either analog or digital meters. They are designed for mounting on an
insulated universal pole of sufficient length
to maintain a safe working distance for the
worker.Ameta1 probe is brought into contact
with the line to take the reading. If the line
is energized from a substation source, the
reading is that of the system voltage. If the
line being measured is opened and floating
an induced voltage substantially lower or
higher than the system, voltage may be present if that line shares poles or a corridor with
other lines that are energized. A capacitive
induced voltage falls to near zero as soon as
the first grounded jumper is installed. This
device is easy to read and does require some
interpretation by the user, but with the guidelines supplied is easily learned and becomes
- -
- -
-7
1~~
Figure 8-9
Ground Rods
Aconnection to the Earth by means of a driven
ground rod consists ofmore than the metallic
rod alone. In addition to the rod, it includes a
series of concentric earthen shells around the
rod. Current flowing into the rod is radiated
in all directions through the entire surface
area, creating a current density measured in
amperes per square inch. It enters the thin
earthen shell surrounding the rod. The surface
area of this shell is larger than the rod. The
total entering current now passes into the
next earthen shell, which has still a larger
surface area. The level of amperes per square
inch is further reduced. The current continues entering and leaving additional shells,
each with successively larger surface areas,
illustrated in Figure 8-11. The resistance
increases with each incremental increase in
distance, but in smaller and smaller amounts
because of the increasing surface area until
a full hemi-sphere is achieved. Resistance
(R) of any path is a function of the length (L)
and cross section (A) of the current path, and
of the resistivity (p) of the path.
Fault
If the soil resistivity were constant, the resistance of the path over the entire length
might be considered constant. However, soil
resistivity varies substantially with its make
up. Some ofthe causes ofvariations are types
of soil, presence and amount of moisture,
sand or rock.
The effective shell diameter equals twice that
of the depth of the rod. Multiple rods used to
Maintenance of Personal
Protective Equipment
29 CFR 1910.269(n)(4)(i)l7]
states that it is the
utility's responsibility to provide "protective
grounding equipment" that "shall be capable
of conducting the maximum fault current
that could flow (underlined by the author for
emphasis) a t the point of grounding for the
time necessary to clear the fault ..." Further,
29 CFR 1910.269 (n)(4)(ii)states "Protective
grounds shall have an impedance low enough
to cause immediate operation of protective
devices in case of accidental energizing of the
lines or equipment." These two statements
imply a responsibility upon the utility.
-f t h n --hlfi A n n Cn o m n l l otvonrl
-oa;ot
Note 4 -ACtestingmeasurementsofgrounding
jumper assemblies are susceptible to errors if
metal is laid across the cable or tlze cable is
laid across a metal object, even i f the metal
object is buried, such as a reinforcing bar
embedded in a concrete floor.
Other benefits of using t h e Chance Ground
Set Tester include:
If the above test does not show a high resistance, the reading will be originating from
the cable itself. Make a careful manual inspection, as this is the most reliable means
of evaluating the interconnecting cable a t
this time. Feel for broken strands, corrosion
lumps under thejacket or flattened spots that
may have been run over by a vehicle. If any
of these are found, replace the cable.
Most ground sets can be returned to a usable
condition by performing this type of inspection and maintenance on a periodic basis.
Remember, the provision to supply suitable
equipment is an OSHA requirement.
I-
R~
,.
.,
be near 0
because the equipment is lighter weight. Attentionmust be paid to the sizing of any single
connection in this scheme that must carry the
full current. That is, if smaller size cable can
be used to bond the phases to a cluster bar on
each side of the worker, a single connection
to the Earth or to the neutral must be larger
to carry the full current.
Figure 9-3
;-"+-ll-L:--
---:-.---J
Storm damage often requires Bracket Grounding. It is used if a conductor has broken and
is on the ground. Then it becomes necessary
to ground at the structures on either side of
the break. But if the line becomes energized
and the worker is standing on the Earth, he
is also a return path. In this case, it would
be necessary to bond a conductive mat to the
two conductor ends for him to stand on while
makingrepairs, to maintain the samevoltage
from the hands to the feet.
There are other maintenance situations that
do not lend themselves to Single-Point (or
equipotential worksite) grounding. In most
of those situations Bracket Grounding can be
a usable method if thought is given to worker
protection in combination to the bracketing
(see the combination of Single-Point and
Bracket Grounding in the next section).
- IAvmABLE
-
~ q 7.
('JUMPER)
(M
' A,
+ 'JuM,E,
Again using parallel circuit theory, the maximum ground set resistance can be determined
which would maintain the body current level
below the selected value. Even if there is only
avery small current due to high pole and earth
resistance in the overall circuit, the percentage division between the paths remains the
same as the calculated ratios. Obviously, the
higher the current, the lower the protective
ground set resistance must be to keep the
body current below the safe level.
If the worker is on a wood pole with only
one protective ground set in place, the pole
resistance and return Earth path become the
current-limiting resistances. The ground set
Worksite or Single-Point or
Equipotential Grounding
The key to a successful equipotential protection method is to place the worker in a
parallel path with a conductor of sufficiently
low resistance to shunt the dangerous levels of current around the body and limiting
the maximum voltage across the worker to
an acceptable level. Remember that some
current will flow in every possible path, but
it divides in inverse proportion to the path's
resistance. The use of a low resistance
jumper is the major factor. The second key
factor is to have the line protective equipment provide fast fault removal.
,,,,,
value because this is the jumper providing protection to the worker. Its resistance
must be based upon the utility's selected
maximum body current andlor voltage. This
can be achieved by selecting an appropriate
conductor size and length, keeping in mind
that resistance increases with length and decreases as the cross sectional area increases.
The remaining ground sets must be sized to
ensure they do not fuse duringthe flow offault
current. These ground sets are to maximize
the fault current so the system protective
devices operate as quickly as possible.
,,
m= ~
1,000~Ohms
~ x [o.o9lamp /
Therefore:
Vw = ImlPERx R
,,
= (12,000 amp
- ,091 amp) x .0076 ohm
= 91.2 volts
Which meets the requirement.
This will meet the two specifiedrequirements.
Now it is necessary to select the components
for each jumper assembly.
Note that this is the maximum resistance permitted for the complete assembled jumper(s)
in parallel with the worker. As the worker
reaches from one phase to another, the number of jumpers in parallel with the body may
change, dependingupon the installation. The
maximum number that can be in parallel
must be considered. On a 3-phase system, the
worker may place his body in parallel with
up to three seriesjumpers without thoughtful
placement, see Figures 9-6 and 9-7.
The cable is chosen from Table 8-1. The available 12,000 amp for 20 cycles exceeds the
AWG#2 rating soAWG 110is selected. Wiring
tables for copper AWG 110 grounding cables
show it has 0.098 milliohm/ft. Assume each
cable/ferrule/clamp combination resistance
is 0.5 milliohm. Ths provides three 10 ft.
jumpers equal to 1.98 milliohm each or 5.94
milliohm total.
By careful placement ofjumpers at the worksite, we ensure the worker never has more
than two series ground sets in parallel with
his body. This will meet the safety specifications.
.h.h
Parallel with up toTwo Series Jumpers
Figure 9-7
Paralleling Grounds
resistance is still too high, it may be necessary to use a larger cable size to obtain the
necessary reduction in resistance.
Each connection should be situated so as not
to interfere with the work being done. Finally,
minimize the cable slack because shorter
cables have lower resistance and reduce possible mechanical whipping action during a
fault that could strike and injure a worker.
This is especially true as fault currents approach 40,000 to 50,000 Ampere levels.
Equipotential or Single-Point
Grounding at the Worksite
The Equipotential Method is the recommended method whenever it can be used.
It consists of a complete set of ground sets
bonding the phases, the neutral and Earth
together to form an equipotential zone for
the worker, as discussed in Section 9. The
ground sets are placed on the same structure
as the required maintenance. Both neutral
and Earth connections are used if both are
available, the neutral as primary fault current
return path and the Earth as a backup path.
The connections are made as described in the
installation section. The ground sets bonding
the phases and neutral to the cluster bar must
be i f a gauge no smaller than the maximum
value calculated in Section 9 and to c re vent
Equipotential Method on
an H-Frame Structure
Figure 11-2
On a steel tower, the cluster bar is not used.
A cable from each conductor to the tower
below the worker's feet is recommended for
each conductor that the worker may contact.
Ground sets to additional phases may not be
requiredif spacing is so meat that the worker
. .
Steel Tower
Figure 11-3
This method offers protection for the worker
within the equipotential zone. Other workers
on the same tower may or may not be affected
during a fault. While the tower will experience a rise in voltage, if the workers are not
in a p a t h of current flow, their bodies may not
bridge a difference of potential. Or, a worker
located between the ground set contact point
and the Earth may notice an electrical shock
depending upon the resistance of the steel,
the amount of corrosion of the various joints,
the voltage present and the resistance in the
series path.
R~
R~
%I
R ~ 2
%,I
= 10,OOOAmp.
= 1span conductor or 300 ft.
of 210 ACSR = 0.024 ohm
= 1span Neutral or 300 ft.
I,
= ISOURCE
(RJl + R,+
+ Ra
= 10,000 x [(0.001/(0.001+0.024
+ RN)l
the cluster bar to the conductor, as here contact is expected, in parallel with the worker
to provide protection to the worker aloft.
Again, the distance from the fully installed
set must be considered. In this case, there
always will be a full set of protective ground
sets present and a low resistance ground set
in parallel with the worker, assuring lower
current through the worker and rapid removal
of the line voltage.
Additional distance away from the full set is
achieved by addingthe jumper to the personal
jumper described earlier. Placing the ground
sets from the cluster bar to the neutral and
from the cluster barto the phase beingworked
ensures the worker always will be in parallel
with a low resistance ground set.
IM = ISOURCE
X (R, + R,, + RN)1 (R, + R,,
+ R,+R,+R,,)
Modified Worksite
Remote from Grounds
by Adding a Personal Jumper
In some situations, working away from
grounds is required to complete the task. As
explained earlier, this can be a hazardous
situation. Use of the personal ground men-
I,
-t R,)) =
10
Step Potential
Figure 11-8
Touch Potential
Figure 11-9
Grounding the truck body does not change additional hazard to be aware ofis flash burns
anything. It only protects the system. Ground- from a high current arc that may occur during
ing to a driven rod helps ensure the system a fault current flow.
will recognize a fault current and the break- Maintenance on theabove~groun~equipment
ers or fuses will operate, but does not offer typically requires the cables coming
up from
any protection the person in
with
below grade to be
This usually
the truck while standing on the Earth. The means placing both end elbows of the same
truckalready has multiple contact points with cable on agroundedparkingstand, afeed-thru
the Earth formed the tires and
bushingwith a fault-current-rated grounding
Each of those contacts transfers the
elbow, or other equivalent method as allowed
from the truck body to the Earth at that point. by the utility work rules, This bonds the
Adding another contact point
provides center conductors, concentric neutrals and
a redistribution of the available current into the Earth together at those points. Similar
the available paths. Tests have verified these requirements apply to work in vaults.
scenarios. See Table 11-1.
Table 11-1
Truck energized to 7.2 kV (5 tests)
Volts across worker Current thru worker
5.8 to 6.3 amp.
5,397 to 5,856
Ungrounded truck, tires & outriggers only
5.8 to 6.0 amp.
5,304 to 5,601
Grounded truck, driven rod 30 ft. from truck
To ensure protection to persons around a
truck, needed tools, the drinking water container, etc. should be removed from the truck
before elevating the boom. Then, a system of
barricades should be established so the truck
cannot be touched during the work. After this,
the boom can be elevated and work begun.
The barricade shouldnot be removeduntil the
boom has been lowered again into a definite
position of non-contact with a phase.
Portable ground mats could be placed and
connected around the truck. This develops
an equipotential zone for the worker. However, he must remain on the nlat during the
entire time the boom is elevated and until it
is lowered before it is safe to step off.
.,
Underaround
Protection for workers on underground systems is much more difficult because of the
comaactness of the eaui~ment.the location
of the work and the difficulty defining safe
work procedures in this environment. However, the same methods of protection apply:
"
1 1
- -
1
!
I
!
If
ib
j
1f
i
j
11
I!
j
mn.i
t,
Ij
1
Ii
Figure 11-11A
Figure 11-11B
Figure 11-13
Substations
Use of personal protective grounds inside
substations is both easier and, at the same
time, more difficult. It is easier because more
suitable connections for current return points
are available. It is more difficult because available fault currents are likely to be significantly
greater, requiring larger and heavier ground
sets and clamps. Also, because of the wide
variety of installed equipment that require
different considerations, equipment connection styles and placement, the underlying grid
helps keep step potential a t a minimum, but
the potential for transfer voltage, or touch
potential is increased. Each task must be
considered individually and no universal rules
can be developed.
Induced voltages and currents are very commonin substationwork because maintenance
is done on one or a few items while the rest of
the station remains energized.Agroundingset
reduces the effect of capacitivity coupled voltage but multiple jumpers will allow induced
current flow through the loop formed. This is
the same phenomenon as that discussed for
parallel transmission lines.
The substation normally supplies several circuits. This means the available fault current
is greater than a t a single remote worksite.
"
www.hubbellpowersystems.com
E-mail: hpsliterature@hps.hubbell.com
2452
Phasing Testers
POWERSYSTEMS, IWC.
for +DistributionCircuits
ChancePhasingTesterseasilydeterminephaserelatio~lships
and approximate voltage, line-to-line or line-to-pound.
I
1
/
T4032261
HI8767
Description
'16 kV Tester K i t
'16 kV Tester Hook Probes,
Case and Manual
25 1cV Tester Kit;:'
40 1cV Tester, Hook Probes,
Case and Manual
Weight
27% lb.112.4 kg.
23 lb.ll0.4 kc.
Dual-Range Units
T4030186
T4032311
T4032398
1'1,rcon\~cnt~:nceondtf1erentsyitt!nls, toggle.
un d u ; ~ l - r m , units
n ~ (:in x\vitcl~calibr:itioti
between t h e two scales on the meter face.
Plus, it can improve readabillty for low-end
values on the Hi scale. Switched to the Lo
range, those values deflecl the needle more
to give more finite readings.
To check i n s t r u m e n t before a n d aft e r e a c h use, t e s e p o i n t jack i n f r o n t
of m e t e r accepts p l u g f r o m P h a s i n g
Voltmeter Tester, next page.
1 & 16 kV Unit
tExtension Resistors
5 & 16 kV Unit
Extension
Resistors,
a s installed V
H18762
6 lb.12.7 kg.
HI8764
6
-
P6242
P6244
1lb.lO.45 kg.
1%lh.lO.56 kg.
Accessories
14
A d a p t e r s ( p a g e 2458) a n d
A d a p t e r s f o r E l b o w s and
R..cL:..-.-
*ACV\
I HI7601
P6436
HI8763
H18766P
1%lb.10.7 kg.
-%a
1 lb.10.45 kg.
2 lh.10.9 kg.
% lb.10.1 kg.
Distribution
Phasing Tester Kit
for overhead
and Underground Systems
Dual Range: 5kV & 16kV Scales
Versatile to popular distribution voltages, convenient Kit
facilitates testing both underground and overhead systems.
Basic functions include identifying phases and reading lineto-line or line-to-ground voltage. URD accessories in the Kit
also permit cable-fault detection.
The main instrument consists of high-impedance components encased in two fiberglass poles with threaded end
fittings for overhead probes or URD adapters. A 22-foot-long
cable connects to the voltmeter pole and stores on the reel
pole.
To detect faults on
URD cable, Hi-Pot
Adapter converts AC
source to DC pulse.
Effective field method
quickly tests new,
repaired or suspect
spans.
TWO
Bushing
Adapters
One
DC
Hi-Pot
Adapter
& Instructions
C4031762
To check instrument
before and after use,
Phasing Voltmeter
Tester lead plugs into
test-point jack by
meter. Other lead
clips onto each probe.
Switch on Voltmeter
Tester reverses
polarity for thorough,
easy field-checking
procedure. Complete
instructions included.
Phasing
Voltmeter
Tester (with
,,
in Kit
HI7601 Hotstick
P6436 Bag
Ordering Information
Catalog No.1
Description
T4032557 1 Phasing Tester Kit
Weight
13l1I2lb.114.2 kg.
II
2454
2455
pOmsysRMs~E
1
a
4:;::
Hi-pot testing cannot be done with the 40kV unit.
Two HI7601
6-ft. x l'/,"-dia.
EpoxiglasO
universal poles
in P6436 Bag
6-ft. x lt/,"-dia.
6 lb.12.7 kg.
4 ib.11.8 kg.
Tester
P6242
2456
@z2&n
POWER SYSTEMS,IHC.
Ordering Information
Catalog No.
Description
We~ght
~ ~ ~ 4 0 3 3 410
6 5- 120 kV PhasingTester Kit:
(1) lnstruction Manual
(1) PSE4033454 Phasing Tester
(64"long)
(2)C4030459 Handles (96)
(1) P6218 Bag for Handles (108")
(1)C4030460 Bag for Tester
39 lb.117.7 kg.
60 lb.127.2 kg.
22% ib.
10 lb.
3% Ib.
43% ib.
10 lb.
3% lb.
3 lb.
20 k~
Digital PhasingTester
PSE4033473
Phasing Voltmeter Tester
for Digital Transmission
Phasing Testers
1 Catalog NO. 1
Description
Weight
40 240 kV
Digital PhasingTester
C4030459
96" Epoxiglas@
Handles
2457
Analog PhasingTesters
Three kits for Transmission Circuits
To easily determine phase relationships, these Chance
Phasing Testers read approximate voltage (line-to-line or
line-to-ground) on transmission circuits. The testers consist
comnonents encased i n fiberglass
of two high-imnedance
.,
1101t!s,t:;lch with an elltl fitt~nfi
thro;~dedibr intcrcliangc:~bll:
l1110k 1~r011(:s.1\22-i0~t-Io~~lr
insulatt.tl Hex:blc cable fro111tlit.
voltmeter stores on a reel-on the other pole
Three comnlete kits offer achoice ofvolta~eranaesfors~ecific
..
system a p p l i c n t ~ ~ Each
i ~ s . kit includeha p i i i r ~ f l :'-tlii~n~etcr
'
inst~l:~ted
hnndlcs for orol,er \vorkinr:clea~~anccs.
Individunl
items listed in each tit's bill of materials may be ordered
separately by reference numbers given.
Orderina Information
Weight
39 lb.117.7 kg.
(1) Instruction Manual
(1)I34030498 'Ibster (62"long)
(2) C4030459 Handles (96")
1 111
. . P6218 Bar for Handles 1108"l
(1)C4030460 Bag for Tester
C4030458 169-161kV Phasing
.Tester Kit:
(1)Instruction Manual
(1)I34030499 Tester (75"long)
(2) C4030459 Handles (96")
(1)P6218 Bag for Handles (108")
[ ( I )~ 4 0 3 0 4 6 4 for
~ a'Ibster
~
T4032781 69-240 kV Phasing Tester Kit:
(1)Instruction Manual
(1) E4032780 Tester (98" long1
(2) C4030459 Handles (96")
(1)P6218 Bag for Handles (108")
(1)C4030464 Bag for Tester
-~
22%lb.
10 lb.
3% lb.
3 lb.
44 lb.120 kg.
27Yi lb.
10 lb.
3% ib.
3 lb.
60 1b.127.2 kg.
43%lb.
10 lb.
3% Ib.
3 lb.
Catalog No.
Cdn?nn?x I
Description
TO"I~ i t Ih~ ~ lntl
A S hntiprv
Weight
I I lh 1n d 5 lir
96" Epoxiglasm
11
Analog
Transmission
Phasing Tester
,58
-o
Digital PhasingTesters
VOWER SYSTEBS,INC.
Ordering Information
Catalog No.
Description
Weight
39 lb.117.7 kg.
60 lb.127.2 kg.
22% Ib.
10 lb.
3% Ib.
3 lb.
43% Ib.
10 lb.
3% Ib.
3 ib.
D.C. Hi-Pot
URD Test Adapters
For quick, reliable fault detection on underground cables,
two units are available for phase-to-phase system voltages
up to 16 k~ or 35 k ~B~
. c o n v e r t i n g ~source
~
voltage to a
rectified half-wave, these adapters permit testing of cables
with a potential level equal to peak source voltage. This
field-effective method proves especially beneficial for:
Testing new cable before initial energizing.
* Testing repaired cable before re-energizing.
* Testing suspect cable spans for faults.
Formetered readout, theHi-PotAdapters workwith Chance
Phasing Tool HI876 (page 2452). Abrass male fitting inside
40 240 kV
Digital Transmissi
Phasing Tester
Digital Transmission
Phasing Tester
the larger end threads onto the meter probe of the
phasingtool. Fortesting andsubsequent discharging, a brass female fitting a t the smaller end accepts
either ChanceElbowAdaptersorBushingAdapters
for 15 through 35 kV (page 2455).
Illustrated instruction booklet is included. Units
contain high-voltage rectifiers encapsulated in
Orange l'" and l"'
diameter Epoxiglasm
housings.
Hi-Pot Adapters measure only 13" i n length for 35
kV unit, and 10" for 16 1cV unit, far right.
Description
Weight, each
'';I6 kV Hi-Pot Adapter
1lb.10.45 kg.
c~~~~~~~ +35 k~ ~ ~~d~~~~~
p l ~b , ~~
kg,
~ . ~ ~
Catalog No.
C4031762
"'Maximum phase-t
eter Stick of Phasing Tester
Disconnect
Buried
Primar
Cable
Auto-Ranging
Voltage Indicator (ARVI)
ee
2460
Bushing Adapter
ARVI
Auto-Ranging
Votage lndicator
ARVI Kit
for Overhead and Underground
Catalog No.T4033418
(16Y4lb.n.37 kg.)
Includes the tester unit, shepherd hook probe, elbow
adapter, bushing adapter, voltage indicator tester,
instruction manual and hard shell padded case.
Basic ARVI
for Overhead A ~ ~ l i c a t i o n s
arge easy-to-read
ach red light, one
t a time, beginning
t the low end and
nally holds on the
ight for the phaselass detected.
@@gg
2462
--sysmslHc.
stanclardonMulti-RangeVoltageDetector(MRVD)C4030979,
shown on next page. Powered by the unit's internal battery
(included), a long-life bulb gives a glow to the meter face so
the scale is easy to read in most conditions.
To conserve the battery, a special switch locks the light off
when not in use. Its spring-loaded toggle must be pulled up
to move it over the stop between its on and offpositions. This
helps keepthe switchfrom being flipped on accidentallywhile
the unit is not in use.
Standard features
To confirm that a line is de-energized prior to performing
maintenance on it, the MRVD presents field practicality.
Actuallv a field intensitv meter. the MRVD is calibrated to
re:lil ;~pl~roxim.itc
line-to-linevoltage when connected to any
phase conductor It responds r o the rn:~&miru(lc!
of the fikld
~rndientbetween ir end ~ ~ r o l: ~ nc d
.flo:lting clcctri~il~!
:tt the
un:\,rrsal hotsrick-.i~t:~cl~~nent
fittinc,. I f t I i ~ u ~ i ~ \ ~litt~nc
crial
is close to a ground, another phase oranother voltage source,
the reading should tend to be high; if it's close to a jumper
or equipment of the same phase, the reading should he low.
The MRVD gives metered readout capable of distinguishing
actual line voltage from static or feedover from an adjacent
line. Readings from a n MRVD can be compared with numericalcertaintyratherthanthesubjectivejudgments associated
with "fuzz-sticking" or "glow-detecting." Since the MRVD is
not a voltmeter, no specific accuracy is claimed by the manufacturer or can be assumed by the user.
Operation
The MRVD must be mounted on proper length hotstiek for the
voltage class involved. Complete instructions are furnished
witheasy, illustratedstep-by-step procedures. Internalcircuit
and pushbutton permit checlc before and after each use to
confirm operational condition of instrument and battery.
Ordering Information
URD Voltage-Presence
Test on elbows with
Test Points can be
performed with Straight
Probe when selector is
Includes:
Straight probe for URD elbows with test points
H o o k robe for overhead uses
overhead v
~
~
Test can be performed by
models.
Switch on C4030979*includesTest Point.
URD Voltage-Presence
Test on Elbows with
Test Points can be
performed only by
Model C4030979*set
at TP and fitted with
its Straight Probe.
Operation
Available in modes for various ranges, the MRVD must be
mounted on proper length hotstick for the voltage class
involved. Complete instructions are furnished with easy,
illustrated step-by-step procedures. Internal circuit and
push-button permit checkbefore and after eachuseto confirm
operational condition of instrument and battery.
Ordering Information
Distribution and Transmission
Multi-Range Voltage Detectors
Weight
Catalog No.
Scales
5% lb.12.5 kg.
C4030979";
1- 40 1cV
C4031029 16 - 161 1cV
5% lb.12.5 kg.
5% lb.12.5 kg.
69 - 600 1cV
C4031140
;!:For testin- TJRT? dhows with teal: noints n n l v mnrlol
POWER SYSTEMS,BC.
Multi-Range Voltage D(
for Overhead & URD ~ .
v s t e m sto 40 kV
This Multi-Range Voltage Detector (MRVD)tests both overhead andunderprounddistributionsvstemsinvoltace classes
from 5 through$kv. ~hismode1~ro;ides
aneasy, yltreliable
means for the operator to determine if a line is:
a ) De-enerzized.
- . or
Carrying
less than normal system voltage from any
b)
source or induced charged kom a n adjacent live circuit,
or
c) Energized a t full system voltage.
For this basic function, this model adapts to both overhead
lines as well as URD circuits with 200 and 600 Amp loadbreak elbows, including those with and without capacitance
test-points. Interchangeable probes and adaptersjust thread
into the MRVD end fitting and the selector switchdials to the
voltage range or test point (T.P.) setting appropriate to each
application. Furnished owner's manual illustrates operating
details for all models.
T4032271
for Overhead and for URD Loadbreak Elbows
with
Straight
Probe
and
your feed-thru device*
Ordering Information
5-15-25-40 kV Multi-Range Voltage Detector
withTP Setting forTest Point on URD Elbows
Catalog No.
Description
Weight
T4032271 MRVD, Hook &Straight
6 lb.12.7 kg.
Probes, Elbows &Bushing
Adapters, Case
on
Elbows
with
Test
Points
(2.4032794
fitted with straight Probe
and "Test Point"
selected on switch panel.
2467
Voltage Tester
POWER SYSTEMS,INC.
. ..
C4031369
for0-lOkV
Adapters for 15 kV only
To check tester's condition befo
and after each use, test-point jack in
front of meter accepts plug-in lead of
VoltmeterTester (see page 2453).
Elbow
Adapter
Bushing
Adapter
/
/
Description
Comolete Voltam Tester for 20 1cV 0-G
inclides ~ester,lExtensionResistor, Case
Instruction Booklet
Aself-test contact point is located on top ofthe amplifier housing. By touching the test probe to the test point, the meter
operation and condition of the batteries can be verified.
I
1
Description
URD Cable Sensor. two
leads, two hose clamps,
two 9-volt batteries and
instructions
Weight
5 lb.12.3 kc.
Protective-Grounding-Set Tester
* U.S. Patent 5,811,979
Meets ASTM Standard F 2249
* Microprocessor technology for easy, accurate diagnostics
Troubleshooting mode
If a mound set does not pass the initial test, the Tester can
holpisolart!rneprubl~.nisOften, thcsourcc~o~'h~gh
rrsist~ncc,
can he r e ~ n c ~ l iby
e ~sl l ~ r ~ rreoniri
~ l ~ . to the c:~blcset i < ~ : t r s- t ~ ~ ~ g
s repairs.
then can quickly Gerifythe e ~ e c t of
For this troubleshooting mode, a pair of test probes are furnishedtoplugintotheTester.Aswitchactivatestheminstead
of the hall-stud terminals. The probes then are used to test
across each contact interface in the ground set. The results
display in milliohms, just as i n the first test mode.
a + ~ + , ; h , . + ; ~ ~ +c
?--"
n,..w~..m",.e...
----
:+*L
&
A:---~.~.-L.~~.
Protective-Grounding-SetTester
Microprocessor technology for easy, accurate diagnostics
U.S. Patent 5,811,979
Meets ASTM Standard F 2249
Ordering Information
Included with each Protective-Grounding-Set Tester:
* Self-contained carry case * Instruction manual
* 2 Ball-stud terminals
0 2 Troubleshooting probes
%" VHS demo videotape * Self-test cable
Catalog No.
Description
Weight
Optional Adapters:
T4033159
C4033449
?4113.10.225 kg.
I 1lb.10.45 kg.
Complete
Protective
Ground-Set
Tester
Catalog No.
C4033220.
e>
section
3000
mmrornL
Grounding
~quiprnent
3002
Reasons for temporary groundingto protect personnel working on de-energized lines include these five:
1. Induced voltage from adjacent energized lines,
2. Fault-current feedover from adjacent lines,
3. Lightning strikes anywhere on the circuit,
4. Switching-equipment malfunction or human error,
5. Accident-initiated contact with adjacent lines.
Since any one of the above could result in re-energizing the
circuit, most utilities treat these potential dangers as everpresent and impose strict temporary-grounding work rules.
Their crews' experience often voices these watch-words for
the wise to he&:
"ITyou can't see both ends, it's hot."
and
"If it isn't grounded, it isn't dead."
* StepThree: Connecting
-
To indicate energized conditions on overhead lines, (from leR) Chance Auto Ranging Voltage Indicator, Digital Voltage Detector and Multi-Range Voltage Detector. At far right, Energized Cable S e n s o r performs the same function
on URD cable with an exposed concentric neutral and elbows without test points.
See Catalog Section 2450, "Instruments and Meters," for details and ordering information.
General Practices
On de-energized distribution lines, Chance recommends Double-Point grounding ( a t b o t h s t r u c t u r e s a d j a c e n t t o w o r k
site: jumpering all three phases together and grounding) p l u s a personal ground a t the worksite (from any one phase
to a grounded cluster bar well below the worlcer's feet). On a system without a neutral, Chance recommends connecting
down leads to screw ground rods installed a t least 20 feet from all structures and barricaded. Only for maintenance tasks
during which grounds need n o t be replaced does Chance find acceptable the Single-Point grounding method ( a t only t h e
worksite: jumpering all phases together and grounding plus personal ground, as above).
Where adequate phase-to-phase clearances permit, Chance accepts the practice of grounding only the phase being worked
(in the same manner as personal ground, above).
Reference:
Derived from
ASTM F 855,
Standard Specifications for Temporary Protective
Grounds to be
Used on De-energized Electric
Power Lines and
Equipment
Copyright ASTM
Reprinted with
Ultimate RatingiCapa~ity,~
Symmettieal kA RMS, 60 Hz
6
15
30
cycles cycles
cycles
GO
(100
(250
(500
cycles
MS)
MS)
MS)
(IS)
15
cycles
(250
MS)
30
cycles
(500
bIS)
14
21
27
34
43
54
10
15
20
25
30
39
#2
110
210
310
410
250 lremil 01.
two 210
29
48
61
76
96
114
18
30
38
48
60
72
13
21
27
34
43
51
9
15
19
24
30
36
74
54
25" krmil
110
in?
.7?
zn
Copper Cable
Size
irr
Continuous
Current
Rating, A
RMS,
60 HZ
200
250
300
350
400
450
Minimum
Cable Size
with Ferrule
Installed
Equal 01.
~ v l g e Than
r
#2
110
210
310
410
250 kcmil
or two 210
"
.
a
,
3003
POWER SYSTEMS,INC.
Safety Reviews
On aregularbasis, eachutility needs tore-examine its temporary groundingpractices. As p a r t o f t h e t o t a l m a i n t e n a n c e
program, s c h e d u l e s u c h r o u t i n e reviews a p a r t f r o m
sessions t o s e t n e w p r a c t i c e s f o r s y s t e m u p g r a d e s a n d
additions. Among others, include on your review checklist
these basics:
1. Clamp designs specific to each application,
2. Cable sized for fault-current potential (see table on page
3002) and minimum-slack lengths,
3. How construction affects placement of grounds,
4. Work procedures outlined above,
5. Inspect and test each grounding set.
Ideal for this function is the Ch
ter.
It checks theresistanceinaprotective ground set and can help
locate problems often remedied
by simplerepairs.Ahow-tovideo
i s included with the tester.
S e e Catalog Section 2450,
"Instruments and Meters,"for
details and ordering information.
" .
.. .
I.
y,
;1,
,, ',
,,
,,,'
?
,,
';.
,
3. Cable
I i'
' ,
I
>.
3004
-*
PDWER SISTEldS,INC.
C-Type Grounding
Bronze body,
Smooth jaws.
Bronze eyescrew
with fine threads,
Tapped for 5/8-11UNC threaded ferrule
orT6000466,
Drilled for 5/8-11 UNC threaded ferrule
Aluminum body,
Smooth jaws,
Bronze eyescrew
with Acme threads,
Tapped for 5/a-ll UNC
threaded ferrule
Catalog Number
C6002271
Bronze body,
Smooth jaws,
Bronze eyescrew
with fine threads,
Tapped for 5/8-11 UNC
threaded ferrule
C6002275
C6002276
T6002708
Aluminum body,
Aluminum body,
Aluminum body,
Smooth jaws,
Serrated jaws,
Serrated jaws,
Bronze eyescrew
Bronze eyescrew
Bronze eyescrew
with Acme threads,
with Acme threads,
with Acme threads,
Bronze pressure-type
Bronze pressure-type
Tapped for 5/8-11 UNC
threads
threads
threaded ferrule
C6001959
T6000465
T6000466
C6002271
C6001754
C6002275
C6002276
T6000790
ELECTRICAL RATINGS
Continuous Current (AMPS)
Fault Current - 15 Cycles (AMPS)
Fault Current - 30 Cycles (AMPS)
MECHANICAL RATINGS
T6000790
Bronze body,
Smooth jaws,
BronzeT-handleleyescrew
with fine threads,
Tapped for 5/8-11 UNC
threaded ferrule
200
21,600
15,000
400
43,000
30,000
350
27,000
20.000
400
43,000
30,000
400
43,000
30,000
C6001959
Bronze body,
Smooth jaws,
BronzeT-handleleyescrew
with fine threads,
Tapped for 5/s-ll
UNC
threaded ferrule
C6001743
Aluminum body,
Smooth jaws,
Bronze eyescrew
with fine threads,
Tapped for 5/8-11 UNC
threaded ferrule
T6002708
400
43,000
30,000
C6001743
400
43,000
30.000
3005
C6002281
C6002255
Aluminum body,
Aluminum body,
Smooth jaws,
Smooth jaws,
Bronze eyescrew
Bronze eyescrew
with Acme threads
with Acme threads,
Bronze pressure-type terminal Tapped for 5/s-ll UNC threaded
ferrule
C6002282
Aluminum body,
Serrated jaws,
Bronze eyescrew
with Acme threads
Bronze pressure-type terminal
T6003203
Aluminum body,
Smooth jaws,
Bronze eyescrew
with Acme threads,
Tapped for 5/w11 UNC
threaded ferrule
*Mounted Clamp
Aluminum body,
Serrated jaws,
Bronze eyescrew
with Acme threads,
Bronze pressure-type terminal
Catalog Number
C6002281
ELECTRICAL RATINGS
Continuous Current (AMPS)
Fault Current 15 Cycles 1 4 b l P ~ ) I
Fault Current - 30 Cycles (AblPSlI
4UU
43,000
Su,uUU
C6002255
400
43,000
YU,UU0
C6002256
Aluminum body,
Serrated jaws,
Bronze eyescrew
with Acme threads,
Tapped for 5/s-ll UNC threaded
ferrule
C6002256
C6002282
4UU
400
43,000
30,000
T6003203
*CG000386
1
1
1
400
43,000
30,000
T6000658
Aluminum body,
Smooth jaws,
Bronze eyescrew
with Acme threads,
Drilled for 5/a-11 UNC
threaded ferrule
mr0
CY,UUU
30,OUO
T6000658
4U0
43,000
SU.UU0
MECHANICAL RATINGS
Recommended Torque (m -Ib
250
I
Main Line Range -Max.
Main Line Renco
" - iviin.
Jumper Range -Max.
Jumper Rvngc - Rlin.
250
250
250
250
250
250
~~~
1
I
1
1
3006
G33672
Aluminum body,
Smooth jaws,
Bronze eyescrew
with Acme threads,
Bronze pressure-type threads
C6001733
Aluminum body,
Smooth jaws,
Bronze eyescrew
with Acme threads,
Tapped for 5/8-il UNC threaded ferrule
C6000375
Aluminum body,
Serrated jaws,
Bronze eyescrew
with Acme threads,
Dual drilled for 5/s-11 UNC threaded ferrule
G3369
Aluminum body,
Smooth jaws,
Bronze eyescrew
with Acme threads,
Bronze pressure-type terminal
Catalog Number
C6000337
Aluminum body,
Smooth jaws,
Bronze eyescrew
with Acme threads,
Bronze pressure-type terminal
G33672
C6001733
ELECTRICAL RATINGS
Continuous Current (AMPS)
Fault Current - 15 Cydes (AMPS!
400
43,000
30,000
C6000375
G3369
C6000337
400
43,000
400
'70,000
400
43,000
30,000
'50,000
30,000
400
43,000
iG0,OOO
30,000
f60,000
MECHANICAL RATINGS
Recommended Torque (in.-lb.)
Main Lino Range - M a x .
Main Line Range - Min.
Jumper Range - Man.
Jumper Range - Min.
Weight Each
250
2%" O.D. Bus
#4 S t r Cu.
(0.232")
410 Grd. Cable
wfflnin Plug
442 Grd. Cable
rvfflain Plug
1b.Il.lk~.
250
300
300
4" n 4" Square
4.5" O.D. Bus
410 Str. Cu.
(0.500"!
410 Grd. Cable
wfflain Plug
#2 Grd. Cable
\ufflain Plug
5'4 lb.12.41<~.
300
6 W O.D. Bus
3%" O.D. Bus
410 G1.d. Cable
wmiain Plug
112 Grtl Cable
wfllvin Plug
6 lb.12.7 kc.
3007
POWER SYSTEMS.IHC.
GI8102
Aluminum body,
Bronze upper jaw,
Smooth jaws,
Bronze eyescrew
with fine threads,
Bronze pressure-type terminal
G36221
Aluminum body,
Smooth jaws,
Bronze eyescrew
with fine threads,
Bronze pressure-type terminal
HG37061
'Mounted Clamp
Aluminum body,
Smooth jaws,
Bronze eyescrew
with fine threads,
Bronze pressure-type terminal
Catalog Number
ELECTRICAL RATINGS
Continuous Current (AMPS)
G18102
T6000806
Aluminum body,
Serrated jaws,
Bronze eyescrew
with fine threads,
Bronze pressure-type terminal
G36221
300
28,000
20,000
4UU
43,000
YU,UUU
250
Lbu
"HG37061
4UU
36,000
T600080G
n;noO
400
43,000
30.000
250
250
U0 Grd. Cable
wPlain Plul:
412 Grd. Cable
plain Pluc
O.v
410 G1.d. Cable
w1Plain Plug
X2 Grd. Cable
wPlvin Plue
I
Chance grounding clamps, ferrules and cable meet ASTM F855.
C6000198
'Mounted Clamp
Aluminum body,
Serrated jaws,
Bronze eyescrew
with Acme threads,
Tapped for 5/s-ll UNC threaded ferrul
Aluminum body,
Bronze eyescrew
with fine threads,
Tapped for Sh-llUNC threaded ferrule
C6000197
Aluminum body,
C6000434
Aluminum body,
Serrated jaws,
Bronze eyescrew
with fine threads,
Bronze pressure-type terminal
Bronze evescrew
with ~ c m threads,
e
Tapped for =h-11 UNC threaded ferrule
Catalog Number
ELECTRICAL RATINGS
I Continuous Current (AMPS)
Fault Current - 16 Cycles (AMPS1
Fault Current 30 Cycles (AMPS1
MECHANICAL RATINGS
Recommended Torque (in. Ib.1
Main Line Range - Max.
C6001734
1I
400
43,000
II
30,000
... ..-->.>
"C6000198
400
43,000
30,000
C6000197
.""
don
-*...a
C6000434
II
4nn
...
43,000
30,000
43,000
30,000
Z50
A50
566 kcmil Cu.
900 kcmil ACSR
(1.162")
#6 Sol. Cu
i.162")
410 Grd. Cnble
w/rhreaded Stud
d2 Grd. Cable
-1
A50
250
950 kcmil Cu.
1510 kemil ACSR
(1.506")
#6 Sol. Cu.
i.162")
410 Grd. Cable
wPPhreaded Stud
%2Grd. Cable
...-L.-">".,
....
1
Dl.."
1
I
3009
POWER SYSTEMS, IHC.
3-Cluster Set
with C-Type Aluminum-body clamps,
Important Note:
Cluster Sets are furnished as shown above. The center clamp is bolted to the cluster bar.
Typical fourth ground clamp
(not included in 3-Cluster Set
must be ordered as separate ite
Catalog Number
G3405
ELECTRICAL RATINGS
Continuous Current (AMPS)
Fault Current - 15 Cycles (AMPS)
350
28,500
20,000
400
36,000
25,000
MECHANICAL RATINGS
RccommendedTorque (in-1b.I
Main Line Range Max.
250
400 kemil Str. Cu.
636 kemil ACSR
(.998")
%8Sol. Cu.
(0.12")
210 Grd. Cable
w/Plain Plug
#2 Grd. Cable
I..mi.in Dl,,"
250
566 kcmil Cu.
go0 kcmil ACSR
I1.162"l
#6 Sol. Cu.
(0.162"l
410 Grd. Cable
wlPlain Plug
112 Grd. Cable
...r n 1 - z -
"I..-
3030
C6002232
Bronze body,
Serrated jaws,
Bronze eyescrew
with Acme threads,
Drilled for 5/8-11 UNC threaded ferrule
G33633SJ
Aluminum body,
Serrated jaws,
Bronze eyescrew
with fine threads,
Bronze pressure-type terminal
C6001735
Aluminum body,
Serrated jaws,
Bronze eyescrew
with fine threads,
Tapped for S/8-ll UNC threaded ferrule
C6002231
Bronze body,
Serraled jaws,
BronzeT-handle
with Acme threads,
Drilled for 5/8-11 UNC threaded ferrule
G33634SJ
Aluminum body,
Serrated jaws,
BronzeT-handle
with fine threads,
Bronze pressure-type terminal
T6001798
Aluminum body,
Serrated jaws,
BronzeT-handle
with Acme threads,
Tapped for 5/8-11 UNC threaded ferrule
Catalog Number.
C6002232
ELECTRICAL RATINGS
Continuous Cut.rent (AMPS)
Fault Current - 15 Cycles (AMPS)
Fault Current 30 Cycles (AM'S)
II
MECIiANICAL RATINGS
Recommended Torque (in.-lb.)
Main Line Range - Mas.
400
43,000
30,000
250
1K"Angles
1%"Flat
G33633SJ
I
I
C6001735
400
27,000
20,000
250
400
27,000
20,000
1%"Flat
250
1%Angles
1 W Flat
lK" Angles
G33634SJ
C6002231
I
I
400
43,000
30,000
250
I?/?" Angles
1% Flat
1
I
400
27,000
20,000
400
27,000
20,000
250
250
1%Angler
1'N Flat
l W Angles
1%"Flat
I
Jumpet.Rnnge - Mor.
T6001798
3010
POWER SYSTEMS.IHC.
C6002232
Bronze body,
Serrated jaws,
Bronze eyescrew
with Acme threads,
Drilled for 5/8-11 UNC threaded ferrule
G33633SJ
Aluminum body,
Serrated jaws,
Bronze eyescrew
with fine threads,
Bronze pressure-type terminal
C6001735
Aluminum body,
Serrated jaws,
Bronze eyescrew
with fine threads,
Tapped for 5/8-11 UNC threaded ferrule
C6002231
Bronze body,
Serrated jaws,
BronzeT-handle
with Acme threads,
Drilled for 5/e-ll UNC threaded ferrule
G33634SJ
Aluminum body,
Serrated jaws,
BronzeT-handle
with fine threads,
Bronze pressure-type terminal
T6001798
Aluminum body,
Serrated jaws,
BronzeT-handle
with Acme threads,
Tapped for 5/8-11 UNC threaded ferrule
Catalog Numbw
ELECTRICAL RATINGS
Continuous Current (AMPS)
Fault Current - 15 Cycles (AMPS)
Fault Cuvent - 30 Cycles (AMPS)
MECHANICAL RATINGS
Reconlmended Torque (in.-lb.)
Main Line Range - Mar.
C6002232
400
43,000
30,000
G33633SJ
C6001735
C6002231
400
27,000
20,000
400
27,000
20,000
250
250
1'4Angles
1'4 Flat
400
43,000
30,000
250
1%"
Anglcs
1%" Flat
1'4Angles
1'4 Flat
250
1%"Angles
114 Flat
'4
'/d
w/PI.lin P l m
~ P r h ~ ~
stirri
~ r i~ ~
vm
~ hi r ~ a rSl ~
t ~dl d
G33634SJ
T6001798
400
27,000
20,000
400
27.000
20,000
250
1%" Angles
1% Flat
250
1%"
Angles
1%'Flat
'4
210 Grd. Cable
\"Plain Plug
#2 Grd. Cable
ivlPlilin Plmn
'/s"
210 Grd. Cable
w/Phresded Stud
#2 Grd. Cable
t u m h r o a r i ~ rS
i tl~ri
3011
G33631
Bronze body,
Serrated jaws,
Bronze eyescrew
with fine threads,
Bronze pressure-type terminal
C6000085
Aluminum body and retainer,
Bronze scrubber-type contact pads,
BronzeT-handle
with fine threads,
Bronze pressure-type terminal
G33632
Bronze body,
Serrated jaws,
BronzeT-handle
with fine threads,
Bronze pressure-type terminal
Catalog Number
C6001783
Bronze body,
Serrated jaws and retainers,
Tapped for 5/r11 UNC threaded ferrule
03631
ELECTRICAL RATINGS
Continuous Current (AMPS)
Fault Current - 15 Cycles (AMPS)
Fault Current - 30 Cycles (AMPS)
G33632
400
27,000
20,000
400
27,000
20,000
280
IY:" Angles
1%"
Flat
250
1'NAngles
1%'Flat
'N
C6000085
CG001783
400
43,000
30,000
400
43,000
30,000
o
-
MECHANICAL RATINGS
Recommended Tor.que (in.-lb.)
Main Line Range - Max.
01,.
,L
83
7.-
"1,
,L
,, ,...
250
4" Structural
Angles
2" Structural
Angles
4/0 Grd. Cable
wlPluin Plug
#2 Grd. Cable
iviFlain Plug
":a,
,L
3.
., ~ -
3/,"
300
r 5"Angles or Flats
s/a" Rod
'N
410 Grd. Cable
wmhreudcd Stud
#2 Grd. Cable
wn'hreaded Stud
7
3012
POWER SYSTEMS,IHG.
.,
-:*,
G42291SJ
'PressureTerminal
C6001732
Tapped for 5h-11 UNC threaded ferrule
*Bronze PressureTerminal
(Clamp same as G42291SJ)
I
1
1
1
For installation ease, jaws pivot
75" left or right.
Catalog Number
ELECTRICALRATINGS
Continuous Current (AMPS)
Fault Current - 15 Cycles (AMPS1
Fault Current - 30 Cycles (AMPS1
G42291SJ
400
43,000
30,000
I
I
'HG42296SJ
400
43,000
30,000
C6001732
400
43,000
30,000
MECHANICAL RATINGS
1lM" r 6'Epoxiglas"
Pole.
'
G422810SJ
+Bronze PressureTerminal
--
16001693
Tapped for $/s-ll UNC threaded ferrule
(Two single serrated jaws,
for pothead and bus applications)
tHG422816SJ
'Bronze PressureTerminal
(Clamp same as G4228-10SJ)
Catalog Numbor
ELECTRICAL RATINGS
Continuous Current (AMPS1
Fault Current - 15 Cycles (AMPSI
Fault Current 30 Cycles (AMPS1
MECHANICAL RATINGS
Recommended Torque (in.-lb.1
Main Line Range - Max.
G422810SJ
400
43,000
30,000
250
2Y2 IPS
(2.881
#2 Cu. (.258"1
410 Grd. Cable
wiPlain Plug
#2 Crd. Cable
wlPlain Plug
'~G422816S~
400
43,000
30,000
250
2'h IPS
(2.881
H2 Cu. (.258'1
410 Grd. Cable
wiPlain Plug
#2 Grd. Cabic
wviPlain Plug
T6001693
400
43,000
30,000
250
2V2 IPS
(2.881
1% IPS (1.66"l
410 Grd. Cablo
wffhreadcd Stud
#2 Gsd. Cable
w,"Phseaded Stud
3013
Clamp C6002100
Drilled for K-11 UNC
threaded ferrule
or
Clamp C6002101
Tapped forS/s-11UNC
t h r e-a d errule
ClampT6002320
Tamed
. . for $/s.ll UNC
threaerrule
43,000Amps - 1 5 cycles
30,000 Amps 30 cycles
Clamp C6002300
with
pressure terminal
Weight, each:
Ib. 10.23 ka.
3.3"
~ l i h " l
'Female-Thread
Ball StudT6002867
5/8" dia.
shank
This flexible cover fits only C6002102 or T6002364 ballstuds. Ofthe same material a s Chance line hose. nonconducrive covr.r n1:1y hclp prcvcnt H:i~hoveron btill stucls init:llled
in cllrlosed swlrchgml., ;;witchy>r~l.;or subsr;irions.
An tn\,ironlnent:il protrrrurto rc-ducr corrwslon n1ld(ontnm1n:ition on rhe h;lll-stu~l\ellen enrrpizc(l cover IS 1101 intcntlrd
for personnel protection and should not be considered as
i n s d a t i v e cover-up equipment. Resilient ozoneicoronaresistant thermo-plastic elastomer does not absorb water.
Special formulation resists aginglchecking and retains highvisibility orange color.
3014
Recommended InstallingTorques:
Eyescrew 250 inch-lx~t~ncl.+
'Ball Stud 300 inch-pounds
Catalog No.
CG00231G /
Three-Way Clamp Body only
11% lb.10.68 kg.
CG002311 / "20mm (0.788")diameter Ball Stud /
lb.10.2 kg.
with flat washer, lockwasher and nut
'"Ball-stud does not interchange with system on page 3013.
Description
Chisel Clamr,
. anlv.
Replacement Chisel Point
Chisel Set with Ground Rod
Weight, each
11% lb.10.8 ke.
"
/ 2 az.10.09 kg.
1 93A Ih 14 4 lip
'Application
Weight, each
T6003091
T6003092
15kV
25 & 35ltV small interface
C6000729
T6002131
C6001927
15kV
35 kV large interface
&.$S,S
4,T
5ppp
4 lb.11.80 kg.
6 1b.12.7 kg.
8 lb.13.63 kg.
C6003102
15 kV
14.5 lb.16.5 kg.
C6003103 ( 25 & 35kV small interface / 1 5 1b.16.75 kg.
Replacement Parts:
Grounding Elbow ONLY
215GEIISG I
15 kV
225GEHSG 125 & 35kV small interface
235GEHSG / 35 kV large interface
15 1tV Probe
25 kV Probe
35 kV Probe
1.8 oz.140 g.
1.8 02.140 g.
5.3 oz.1150.3 g.
7.0 oz.1198.4 g.
1.0 lb.10.45 kg.
1
1
/
-=-.
1 C6000758 /
1 T6002246 /
1 T6002375 1
C-Clamp Set
15 lb.16.8 kg.
C6000758
Fault current ratings: 21,500 amps for 15 cycles
ASTM Type I,
or 15,000 amps for 30 cycles
Class A, Grade 2
C-clamps are Cat. No. T600-0466.
Each C-Clamp set includes a three-way copper terminal block, four bronze ground
clamps and three 6-ft. lengths of 210 copper clear-jacket ground cable with threadeclstud ferrules.
"
..
a"""
1 1i
t,,rms.
46 kV
69 kV
~~
D
E
F
I
/
1
10
rttles
60 it.
10
3
1
D
E
F
C6002276
Main Line Range
rules
Cat. No. TG001549
3 Cables G R. long
1Cable 12 ft. long
1 Cable 30 ft. long
Cat. No. CG002627
Cat. No. G3626
Cat. No. G3370
60 R.
10
3
1
D
E
F
rules
Cat. No. TG001549
3 Cables G ft. long
1Cable 12 it. long
1 Cable 30 ft. long
Cut. No. C600-2628
Cat. No. G3626
Cat. No. G3370
1
60 R.
/-
10
3
1
Cat. No SG451
I
GO ft.
3 Cables 6 R. long
1 Cable 12 tt. long
1Cable 30 ft. long
3017
atalog No.
Cfi000785 1
Description
Cutout C l a r n ~
Weight, each
i 2 lb.10.9 ke.
I
Catalog NO./
- ..... . .
Description
Weight, each
1
I
C6000618
4UU
/
I
C6000619
4UU
43,000
43,000
30,000
30,000
Extension Pole
Electro-Static Precipitator
Grounding Tool Set
T6000891
mmnlotorl
.rrn+h,:""..l^+"A
I.--d1-
r..
. .
...
3019
Grounding
- Ferrules
Selection criteria
S h r o u d e d f e r r u l e s overlap onto thegrounding cablejacket
for stress relief to the terminal. Two crimps secure the ferrule against the bare strands and one crimp applies on the
jacket.
U n s h r o u d e d f e r r u l e s are available with shrink tubing
that overlaps the bare cable conductor and jacket for stress
relief.
Available e i t h e r factory-installed i n p a i r s o n a n y cable
l e n g t h specified o r as s e p a r a t e iildividualunits, theferrules install simply with a hydraulic crimping tool. Complete
illustrated installation instructions come with the ferrules
and include a table for the crimping die sizes to use.
ROWER SYSTEMS,IWC.
See ordering tables for crimping-die sizes applicable.
Unshrouded ferrules
, . I , I,.,:,. ,#,,
!~III~~I!I,;,!,
Cable
Cable
Copper ferrules
Plain-plug type for pressure-type grounding-clamp terminals
Shrouded plain copper ferrules
1 1
I
C6002614
C6002615
C6002616
C6002617
Cable
Size,
U165
U165
U166
210
410
C6002622
C6002623
C6002624
C6002625
U165
U165
U165
U166
U166
U168
U-L
U-L
C6002606
C6002607
C6002608
#2
110
210
410
Tin-Plated Comer
. . ferrules
U165
U165
U165
U166
#2
110
210
410
U166
U168
U-L
U-L
C6003111
C6003112
C6003113
C6003114
#2
110
210
410
U165
U165
U165
U166
:"L:h:'."A
3,,.1..x,;
,...I
nh,",.:,l" ,DX,",
----.-*--
1-2 I"...
0.320
0.410
0.470
0.590
0.55
0.66
0.73
0.87
280
425
520
760
0.344
0.445
0.487
0.616
0.53
0.63
0.70
0.84
289
520
546
841
"29"
n G6
"t2n
3020
@
S
&
Aluminum ferrules
Plain-plug type for pressure-type grounding-clamp terminals
Shrouded plain aluminum ferrules
Burndv
No.'
, Die
~~~~-~
or equivalent
U165
U165
U165
11249
Cable
Size.
----,
AWG
#2
110
210
410
Clearheat-shrinktubes providecorrosion-inhibitor by excluding moisture and stress-relief for cable jacket and ferrule-tostranding connection.
Part No.
P6001593P
P6001982P
Pfi002069P
Lengths
'Anderson die-less VERSA-CRIMP compression tools require no dies and are capable of making these crimped connections.
if using another crimp tool brand, contact that manufacturer for Burndy die equivalents.
Catalog No.
Cable
Size,
or equivalent
TTlRK
31n
Clearheat-shrinktubesprovide corrosion-inhibitorby excluding moisture and stress-relieffor cable jacket and ferrule-tostranding connection.
Part No.
P6001593P
P6001982P
Lengths
5"
7"
3021
i8
1
1
I
Conversion Terminals
Threaded-terminal adapters for pressure-type grounding-clamp terminals
1
Simply retrofit these bolt-on adapters to convert clamps
with pressure-type terminals to accept %-11 UNC threaded
ferrules.
Catalog Number
Clamp Applications
C6001584
"eyebolt" style,
C Type, Snap-On Flat-Face
includes shakeproof washer
and n u t
C6001700
includes steel retainer
All-Angle Clamps
straps for cable
Typical Application
Storage Bag
for Temporary Grounding Clamps-and-Cable Sets
Easy-to-see, bright-yellow protective bag is made of double
vinyl-laminated open-weave nylon cloth ...lightweight and
durable with nylon stitching throughout. Plywood bottom i s
covered inside and out with metal slcids on bottom of bag.
Full-separating closure constructed with heavy-duty snaps
and heavy webbing handles.
Dimensions: 18" Long x 12" Wide x 15" Deep.
Catalog NO.
TG000865
Description
Weight
3 ih.
3022
Cable Splice
for cables with plain-plug ferrules
Useforsplicinggroundingcablewhenextensio~~s
arerequired.
Thumb screw makes attachment easy.
Splice fits #2 through 410 grounding
cable with plain ferrules
1
1
Catal~No.
T6000252
1
/
Description
Grounding Cable Splice
Weight
1% lb./0.7 kg.
G47541
for four
plain plug ferrules
T6001964
Description
Ground Clusto~.Support
Weight
9% lb.14.3 kg.
Cluster Bars
for wood, steel and concrete poles and
tower angles
Compact 5" aluminum-alloy bar(?@ diameter) accepts C-type
or duckbill clamps for phase-to-phase grounding technique.
Adjustable wheel binder and 3 6 chain for pole applications.
Hook style for attachment to tower angles.
CatalogNo.
T6001549
T6001737
Description
Pole-Mount Grounding Cluster Bur
Towel;Mount Grounding Cluster Bar
Weight
9 lb.14.09 kg.
3023
POWER SYSTEMS,IHC.
loo ft.
/
1
Description
Portable Cable Reel
1
/
Weight
18 1b.18 kg.
1
I
Description
Swew Ground Rod
I
I
Weight
7% lb.13.5 kg.
Qtv.
1
1
Flat Face Ground Clamp
C-Type Ground Clamp
1
112 Copper Grounding Cable 50 ft.
Screw Ground Rod
. . ..
- .
"
Descri~tion
Cat. No. G3370. see above
Cut. No. T6001798, see page 3010
Cat. No. C6001754, see page 3004
Cat. No. S6116, see page 3018
- . .. -""""".".
""."
3024
Catalog No.
T3060006
Description
Truck Safety Barricade
Weight
1 21 lb.19.5 ke.
Operation
Durable and accurate
Built to last, the poles are aluminum pipe material. Crossarms are wood.
Electrically correct, the aluminum poles effect the conductivity which should be assumed for actual poles. Leads from
the poles and the neutral connect to the ground side on the
source (transformer).
Ordering Information
3025
Ordering
- Information
Basic EQUI-MAT@
Personal Protective Ground Grid
Each Basic Unit includes a Long Ball Stud and illustrated
instructions.
Catalog No.
Single '/4" Perimeter Braid
C6002850
C6002851
C6002852
Size
58" x 58"
58" x 120"
120" x 120"
Weight
5 lb. I 11kg.
10 lb. I 2 2 kg.
20 lb. 1 4 4 kg.
Pre-Packaged Kits
Each Pre-Packaged Kit includes Ground Grid (size below
with Long Ball Stud and illustrated instructions) plus
Ground Set T6002841 and Storage Bag C4170147.
Kit
Catalog No.
Weight
per Kit
C6002989
C6002990
C6002991
58" x 58"
58" x 120"
120" x 1 2 0
Accessory Items
Long Ball StudT6002364
included with each Basic E Q I J I - M A
Personal
~
Protective Ground Grid (Catalog page 3013)
Ground SetT6002841 included with Kits only
rage Bag
70147
3026
EQUI-MAT@
Personal Protective Ground Grid
Complies with OSHA 1910.269 for equipotential requirements near vehicles, underground gear, overhead switches and in substations
* U.S. Patent No. 6,477,027
Easy to use, versatile to many applications
PadmountedTransformers and Switches
II
L 1.
a,-:,
.....- . ....-. .. .
. .
.*&
---&
\r
+!
'*%.
. ......
'
=,*
I
3
--
-,
-A
.i .'
--
6.
. .
tc'
"
.-
",*")
BULLETIN 3026.1
PSC6003345
PSC6003346
PSCGOO3347
Size
58" x 58"
58" x 1 2 0
120" x 120"
Weight
5 lb. I l l kg.
10 lb. 122 kg.
20 lb. 1 44 kg.
Weight
per Kit
Kit
Catalog No.
PSCGOO3349
PSCGOO3350
58" x 120"
120" x 120"
Accessories
Long Ball Stud T6002364
included with each Basic EOUI-MA+Personal
Protective Ground Grid (Catalog page 3013)
Ground SetT6002841 included with Kits only
Complies with OSHA 1910.269 for protecting workers operating and maintaining padmounted transformers and
switchgear. The proper use of EQUI-MATPersonal Protective
Ground Grid in these applications creates an equipotential
zone just a s a cluster bar (chain binder) does in overhead
grounding practices.
r-
-. .._,
s ',.
. -
. . . . .
- - ..
-c
-
. -. .
-'Y
Appendix A Bibliography
[ I ] ANSlllEEE 80-1 986; IEEE Guide For Safety In AC Substation Grounding
[2] IEEE 516-2003; IEEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines
[3] IEEE 524 - 2003; IEEE Guide to the Installation of Overhead Transmission Line Conductors
[4] IEEE 1048 - 2003; IEEE Guide for Protective Grounding of Power Lines
[5] IEEE 1246 - 2004; IEEE Guide for Temporary Protective Grounding Systems Used in Substations
[6] ASTM F855 - 2004; Standard Specifications for Temporary Protective Grounds to Be Used on
De-energized Electric Power Lines and Equipment
[7] Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution; Electrical Protective Equipment; Final
Rule; Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration 29 CFR Part 1910
[8] EPRl EL-5258, Fusing Research on Personal Grounding Cables, Final Report, July 1987
[9] Protective Jumpering, OSHA Speaks; by Clayton C. King; Tips of the Trade; Tips & News, June
1995; Bulletin 09-9502
[ l o ] Ground Clamps, critical safety components; by Clayton C. King; A. B. Chance Co. 1995; Bulletin
09-9501
[ I l l Grounding; Chance Tips of the Trade; by Clayton C. King; Chance Tips Vol. 51 No. 3, December
1990: bulletin 09-9001
[I21 Why Proper Grounding Is Vital For Worker Safety; by Clayton C. King; Electrical World; November
1990 (available from Hubbell Power Systems as Bulletin 9-9002GE)
[I31 Technical Considerations in Protective Grounding and Jumpering by Clayton C. King; A. B. Chance
Co.; Bulletin 09-8001
[I41 Grounding and Jumpering; by Franklin D. Myers; A. B. Chance Co. Bulletin No. 9-8002
[I 51 Personnel Protective Grounding in Substations; Made Easy by Chance Tips, December 1990
. .
11 61 Thermoolastic Insulated Wire and Cable for the Transmission and Distribution of Electrical Enerav.
-.
NEMA standards Publication No. WC 5 and ICEA Publication S-61-402
[I71 Placement of Protective Grounds for Safety of Linemen, E.J. Harrington and T.M.C. Martin, AIEE
Safety committee Paper 54-206, AIEE Transactions Vol. 73, Aug. 1954 p. 950-955
[I81 Electric Shock Hazard, Charles Dalziel, IEEE Spectrum Feb. 1972 p. 41-50
[I91 The Effects of Electric Shock on Man, Safety and Fire Protection Bulletin, United States Atomic
Energy Commission, Office of Health &safety, Washington D.C. (Reprinted from IRE Transaction
on Medical Electronics May 1956)
-
1201 A Modern Approach to Grounding Systems, ITT Blackburn - Data Folder 7302
~1
1600001
Time
If the X,, to R ratio is small the asymmetry decreases to a proper RMS shape in a few cycles.
If the ratio is large it may take as many as 20
to 30 cycles to become a symmetrical current.
Figure B-2 illustrates the smallvalue of maximum asymmetry allowed in the past. Notice
that the waveshape returns to a symmetric
shape in approximately 1cycle.
Time
Ii
(
r
$.
*t,