C

BD Battery Design LLC

Advanced Thermal Modeling of Batteries

Battery Design Studio

Update
March 20, 2012 13:30 – 13:55
New Features Covered Today
• 3D models
• Voltage dependent diffusion

Let’s start with brief introduction to Battery Design Studio®

C BD Battery Design Studio®
Battery Design LLC

A user-friendly interface
between battery designers
and users for costing, sizing,
and correlation of test data
to performance, safety, and
life predictions.
Development started APR1999
interface
Size
Lab Cost
Input Power
Model Impedance
Output Data Life
Abuse, etc
User
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 Standardized software promotes

C BD (enables) communication
Exchange of battery information.
Battery Design LLC

Input
Input
Models Output
Output
Materials Supplier Battery Developer

Battery Design
Output Input Output Input
Studio®
Formulations
Cell Design
Test conditions
Modeler
Modeler
Standardization lowers cost, allows faster product introduction.
C BD
Battery Design LLC
BDS Cell Design Process

Physical Cell Description

• Coin, cylindrical pouch, prismatic
• Gives size, weight, equilibrium voltage,
capacity, bill of materials, etc.

Fit Model Parameters

• circuit, physics
• Allows simulation of performance
Text
Battery
Model
(TBM)
Use and/or Distribute

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 TBM files bridge the

C BD
Battery Design LLC
supply chain of batteries
TBM file

STAR-CCM+
Cell Designer
• Button cell • Performance estimation
• Formulations • Model selection
• Test results • Model selection • Series/Parallel cells
• Electrodes, incl. tabbing • Cooling
• Separator
• Cylindrical, prismatic,
pouch
Materials Developer
End User, Module
(cathode, anode,
and/or Pack Developer
separator, electrolyte, etc.)

TBM file, prg, out

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C BD
Battery Design LLC

3D MODEL THEORY
C BD
Unit Cell Concept
Battery Design LLC

Positive
current
collector
Negative
current
collector Unit
Cell

Material between current

collectors represented as Collectors modeled as resistors
unit cell. connecting unit cells.
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 Selected Simulation Models in

C BD
Battery Design LLC

Cell Design
Battery Design Studio ®

HEV/PHEV EV
Module/Pack
Module/Pack

DISTNP RCR NTG

J  Y V p  Vn  U 
U  a0  a1 DOD  a2 DOD  a3 DOD
2 3

Y  a4  a5 DOD  a6 DOD
2

(1) J. Newman and W. Tiedemann, J. Electrochem.

Soc. Vol. 140, No. 7, July 1993 pp. 1961-1968.
(1) T. Fuller, M. Doyle, J. Newman, J. (2) H. Gu, J. Electrochem. Soc., Vol. 130 No. 7
M. Verbrugge and R. Conell, J.
Electrochem. Soc. 141 (1994) 1-10 1983 pp. 1459-1464.
Electrochem. Soc. 149 (2002) A45-A53
(2) Battery Design LLC, “BDS (3) U. S. Kim, Ch.B. Shin, C.-S. Kim, J. Power Src.
Documentation” 189 (2009) 841-846

Quick response for frequent Simple, easy to create

Solves transport, kinetics,
charge/ discharge like model , and best for simple
equations
HEV/PHEV energy storage discharging thermal analysis

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C BD
Battery Design LLC

3D CELL DESIGNS
C BD Stacked Plate Design
Battery Design LLC

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C BD Stacked Plate Design
Battery Design LLC

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C BD Spirally Wound Design
Battery Design LLC

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 18650 – LoY, Pos Plate

C BD Voltage
Battery Design LLC

8 4

7 3

6 2

5 1
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 18650 – LoY, Pos Inner

C BD Current Density
Battery Design LLC

8 4

7 3

6 2

5 1
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 18650 – LoY, Outer Current

C BD Density
Battery Design LLC

8 4

7 3

6 2

5 1
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 18650 – LoY, Neg Plate

C BD Voltage
Battery Design LLC

8 4

7 3

6 2

5 1
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C BD 18650 – LoY, Neg Plate Iin
Battery Design LLC

8 4

7 3

6 2

5 1
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C BD 18650 – LoY, Neg Plate Iout
Battery Design LLC

8 4

7 3

6 2

5 1
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CONCENTRATION-DEPENDENT
DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS
 Concentration-dependent diffusion coefficients
• Solid-phase diffusion coefficients
are known to depend on
concentration.
• Theory shows that diffusion
coefficient depends on derivative
of equilibrium potential (E) with
respect to lithium fraction (x).

~ d ln a   Fx dE 
DLi  DLi  DLi  
d ln x  RT dx  Concentration dependence of lithium
diffusion coefficient in LiCoO2, Young-Il
• Correction can be significant. Jang, Bernd J. Neudecker, and Nancy J.
Dudney, Electrochemical and Solid-State
• BDS accounts for this correction. Letters, 4 (6) A74-A77 (2001)

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Accounting for concentration dependence of
solid-phase diffusion coefficients in BDS (1)

Use “Monotonic
cubic” mode for
interpolation of
voltage data.

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Accounting for concentration dependence of
solid-phase diffusion coefficients in BDS (2)

Just check option

for “Diffusion
Conc. Correction”

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 Example: NCM/Graphite Cell
NCM Equilibrium Curve Graphite Equilibrium Curve

E
x
dE
dx
x
Cathode material shows significant effect of voltage on
solid-phase diffusion coefficient.

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 Simulation Results: Discharge Curves

~40 mV delta
~80 mV delta ~20 mV delta
~2.5% capacity delta
~8.4% capacity delta ~0.6% capacity delta

Effect of variability in solid-phase diffusion coefficient becomes more

significant at higher rates.
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 Simulation Results: Diffusion Coefficient
Variation across cell for 3C Discharge
Constant Diffusion Coefficient Variable Diffusion Coefficient

Time, min
Distance from
negative collector,
mm
Solid-phase diffusion coefficient has complex profile when
concentration dependence is accounted for.
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 Simulation Results: Solid-Phase Concentration
Variation across cell for 3C Discharge
Negative
Positive

Variable Diffusion Coefficient

Surface concentration

Constant Diffusion Coefficient Average concentration

Distance from negative collector, mm

Variable diffusion case results gives smaller concentration gradient in
positive electrode.
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 Summary
• Dependence of solid-phase diffusion
coefficient with lithium concentration has a
strong theoretical foundation, and
experimental validation.
• Accounting for concentration dependence of
solid-phase diffusion coefficients has a
significant effect of cell behavior at high rates.
• BDS allows this effect to be simulated with
ease.

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C BD Conclusion
Battery Design LLC

Battery Design Studio® is the industry

standard platform for:

• Analyzing data and visualizing results.

• Exchanging battery data and models.

• Pathway to pack and system design

with STAR-CCM+.

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