14-EE-02

14-EE-186

14-EE-26

ECD (lab) PROJECT Report

Two Way Intercom
Submitted To:
Mam Farzana Kousar
Submitted By:
Shazra Murtaza
(14-EE-02)
Muhammad Usman Ali
(14-EE-26)
Anum Nawaz
(14-EE-186)
Communication GROUP

Objective:
We can find a metal detector at airports, theaters and
various other public places. They are used for the safety of people
to detect anyone carrying a metal (Arms etc). In this project we are
going to design a simple metal detector circuit. There are so
many metal detector designs but most of them are complex in
design so here we are going to design a simple metal detector
circuit using 555 Timer IC.

Main component:
Inductors are nothing but coils of enameled copper wire comes in
different shapes and sizes. Based on various parameters the
inductance of an inductor is calculated. In all of those parameters
we are basically interested in core on the inductor as depending on
the core, inductance value changes drastically.
In the figure below you can see the air cored inductors, In these
inductors there will be no solid core. They are basically coils left in
air. The medium of flow of magnetic field generated by inductor is
nothing or air. These inductors have inductances of very less value.

When inductor coil is wound on a core may be ferrite or an iron

core, the inductance of the coil increases enormously. This value is
much more than the air cored one of the same size and shape.
Now for a RLC circuit as shown in figure, the reactance or
impedance between terminals a and c depends on the values
of L and C if the applied signal frequency is constant.

Circuit Components

+9 supply voltage

555 IC

47K resistor

2.2F capacitor (2 pieces)

Speaker (8)

170Turns of 10cm diameter coil (any gauge would work)

The figure shows the circuit diagram of metal detector. The

555 IC timer here acts as a square wave generator and it generate
pulses with frequencies audible to human. The capacitor between
pin2 and pin1 should not be changed as it is need to generate
audible frequencies.

Components Details:
In the circuit there is an
capacitor, and 150turn
detection part. Now as
metal core inductor has
one.

RLC circuit formed by 47K resistor, 2.2F

inductor. This RLC circuit is the metal
mentioned earlier in previous section, a
a high inductance value over a air cored

Remember the coil wound here is a air cored one, so when a metal
piece is brought near the coil, the metal piece acts as a core for the
air cored inductor. By this metal acting as a core, the inductance of
the coil changes or increases considerably. With this sudden
increase in inductance of coil the overall reactance or impedance of

the RLC circuit changes by a considerable amount when compared

without the metal piece.

Working:
At first when there is no metal piece the signal fed to speaker
causes some audible sound. Now with the reactance change
around the RLC circuit the signal sent to speaker will no longer be
the same as before, because of this the sound produced by the
speaker will be of different to the first one.
So whenever a metal is brought near the coil, the impedance of
RLC changes making the signal to change resulting in variation to
sound generated in speaker.

Simulation:

Output Singal without any metal:

Output Singal with metal:

Conclusion:
Output of 555 timer changes with any metal placed inside the
inductor as the inductance of an air core inductor increases with
metal placed inside its core. Audible frequency decreases as the
time period of output signal increases. Therefore the sound changes
its frequency after insertion of metal.
Calculations:

L=

(without any metal)

L=

(with presence of metal)

C=
R=
f=