Lectures 1-2 - Natural Gas Production-I (1) - 2

Natural Gas Production
Engineering
g ee g I,, NGP
G 2233
Byy
Dr. Adel Salem

Asst. Prof. of PE, Faculty of Petroleum & Mining Eng.
S CCanall University
Suez
U i
it
SS 2010
Proposed Contents, not Complete

Chapter 1: Natural Gas Production
1. Introduction,
2. The resource Base,
3 G GGas FFields
3.Giant
ld
4.Darcy and non-Darcy Flow in
P
Porous
M
Media
di
5.Gas Well Inflow under Darcy Flow
AA. Steady State,
State and
B. Pseudosteady State Flow, and
C. Transient behavior
66.Gas
G Well
W ll Inflow
I fl Under
U d Non-Darcy
N D
Flow
7 Horizontal
7.
H i
l Gas
G Well
W ll Inflow
I fl
March 3, 2010
NG Production Eng. II-NGP223: Dr. Adel Salem
Lectures 1-2, Page: 2
In the Curriculum
March 3, 2010
NG Production Eng. I-NGP223: Dr. Adel Salem
Lectures 1-2: Page 3
Lectures 1 and 2:
1. Introduction to Natural Gas
Production
2 Gas
2.
G Well
W ll IInflow
fl
under
d D
Darcy
and Non- Darcy
y Flow
March 3, 2010
Introduction
Althoughnaturalgas,withsome23%ofallworldenergydemandin
2005,isstillslightlybehindcoal(25.6%)astheworldsthird
2005,isstillslightlybehindcoal(25.6%)astheworldsthird
ll l h l b h d
l(
)
h
ld h dlargest
l
sourceofprimaryenergy(oilstilldominatesat38%),itispoisedto
move up because of significantly emerging new trade
moveupbecauseofsignificantlyemergingnewtrade.
M
MembercountriesintheorganizationforEconomicCo
MembercountriesintheorganizationforEconomicCo
b
t i i th
i ti f E
i C operationand
ti
d
Development(OECD)andtheUSA,specifically,consumeabout51%
and
and22%respectivelyofglobalnaturalgas,nowcomprisingabout103
22% respectively of global natural gas now comprising about 103
Tcf (2.9Bm3)peryear(EnergyInformationAdministration,EIA,2007
March 3, 2010
Introduction,
Thereareseveralobviousbenefitstotheuseofnaturalgas.
First,itisthecleanestburningfossilfuelandproducesfewer
First,itisthecleanest
emissionsandpollutantsthaneitheroilor,especially,coal.
Second,theresourceisbecomingincreasinglydiverse.Sincethe
early1970s,worldreservesofnaturalgashavebeenincreasing
steadily,atanannualrateofsome5%.Similarly,thenumberof
dil
l
f
5% Si il l h
b
f
countrieswithknownreserveshasalsoincreasedfromaround
40 i 1960 t b t 85 i 2005
40in1960toabout85in2005.
Thedistributionamongthosecountries,dominatingtheglobal
provedreservesofnaturalgas,isshowninthefollowingFigure
andTable.
March 3, 2010
The Top 12 Holders of NG Reserves
March 3, 2010
March 3, 2010
Introduction,
Onereasonforanticipatedincreaseindemandfornaturalgasisthe
publicconcernoverenvironmentalissues.Furthermore,forecastsof
bl
l
h
f
f
rapidincreaseinnaturalgasdemandoverthenexttwodecades,in
the biggest market of all the united States have been exacerbated
thebiggestmarketofall,theunitedStates,havebeenexacerbated
byforecastsdecliningproduction.
DecliningproductionforecastshavebeenextendedtoCanada,a
reliable provider to the US thus far
reliableprovidertotheUSthusfar.
Although
Althoughnaturalgasdemandisexpectedtoincrease,suchan
natural gas demand is expected to increase such an
increaseinthenearfuturewilldedrivenbyadditionaldemandfrom
currentuses,primarilypowergeneration.Thereisyetlittleoverlap
betweentheuseofnaturalgasandoilinalllargemarkets.However,
certaindevelopmentsonthehorizon,includingtheelectrifyingof
transportation,willpushnaturalgasusetoeverhigherlevels.
March 3, 2010
The Resource Base: Gas Production Importance

Russiahastheworldslargestprovennaturalgasreserves,estimated
at1680Tcff (EIA.2007),aboutdoublethoseofIran
(
) aboutdoublethoseofIran,thenextlargest.
b
d bl h
f
h
l
Russiaisalsohelargestgasproducesandexporter.In2004,Russias
gas production exceeded 22 4 Tcf andexporttotaled7.1Tcf.
gasproductionexceeded22.4Tcf
and export totaled 7 1 Tcf
Th
ThegasindustryplaysasignificantroleintheRussianeconomy,
i d t
l
i ifi t l i th R i
contributingabout26%oftotalGDPin2004(ET,2007).
BycomparingRussiangasreserveswiththoseoftheothermajorgas
producing
producingcountries,thenexttableshowthe13largestgasfieldsin
countries the next table show the 13 largest gas fields in
theworld.
TheRussiaowns2/3ofthemajorgasfieldsintheworld(Et,2007,
EIA 2007 (www Gazprom com and BP statistical review 2006)
EIA,2007(www.Gazprom.com,andBPstatisticalreview,2006)
March 3, 2010
TheworldsLargestnatural
Gasreservoir
March 3, 2010

Gazprom holdsabout1/3oftheworldsnaturalgasreservesand
producesabout80%ofRussiasnaturalgas.Theremaining
d
b
f
l
h
percentagecomesfromindependentproducers.Thecompany
operates
operates155000kmofnaturalgaspipelinesand43compressor
155000 km of natural gas pipelines and 43 compressor
stations.
Russiaisthelargestproducerandexporter,aswellasahuge
consumer of natural gas The country produces an annual 21 Tcf,
consumerofnaturalgas.Thecountryproducesanannual21Tcf
consumerofnaturalgas.Thecountryproducesanannual21
Tcf,
consuming14.5Tcf
consuming14.5Tcf andexportingtherest.
Alaskahasaprolifichydrocarbonresources,firstwiththediscovery
ofoilinthesouthcentral
ofoilinthe
southcentral((CookInletregion)partin
CookInletregion)partin1960
)partin1960s
1960ss andthen
1960
withthe1969discoveryof
withthe1969discoveryofPrudhoeBay
PrudhoeBayonthe
ontheNorthSlope
NorthSlope,theUSs
,theUSs
largestfield.
March 3, 2010
QatarNaturalGas:
Qatarisaleaderinnaturalgasreserves.IranandQatarhave
comparableamountsofgasreserves.ThisisbecauseQatarssuper
giantNorthFieldandIranssupergiantSouthParsFieldoverlieon
i t N th Fi ld d I
i t S th P Fi ld
li
thebroadQatararch.
thebroadQatararch
TheQatararchsubdividestheKhuff formationsintotwobasins
located northwest (North Field) and south east (South Pars)
locatednorthwest(NorthField)andsoutheast(SouthPars).
ThefollowingFigureshowsacomparisonsbetweentheMiddleeast
Th
f ll i Fi
h
i
b t
th Middl
t
countriesasagasreservescountries.
March 3, 2010
Dominate Natural Gas Producers in the Middle east, 2006

March 3, 2010
March 3, 2010

Oncethewellisdrilledandcompletedsuccessfully,itisreadytoproduce
fl id (
fluids(assumingtheoilandgas
fluids(assumingtheoilandgas
i th il d
in
i placearethereanditiseconomicalto
in
l
th
d it i
i lt
operatethewell).
operatethewell).Theproducedhydrocarbonsinthegaseousphasearefrom
Theproducedhydrocarbonsinthegaseousphasearefrom
twomainsourcesofnaturalgas.
f
g
First,gasisfoundinassociationwithoil.Almostalloilreservoirs,eventhose
First,gasisfoundinassociationwithoil.Almostalloilreservoirs,eventhose
that are in situ above their bubblepointpressure,willshedsomenatural
thatareinsituabovetheirbubblepointpressure
thatareinsituabovetheir
bubble point pressure,willshedsomenatural
will shed some natural
gas,whichisproducedatthesurfacewithoilandthenseparatedin
appropriatesurfacefacilities.Therelativeproportionsofproducedgasand
oildependonthephysicalandthermodynamicpropertiesofthespecific
crudeoilsystem,theoperatingpressuredownhole,andthepressureand
temperature of the surface separators
temperatureofthesurfaceseparators.
Thesecondtypeofgasisproducedfromreservoirsthatcontainprimarily
gas(drygasorgascondensate).Usuallysuchreservoirsareconsiderably
gas(drygasorgascondensate).Usuallysuchreservoirsareconsiderably
deeperandhotterthanoilreservoirs
deeperandhotterthanoilreservoirs.Wewilldealwiththeproduction
.Wewilldealwiththeproduction
characteristics
characteristicsofthesereservoirsinthischapter.
of these reservoirs in this chapter
March 3, 2010
Darcy and non

non-Darcy
Darcy Flow in Porous Media
Toperformnaturalgaswelldeliverabilitycalculations
deliverabilitycalculations,itisessential
tounderstandthefundamentalsofgasflowinporousmedia.
d
d h f d
l f
fl
d
Fluidflowisaffectedbythecompetinginertialandviscouseffects,
combinedbythewell
combinedbythewellknownReynoldsnumber,whosevalue
d
delineateslaminarfromturbulentflow.Inporousmedia,thelimiting
li
t l i
f
t b l t fl
I
di th li iti
Reynoldsnumberisequalto1basedontheaveragegraindiameter.
Becausepermeabilityandgraindiameterarewellconnected,for
small permeability values (e g less than 0 1 md) the production rate
smallpermeabilityvalues(e.g.,lessthan0.1md)theproductionrate
isgenerallysmall;flowislaminarnearthecrucialsandfaceanditis
controlledbyDarcyslaw:
controlledbyDarcy
slaw:
March 3, 2010
whereXrepresentsthedistance,Pthepressure,Vg thegasvelocity,
g thegasviscosityandkg theeffectivepermeabilitytogas.
Anamountofconnatewaterisalwayspresentwiththegas.Such
watersaturationisimmobileand,therefore,
watersaturationisimmobileand,therefore,kkg equalstheeffective
permeabilitytogasandcanbetreatedasthesingle
permeabilitytogasandcanbetreatedasthesinglephase
permeability.Itisoftendenotedsimplyask.
permeability
bilit .Itisoftendenotedsimplyask.
It i ft d
t d i l
k
March 3, 2010
Non-Darcy
Non
NonDarcyflowoccursinthenear
Non
Darcyflowoccursinthenearwellboreregionofhighcapacitygasand
condensatereservoirs:Astheflowareaisreducedsubstantially,thevelocity
d
t
i A th fl
i d d b t ti ll th
l it
increases,inertialeffectsbecomeimportant,andthegasflowbecomes
nonDarcy.
non
y
Therelationbetweenpressuregradientandvelocitycanbedescribedbythe
Forchheimer (1914)equation:
whereg isthegasdensity,g istheeffectivenonDarcycoefficienttogas.It

can be calculated by using published theoretical or empirical correlations
canbecalculatedbyusingpublishedtheoreticalorempiricalcorrelations.
ThenextTableisasummaryofsomeofthecorrelations.Thesecorrelations
arevalidforsinglephasegasflow(subscriptgisdroppedforsimplicity).
March 3, 2010
Correlations for non

non-Darcy
Darcy Coefficient
March 3, 2010
Correlations for non

non-Darcy
Darcy Coefficient,
March 3, 2010
Forchheimerss Eequation
Forchheimer
Forchheimers equationdescribeshigh
highvelocity
velocity,single
singlephaseflowin
phaseflow
isotropicmedia.Manyreservoirsare,however,anisotropic.Wang
d
h
(2000)usedaporelevelmodelanddevelopedacorrelationto
calculate the non Darcy coefficient in an anisotropic medium for
calculatethenonDarcycoefficientinananisotropicmediumfor
singlephaseflowasshowninthepreviousTable.
ThenonDarcycoefficienthasbeenstudiedbyperforming
Thenon
experimental tests with carbonate and Berea sandstone cores The
experimentaltestswithcarbonateandBereasandstonecores.The
experimentaldatagavegoodagreementwiththecorrelation
y
g(
)
describedbyWang(2000).
AdirectunderstandingofmultiphasenonDarcyflowbehaviorin
Adirectunderstandingofmultiphasenon
Darcyflowbehaviorin
porousmediathatareanisotropicattheporescaleisstudied
elsewhere.
March 3, 2010
Gas Well Inflow under Darcy Flow

Wellinflowmeansthefluidflowfromthereservoirintothesand
Wellinflowmeansthefluidflowfromthereservoirintothesand
f
face,takes
k intoaccountthe
intoaccountthereservoircharacteristics
h reservoircharacteristics,thewell
h
,thewell
h
ll
geometry (vertical,horizontal,complexarchitecture),thenear
(vertical,horizontal,complexarchitecture),thenear
wellbore zoneorotherfeaturessuchas
zone or other features such as hydraulic ornaturalfractures
zoneorotherfeaturessuchashydraulic
or natural fractures
andthepressuredrawdown
andthepressuredrawdown..
Differentflowregimesthattakeintoaccountboundaryeffectssuch
as steadystate,pseudosteady
assteadystate
steady state pseudosteady stateandtransient
state and transient behaviorare
behavior are
considered.
Naturalgaswellperformancewillbebasedonitsflowcharacteristics
underdifferentflowregimes.
March 3, 2010

1.1 Steady State and Pseudosteady State Flow
Steadystateflowisdefinedasthebehaviorwhenthepressure(wellheador
b tt h l ) d fl
bottomhole)andflowratesareconstant.
t
t t
This behavior usually happens when there is pressure support either
Thisbehaviorusuallyhappenswhenthereispressuresupport,either
naturallythroughanaquifer,orthroughwaterinjection.Thewell
performanceundersteadystateflowcanbederivedfromDarcyslaw.
Startingwithawellinthecenterofadrainage,asshowninthefollowing
Figure,withrw thewellboreradius,Pwf theflowingbottomholepressure,P
thepressureatanygivendistancer,andwiththenetreservoirthicknessh,
the
thecross
thecross
crosssectional
cross
sectionalflowareacanbecalculatedas2rh.Inradialcoordinates
flow area can be calculated as 2rh In radial coordinates
thepreviousequationbecomes:
March 3, 2010
A. Steady
Steady--state flow
March 3, 2010
A. Steady
Steady--state Gas Flow Equation
Theflowrateqisconstantastheflowisundersteadystate,the
Theflowrateqisconstantastheflowisundersteadystate,the
previousEquationcanbeintegratedbyseparatingthevariablesand
previous
Equationcanbeintegratedbyseparatingthevariablesand
b
db
h
bl
d
settingattheouterboundaryre,aconstantpressureP
settingattheouterboundaryre,aconstantpressurePe :
VanEverdingen andHurst(1949)quantifiedtheconditionofthe
nearwellboreregionwiththeintroductionoftheconceptoftheskin
llb
i
ih h i
d i
f h
f h ki
effect.Thisisanalogoustothefilmcoefficientinheattransfer.This
skin effect results in an additional steady state pressure drop given
skineffectresultsinanadditionalsteadystatepressuredrop,given
by:
March 3, 2010
A. Steady
Thus,theflowequationcanprovidethetotalpressuredifference
includingboththereservoirandthenear
includingboththereservoirandthenear
l d b h h
d h
wellborezoneand
llb
d
becomes:
Inoilfieldunits,wherePe andPwf areinpsi,qisinSTB/D, isincp,

kisinmd,hisinft,Sisdimensionless,andBistheformationvolume
factortoconvertreservoirbarrel(resbbl)intostocktankbarrel(stb),
TheEquationyields:
March 3, 2010
A. Steady
ThelastEquationisvalidforlargelyincompressible(i.e.,oil)flow
understeadystate.Forhighlycompressiblegas,theformation
d
d
h hl
bl
h f
volumefactor,B
volumefactor,
Bg,variesgreatlywithpressure.Thereforeanaverage
expressioncanbeobtainedasfollow:
expression can be obtained as follow:
IntroducingthegasrateinMscf/d(thousandstandardcubicfeetper
d i
h
i
f/d ( h
d
d d bi f
day),withrelativelysimplealgebra,TherateEquationwillbe:
andfinally:
March 3, 2010
Steady--State Approximation for Natural Gas Flow

Steady
Rearrangingthepreviousequation,itprovidesthesteady
Re
arrangingthepreviousequation,itprovidesthesteadystate
approximationfornaturalgasflow,showingapressure
approximationfornaturalgasflow,showingapressure
f
l
fl
h
squared
d
differencedependency:
ThisEquationisvalidforgasflowundersteadystate
gasflowundersteadystate(withaconstant
pressureouterboundary).Morecommonly,wellseventuallyfeel
theirassignedboundary.
March 3, 2010
B. Pseudosteady State Gas Flow Equation

Drainageareascaneitherbedescribedbynaturallimitssuchasfaults,and
pinchouts
i h t (no
( fl
(no
flowboundary),orcanbeartificiallyinducedbythe
b
d )
b
tifi i ll i d d b th
productionofadjoiningwells.
Thisconditionisoftenreferredtoaspseudosteady
pseudosteady state
state.Thepressureat
theouterboundaryisnotconstantbutinsteaddeclinesataconstantrate
withtime,thatis,Pe/ t=const.Therefore,amoreusefulexpressionfor
thepseudosteadystateequationwouldbeoneusingtheaveragereservoir
pressure P
pressure,P.
Itisdefinedasavolumetricallyweightedpressureandinpracticecanbe
It
is defined as a volumetrically weighted pressure and in practice can be
obtainedfromperiodicpressurebuilduptests.Theproductionrate
expressionforagaswellcanbewrittenforpseudosteadystate:
March 3, 2010
Gas Flow Equation

ThelasttwoEquationssuggestanumberofinterestingconclusions:
1. Theflowrate
flowrateislarge
large ifthepressure
pressuresquareddifference
squareddifferenceislarge,Ifthe
permeability andreservoirnetthickness
netthicknessarelarge
large orthegasdeviation
deviation
factor,theviscosity
factor
the viscosity oftheflowingfluid,andtheskin
of the flowing fluid and the skin damagearesmall
damage are small.
small
2. Itisclearthatapositiveskin
positiveskinmeansthewellisdamagedandthiswill
causeadditionalpressuredropinthenearwellboreregion.
3. Anegativeskin
negativeskinmeansthewellisstimulated(throughmatrixacidizing
andremovingnearwellboredamage,orthroughhydraulicfracturingby
b
bypassingthedamagezoneandchangingflowpaths).
i
h d
d h
i fl
h)
I
Insummary,theflowequationisananalyticalapproximationofgaswell
th fl
ti i
l ti l
i ti
f
ll
rateunderpseudosteady(orsteady)stateandDarcyflowconditionsinthe
reservoir.Itisvalidwhengasflowrateissmall.Itcanbepresentedina
g
p
commonform:
March 3, 2010
Example 11-1:1: Rate Versus Pressure
March 3, 2010
Solution:
Aftersubstitutionofvariablesintheflowequation,itbecomes:
GasviscosityandZ
GasviscosityandZfactoratdifferentflowingbottompressuresare
calculatedbyusingLeeetal.(1966)andDranchuk
calculatedbyusingLeeetal.(1966)and
l l t db
i L
t l (1966) d Dranchuk
D
h k etal.(1974)correlations,
t l (1974)
l ti
respectively.Theaveragepropertiesarethearithmeticaveragewith
propertiesatPeof3,000psi.ResultsaresummarizedinthenextTable.
p
p
,
p
Asanexamplecalculation,forPwf =1,000psi,theaboveequationyields:
March 3, 2010
Calculated Resulted of the Example:
March 3, 2010
Production versus flowing bottomhole pressure for the Example.

Example
March 3, 2010

C Transient Flow
C.
Atearlytimetheflowingbottomholepressureofaproducingwellisa
f ti
functionoftimeiftherateisheldlargelyconstant.Thistypeofflow
f ti
if th
t i h ld l
l
t t Thi t
f fl
conditioniscalledtransientflowandisuseddeliberatelyduringapressure
transienttest.
Inpractice,thewellisusuallyoperatedunderthesamewellheadpressure
(whichisimposedbythewellhardwaresuchaschokes,etc.),theresulting
flowingbottomholepressureisalsolargelyconstant,andtheflowratewill
vary with time
varywithtime.
To
Tocharacterizegasflowinareservoirundertransientconditions,the
characterize gas flow in a reservoir under transient conditions the
combinationofthegeneralizedDarcyslaw(rateequation),andthe
continuityequationcanbeused(inradialcoordinates):
March 3, 2010

C Transient Flow
C.
whereistheporosity.Becausegasdensityisastrongfunctionofpressure
(i
(incontrasttooil,whichisconsideredincompressible),therealgaslawcan
t t t il hi h i
id d i
ibl ) th
l
l
beemployed,Therefore:
Inanisotropicreservoirwithconstantpermeability,thisEquationcanbe
simplifiedto:
Performingthedifferentiationontherighthandsideoftheprevious
Equation,assumingthattheviscosityandgasdeviationfactoraresmall
functions of pressure and rearranging it gives:
functionsofpressure,andrearranging,itgives:
March 3, 2010

C Transient Flow
C.
Foranidealgas,Cg =1/P,andasaresult,itleadsto:
Thisapproximationlooksexactlyliketheclassicdiffusivityequationforoil.
hi
i
i l k
l lik h l i diff i i
i f
il
Itssolutionwouldlookexactlylikethesolutionsoftheequationforoil,but
instead
insteadofP,thepressuresquared,P
of P, the pressure squared, P2,shouldbeusedasareasonable
, should be used as a reasonable
approximation.
AlHussainy andRameyusedafarmoreappropriateandexactsolutionby
Al
andRamey
employingtherealgaspseudopressurefunction,definedas:
wherePo issomearbitraryreferencepressure(usuallyzero).Thedifferential
pseudopressure,m(p),definedasm(P)
d
( ) d fi d
( ) m(P
( wf),isthenthedrivingforcein
) i h
h di i f
i
thereservoir.
March 3, 2010

C Transient Flow
C.
UsingthepreviousEquationandthechainrule:
Similarly:
Therefore,theEquationbecomes:
,
q
Itssolutionwouldlookexactlylikethesolutiontothediffusivity
equationcastintermsofpressure.Dimensionlesstimeis(inoilfield
units):
March 3, 2010

C Transient Flow
C.
anddimensionlesspressureis:
ThelastthreeEquationssuggestsolutionstonaturalgasproblems(e.g.,well
h l
h
i
l i
l
bl
(
ll
testing)thatareexactlyanalogoustothoseforanoilwell,exceptnowitis
the
therealgaspseudopressurefunctionthatneedstobeemployed.
real gas pseudopressure function that needs to be employed.
Thisfunctionisessentiallyaphysicalpropertyofnaturalgas,dependenton
viscosityandthegasdeviationfunction.Thus,itcanbereadilycalculatedfor
anypressureandtemperaturebyusingstandardphysicalproperty
correlations.Byanalogywithoil,transientratesolutionunderradialinfinite
acting
actingconditionscanbewrittenas:
conditions can be written as:
March 3, 2010

C Transient Flow
C.
Whereqisgasflowratein
WhereqisgasflowrateinMscf
Mscf/dandC
/dandCt isthetotalcompressibilityofthe
system.AsusualthepreviousEquationcanbecastintermsofpressure
t
A
l th
i
E
ti
b
ti t
f
squareddifference:
ThelasttwoEquationscanbeusedtogeneratetransientIPR(Inflow
q
g
(
PerformanceRelationship)curvesforagaswell.Transientbehaviorends
whenboundariesarefelt.
Acommonlyacceptedexpressionforthetimeinhourswhenpseudosteady
state
statebeginsis:
begins is:
March 3, 2010
Example 11-2:
2: Rate at the onset of pseudosteady state
UsethewellinExample1
UsethewellinExample11andcalculatethe
1andcalculatetheproductionrate
productionrateatthetime
atthetime
whenpseudosteadybeginsandalsoatonetenththetime.Useaflowing
h
d t d b i
d l
t
t th th ti
U
fl i
bottomholepressureof1,500psi.Thegassaturationinthereservoiris
about0.75andtheporosityis0.25.
p
y
Solution:
First,estimatethetimetopseudosteadystateusingtheexpressiongiven
above.Thegascompressibilityatinitialconditionscanbecalculatedexactly
b
butatarelativelylowpressureof3,000psiitcanbeapproximatedby:
l i l l
f
ii
b
i
db
Thereforethetotalcompressibilityisapproximatelyequalto:
March 3, 2010
Solution of Example 11-2:

2:
Thetimetopseudosteadystatecanbecalculatedasfollows:
Thentherateiscalculatedas:
March 3, 2010
References
1. Wang,X.andEconomides,M.:AdvancedNaturalGasEngineering
AdvancedNaturalGasEngineering,GulfPublishing
Company Houston Texas 2009
CompanyHouston,Texas,2009.
2. Economides,M.J.,andMarin,T.:ModernFracturing,
ModernFracturing,EnhancednaturalGas
EnhancednaturalGas
Production,EnergyTribune(ET)PublishingInc.,Houston,TX,2007.
Production
3. Ikoku,Chi.U.:NaturalGasProductionEngineering
NaturalGasProductionEngineering,KriegerPublishingCompany,
Malabar,Florida,1992.
4
4.
Katz D L and Lee R L : Natural
Katz,D.L.,andLee,R.L.:
Natural Gas Engineering Production
NaturalGasEngineering,ProductionandStorage
NaturalGasEngineering,
ProductionandStorage,
and Storage
McGrawHillPublishingCompany,1990.
5. Beggs,H.D.:GasProductionOperations
GasProductionOperations,"Oil&GasConsultantsInternational,
I
Inc.,1984.
1984
6. Smith,R.V.:PracticalNaturalGasEngineering,2nd Edition,PennWellBooks
PublishingCompany,Tulsa,Oklahoma,1990.
7. Lyons,W.C.:WorkingGuidetoPetroleumandNaturalGasProduction
Engineering,Elsevier,2010.
8
8.
Abdel Aal H K Aggour M and Fahim M A : Petroleum
AbdelAal,H.K.,Aggour,M.,andFahim,M.A.:PetroleumandGasField
PetroleumandGasField
Petroleum and Gas Field
Processing,MarcelDekker,Inc.,2003.
Processing,
9. Lee,J.andWattenbarger,R.A.:GasReservoirEngineering
GasReservoirEngineering,SPE,Richardson,TX,
1996.
March 3, 2010
March 3, 2010

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Natural Gas Production

Dr. Adel Salem

Proposed Contents, not Complete

NG Production Eng. II-NGP223: Dr. Adel Salem

Lectures 1-2, Page: 2

NG Production Eng. I-NGP223: Dr. Adel Salem

Lectures 1-2: Page 3

NG Production Eng. I-NGP223: Dr. Adel Salem

Lectures 1-2: Page 4

NG Production Eng. I-NGP223: Dr. Adel Salem

Lectures 1-2: Page 5

NG Production Eng. I-NGP223: Dr. Adel Salem

Lectures 1-2: Page 6

The Top 12 Holders of NG Reserves

NG Production Eng. I-NGP223: Dr. Adel Salem

Lectures 1-2: Page 7

NG Production Eng. I-NGP223: Dr. Adel Salem

Lectures 1-2: Page 8

NG Production Eng. I-NGP223: Dr. Adel Salem

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The Resource Base: Gas Production Importance

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Natural Gas Production

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Dominate Natural Gas Producers in the Middle east, 2006

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Natural Gas Production

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Darcy and non

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Darcy Flow in Porous Media

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whereg isthegasdensity,g istheeffectivenonDarcycoefficienttogas.It

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Correlations for non

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Correlations for non

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Gas Well Inflow under Darcy Flow

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Gas Well Inflow under Darcy Flow

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