Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dissertation
On
WHEEL-CHAIR CUM STRETCHER
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
Bachelor of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering
TO
Solapur University, Solapur.
Submitted by
Mane Vaibhav Digambar.
Patale Sanket Sunil.
Kalshetti Gangadhar Ganpati.
Under the guidance of
(Prof. KULKARNI.P.P.)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled WHEEL-CHAIR CUM STRETCHER
submitted by the following group of students
(Prof. Kulkarni.P.P.)
Guide
Date: -
External Examiner
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It is our pleasures to get this opportunity to thank our beloved and respected guide
Prof. Kulkarni P.P who imparted valuable knowledge of Design and Fabrication. He is also kind
enough to spare his valuable time to guide us in making our project. We sincerely thank him for his
consistent guidance, inspiration and sympathetic to work, which we sure, will go a long way in our
life. We owe sincere thanks, more than what we can express, towards our Head, Mechanical
Engineering Department, Prof. R.T Vyavahare for his constant inspiration, and assistance
throughout the course.
We are grateful to Principal Dr. K. J. Karande for his encouragement and guidance
throughout the course.
We express our sincere thanks to all the staff, faculties and colleagues of Mechanical Engineering
Department of SKN SINHGAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, who have helped us directly or
indirectly in completing this project.
We are also grateful to our parents for wishes and moral support during the preparation and all
concerned for helping and encouraging us. We are grateful for the many useful comments and
suggestions provided by reviewers, which have resulted significant improvements in the project.
Date:
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Wheel chair and Stretchers are very commonly used in the hospitals, airports,
railway stations, shopping malls, etc. We have designed and fabricated a new modified
wheel chair cum stretcher. The developed wheel chair can very easily be converted into
stretcher as well as operation table depending upon need. In this, we used the Simple
Four Bar Chain Mechanism has been synthesized for lifting. The mechanism is
driven manually.
The wheel chair gets converted into stretcher while lifting automatically. Four
legged support provides required stability to the stretcher. The system can be made manual
self-driven or motorized. Wheel chair, Stretchers, Beds, Operation tables, etc. are major
furniture items used in hospitals. Engineers are continuously applying their ideas to make
product more and more sophisticated to facilitate doctor, patients, staff.
We devolved an innovative wheel chair which can be easily converted into
Stretchers and small operation table. The percentage of patients in India is increasing day
by day. In hospitals patients need to be shifted from wheelchair to stretcher, stretcher to
beds, bed to wheelchair, or vice versa; which creates unsafe conditions for patients.
Transferring patients in hospitals is a common problem for the caretakers. Purpose of
design which will reduce the effort of the caretaker. Provide a safer transfer for the
patients in hospitals.
It is comfortable for us that mean it is used for both function. A digital read out
(DRO) is a small computer usually with an integrated keyboard and some means of
numeric representation. It reads the signals generated by the linear encoder installed to
several machine axes, using them to keep track of work piece position or tool position.
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CONTENT
Chapter No
Name of Chapter
Chapter 1
Introduction
Page No
1.1
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Sensory Disability
MOBILITY AID:
A mobility aid is a device designed to assist walking or otherwise improve the
mobility of people with mobility impairment.
There are various walking aids which can help with impaired ability to walk and wheelchairs
or mobility scooters for more severe disability or longer journeys which would otherwise be
undertaken on foot. For people who are blind or visually impaired the white cane and guide
dog have a long history of use. Other aids can help with mobility or transfer within a building
or where there are changes of level.
Traditionally the phrase "mobility aid" has applied mainly to low technology
mechanical devices. The term also appears in government documents, for example dealing
with tax concessions of various kinds. It refers to those devices whose use enables a freedom
of movement similar to that of unassisted walking or standing up from a chair.
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Step: 1
Step: 2
Step: 3
LITRATURE STUDY
ABOUT THE PROBLEM
Bachelor of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering
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Since the birth of the wheelchair there have been many modifications in its design. Today
there exists a huge variety of wheelchairs- manually, electric, or self propelled, foldable or
rigid. Apart from these they are classified based on their usage, standing wheelchair, sports
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wheelchair, mobility scooters, bathroom wheelchair, steps climbing wheelchair etc. The range
of wheelchairs reflects the demand to meet individual needs.
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Fig.Braking mechanisms
Wheelchair Cushions
Cushions are the integral part of wheelchair where the patients are laid. A stretcher or
wheelchairs without cushions are never recommended for the hospital purpose. So study has
conducted in order to get a better understanding with the types of cushions used in these
products. The use of quality material raises the entire cost of the product and a comparison
study has done in order to understand the various types of cushions used in wheelchair and
stretcher.
TYPES OF WHEELCHAIRS
Some of the types of wheelchairs are discussed below:
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Manual wheelchairs
Manual wheelchairs are those moved by the user or an attendant. By controlling the push
rims, users can travel forward and backward at speeds dictated by the amount of force they
are able to apply, they can also turn left or right and negotiate small dips and rises that lie
ahead.
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Wheelbase
A wheelbase chair, otherwise known as a scooter, has four small wheels extending from a low
platform. The type of chair mounted on this platform varies according to the disability and
needs of the user; some are even molded from a cast taken of the users most appropriate
sitting position. The controls of the wheelbase chair are mounted on a frame that curves
upward from the front of the platform to a height and position convenient for the user. A
horizontal steering bar is attached across the top of the frame.
Sports chairs
Since the 1970s, disabled athletes have had an increasing array of specialized wheelchairs to
help them achieve the most from their chosen sport. These chairs can look very different from
each other, but what they usually have in common is lightweight frames made from
composite material; solidity (which means that they do not fold); and enhanced stability for
sudden turns (this is achieved by using angled wheels).Sports wheelchairs or recreation
wheelchairs are specially designed for athletes with disabilities who are competing in sports
that require agility and speed such as basketball, tennis, rugby or racing.
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Stand-up
Stand-up wheelchairs are fitted with a hydraulic pump that lifts and tilts the seat, thereby
enabling the user to "stand up" and yet be fully supported. This is an invaluable feature if the
user needs to reach an item on a shelf either at home or while out shopping
Stair-climbing wheelchairs
Climbing stairs is the ultimate test for a wheelchair, and there are a number of solutions
available. Battery-operated supports at the back that act as stabilisers as the chair climbs.
A series of flexible wheels turning within rubber tracks that grip the steps.
STRETCHER
A stretcher is a medical device to carry patients for a short duration of time. A stretcher
contains a surface which support for carrying patients, and has handles on either side along its
length to help carry it.
Stretchers have been used since antiquity, on battlefields and in emergency situations,
where wheeled vehicles are hindered by rough terrain. In their simplest form, they generally
consisted of a canvas sling with long edges sewn to themselves to form pockets through with
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TYPES OF STRETCHERS
Some of the types of stretchers are explained below :
Basket stretcher
A basket stretcher is used in situation when an injured person needs transportation by foot to
medical attention. The stretcher disassembles in two halves, and if needed for rescue
assembles in seconds.
Ambulance stretcher
An ambulance stretcher, also known as a little or gurney, consists of a solid frame and a
heavy-duty cloth that stretches across it. The ambulance often gives a rough ride. This type of
stretcher absorbs part of the impact to prevent further injury. Ambulance stretchers often
adjust in position, aiding the paramedic in tending to the injured persons needs.
Folding stretchers
A folding stretcher is used to transport the injured from the inside of a building to an
ambulance stretcher. It is portable and folds in half for convent storage. This stretcher is also
Bachelor of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering
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THEME BOARD
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CONCEPT SELECTION
Various concepts were generated and selection was based on a matrix
comparison involving all the concepts and some parameters.
CONCEPT 1:Based on the selection some refinements were made.
Above Fig depicts the folding mechanism of product. Link 1 is the back rest, link 2 is
seating area, link 3 is leg support. Link a is perpendicular to link 1 and link e is
perpendicular to link 3. Link c is a ball screw which moves linearly to and fro on the lead
screw which is shown in dotted line. Link e and link a is connected to link c by other
links d and b respectively. Red arrow shows the ball screw moving to the right of the reader
upon which the product will become stretcher or bed and this conversion is done when the
desired entire platform is raised to desired position. When the ball screw is moved to left of
reader product becomes a wheelchair and this conversion is done when the desired entire
platform is raised to desired position.
Height adjustment is done with the help of pneumatic cylinder mechanism. There will be
totally 4 pneumatic cylinders which are at the 4 corners of the seating area which are actuated
to change the height.
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Stature
95 percentile
1771 mm
(combined)
th
Maximum body
breadth relaxed
95th percentile
619 mm (combined)
Hip
95 percentile
406 mm
(combined)
th
DETAIL DESIGN
Uniqueness of this design is when the product is in stretcher or bed mode height will match
the conventional stretcher or bed. Height is adjustable to bed or stretcher or wheelchair or to
any height desired. Conversion from wheelchair to bed or stretcher or vice versa can be done
by both the patient and handler. Below are the three different platforms of product
g. Backrest
h. Seating Portion
i. Leg support
Ratchets are provided at the joint where these meet so that it will lock at each step of
conversion assuring the safety while converting. Ratchets are also provided to the Upper legs
so that those will be in locked position when the product is in wheelchair mode. Detailed
images are as below
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CHAPTER
AIM AND OBJECTIVES:1. To manufacture the chair for physically handicap people.
2. To manufacture the chair which is used for chair cum
METHODOLOGY
The proposed work will be carried out with following steps.
1. Study of handicap people problem.
2. Development of flow chart for design project.
4. Study of various types of vehicle and chair for handicap people.
5. Calculation of Geometrical Parameters
6. Actual Manufacturing of project.
7. Component Selection for the project
8. Experimentation by assembling all components
9. Testing
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS
5.1 PLANT AND MACHINERY REQUIRED
1. M1TR Drilling &Milling machine with D.R.O.:-
Lathe machine:-
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A lathe is a machine tool which rotates the workpiece on its axis to perform various
operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, or deformation, facing, turning, with
tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an object which has symmetry about an axis
of rotation.
Lathes are used in woodturning, metalworking, metal spinning, thermal spraying,
parts reclamation, and glass-working. Most suitably equipped metalworking lathes can also
be used to produce most solids of revolution, plane surfaces and screw threads or helices.
3. Drilling machine:-
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Rectangle bar
Square bar
Circular rod
Chemical Composition
Element
Content
Carbon, C
0.25 - 0.290 %
Copper, Cu
0.20 %
Iron, Fe
98.0 %
Manganese, Mn
1.03 %
Phosphorous, P
0.040 %
Silicon, Si
0.280 %
Sulfur, S
0.050 %
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Metric
Imperial
7.85 g/cm3
0.284 lb/in3
Mechanical Properties
Mechanical Properties
Metric
Imperial
250 MPa
36300 psi
20.0 %
20.0 %
23.0 %
23.0 %
Modulus of Elasticity
200 GPa
29000 ksi
140 GPa
20300 ksi
Poissons Ratio
0.260
0.260
Shear Modulus
79.3 GPa
11500 ksi
Machining
The machinability rate of ASTM A36 is estimated to be 72%, and the average surface cutting
feed of ASTM A36 is 120 ft/min. Machining of ASTM A36 steel is not as easy as that of AISI
1018 steel.
Welding
ASTM A36 steel is easy to weld using any type of welding methods, and the welds and joints
so formed are of excellent quality.
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APPLICATIONS
ASTM A36 steel has the following applications:
It is used in bolted, riveted or welded construction of bridges, buildings and oil rigs.
It is used in forming tanks, bins, bearing plates, fixtures, rings, templates, jigs,
sprockets, cams, gears, base plates, forgings, ornamental works, stakes, brackets,
automotive and agricultural equipment, frames, machinery parts.
It is used for various parts obtained by flame cutting such as in parking garages,
1. Properties:
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a. Physical
b. Mechanical
c. From manufacturing point of view
d. Chemical
The various physical properties concerned are melting point, Thermal Conductivity,
Castability,
Weldability,
Brazability,
forge ability,
merchantability,
surface properties,
shrinkage,
2. Manufacturing Case:
Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or surface qualities obtainable
by the application of suitable coating substances may demand the use of special materials.
1
3. Quality Required:
This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately the material. For example, it
would never be desirable to go for casting of a less number of components which can be
fabricated much more economically by welding or hand forging the steel.
1
4. Availability of Material:
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6. Cost:
As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of material plays an important part
and should not be ignored.
Sometimes factors like scrap utilization, appearance, and non-maintenance of the designed
part are involved in the selection of proper materials.
MATERIAL USED :
Sr.No
Items
Quantity
Specification
Material Used
Round Pipe
2m
inch
MS
Square Pipe
10m
inch
MS
Flat Sheet
14Sqft
16 gauge
GI
200mm
4
Wheels
Dia.360degree
SS
RTO
5
Hinged Pins
MS
MS
MS
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GUIDE
LINES
FOR
MANUAL
MATERIAL
HADLING
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System design
Mechanical Design.
System design mainly concerns the various physical constraints and ergonomics,
space requirements, arrangement of various components on main frame at system, man +
machine interactions, No. of controls, position of controls, working environment of machine,
chances of failure, safety measures to be provided, servicing aids, ease of maintenance, scope
of improvement, weight of machine from ground level, total weight of machine and a lot
more. In mechanical design the components are listed down and stored on the basis of their
procurement, design in two categories namely,
Designed Parts
Parts to be purchased
For designed parts detached design is done & distinctions thus obtained are compared
to next highest dimensions which are readily available in market.
assembly as well as postproduction servicing work. The various tolerances on the works are
specified. The process charts are prepared and passed on to the manufacturing stage.
The parts which are to be purchased directly are selected from various catalogues &
specified so that anybody can purchase the same from the retail shop with given
specifications.
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4. Chances of Failure:
The losses incurred by owner in case of any failure are important criteria of design.
Factor safety while doing mechanical design is kept high so that there are less chances of
failure. Moreover periodic maintenance is required to keep unit healthy.
Bachelor of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering
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WORKING
1. Uniqueness of this design is when the product is in stretcher or bed mode height will
match the conventional stretcher or bed.
2. Height is adjustable to bed or stretcher or wheelchair or to any height desired.
Conversion from wheelchair to bed or stretcher or vice versa can be done by both the
patient and handler
3. By using handle we can change the angle of both attachments.
4. Because of simple attachment the person is comfortable on that chair.
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CONCLUSION
This project work has provided us an excellent opportunity and experience, to use our
limited knowledge. We gained a lot of practical knowledge regarding, planning, purchasing,
assembling and machining while doing this project work. We feel that the project work is a
good solution to bridge the gates between institution and industries.
The main objective of this project is to make the helper life easy and to make sure the
patient is not hurt during the process of treatment. This product eliminates the step of shifting
patient from bed or stretcher to wheelchair and vice versa as handling of old age people is
very difficult.
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3.
R.S. Khurmi, Strength of Materials, S. Chand & Company Ltd. New Delhi.
4. R.S. Khurmi, Theory of Machines, S. Chand & Company Ltd. New Delhi.
5. Code of practice for power operated elevating work platforms. ,Department of
Labour, Wellington New Zealand 1st Edition 1986
6. 10. Ergonomic guide lines for manual material handling. Published 2007 by the
California Department of Industrial Relations
7. An
Integrated
Decision
Making
Model
for
Evaluation
of
Concept
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DISADVANTAGES
1. Initial cost is high.
2. Usable in mass production only.
3. Minimum Manual effort required for rotating the handle.
4. Maximum time required
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An
Integrated
Decision
Making
Model
for
Evaluation
of
Concept
Guidelines & Space Standards for Barrier Free Built Environment for Disabled &
Elderly People By Central Public Works Department of India
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