Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ygvReUuXhu e
OYgUWT}iTc[UlTggwXgUjY`[YUl;Us|rUxTgtx`T[
iUcwLYSUTgTcITlXgg`TYinWTZUs[lTIUnOO`[[hgT
gWT~rTiTtxLhOUrLThP~YTicpTsUT~[UUWU{[TY[T
YsW[iTYw[TZUlTigULV`[TYTUbr[TYTicprTiLYWixT
UYTicpTZUx`[TY[OY`ZUlTigTtxLtcLi{ITicpTXiUxW
[wUi{Y``TYfUT}itT]YSWTZTi]NTYlTigf gU
ZUx`[T[~TixTvWUsswUigWkx[[TZU[T
ZUli~T[Xiirj[l[YlUTYTicpTYSWT}itZc[YnxTLw[T
igiWLc[ZUx`[Th[YTicpTYiUxTYTixTZU[T~YxoSUpf
LtcYlUTYfUT}itTULITicpTZTggciUsfLgrYSWTYIT
ji[TUiUxITicpTXiUwZU[[TZUlTigTiWTigThfLUVU`TTh
_[UTL{iUcTqxW~gcTlUcTUxTMfUTUxTwUtx
YfUTUT[[g~gUcL`[htLOYpUfYSW}itYpc iUxT
ZUwU`q~i[LUUcL\gcgiUxT_[UT}[f~YTi[TZTiWfTZU~U]T}[f[
}[fT[c~YTicpTsUTW}[fU~>@YsYfUYiUxcZU~U]
YcU[TZUUTYnxTVlL~
WjRgeRWSlM
YlUTYSWT ITicpT~LgW[LV`ITicpTXiUwYlTigYUcLO
fTgTqxW~ YMTi{sUT ITgi`TYSWT XiUcTsUT
Y`[Xi`ULUiUW[wUWITicpTvUx[[U]TWlw iUcpTYlTigYssf[T
UlTVh`Wlc`lUlTUU[TP~]XUcTZUiirYSUTgiTTXig
LYgUp[TXgwUTi~[UT[~XUcTWlYS[ZUcfsUT[
\gc[lTTWYgUW[TZUxTYlTigLYiirTY[UcTZUgfTLU[TYl
UiUW[wUWITicpT vUx[[ YiUxTZUlTigTtxLg`WUT~XiU`TUT
i~[cY`UWTZUp[[lwUtx~YlUYfU}itZThXiUcUL
XipWkx[[TTggc[YfUTYUcT\cITicpTOTUl}itTr~L
ITicpTXiUxYSUjTZUUTwXinUW
ITicpTw \gcTgwhTOuiUl[[gIU][lTgWUx` ITicp YWUlTUT
Uw XiUWwhT~ITicpTXip~Yj[fYhipfhYUwXipW
gZUcTqxW~sg[[ZUc[TYgcTigZThUWTXirfg[cU
ITicpTw \gcTgwi]TUhL~gcTipWTip[Th
k YgU]TWlx~YxSUnYccpYipWTYhTXipThgLO
~fUTUWYTicpYs~Yg iTVi|UW TgU Y~ kU`~
YipWTXipT[lwUYg[TY[TUUWXggcYxWsgiTZThYs
UWU~ITicpT~YgULf[LVxpTUipgUn[cLUiTjWlUlO
wThO YwUl TsiTjTUlUWXiUwYgTU[WU{~Y`U`jZU`TTYx[i
gtx~\gcUThYw[YhipITicpLThT[lT
YrUTY]]TgxT~YWixTgWTqxW WixT_fT
Yw`w YWU`Y`Uc~ULg`ITicpTXiUxYipWTXipTYnUgw
Ulqi[ [TZNUl[T
YgUWTY~U]wLircTY~U]wYSUITicpTXiUxYipWT YUliT L
U]TWlx~YgUT[UWs[wXiirUWkx[[TYlT[U`U[cT[UU
~IUWVlUVlMUri~Yg[TXiUxTXiUwg[x[ sUWIUWTYUc
kxT\gcOv[`TWiThUThOs~UWlUgsThITicpT
LXiirUWx fiU[T[lTwITicpTXiUxYc`U^hUIUWXgUwOLU
XiWXi[~mUwgqxWTUThOYpUf
ITicpTXiUxSckUTv`UW[
Yc`UT^hUThZ`[L[T[w }[f[ZU~U]UiU~Lf[Uc
L gU[ZTgUw v[` dU UT}itwYWYipWTXipT UU]
Ti]M[LULZUUOi~gUWXiUxT~Mn[hTipxT}itw
UMWYUlip[LV` ITicpT~WUgwifJxWITicpTXiUww
TgTi~TLircTvWUsWUsWiL YUT[TggcWUTvWUs ITicpTXiUw
Y]gc[lZTgiWXgg`YWi`[klNLUTh
WjRgeR{e
gTi~TgYTi[TYhTYipWTipTUTiU~Ti]M[gYlTig O\cWT}g
[kUxTXgg`TYTicpTsUUWYUU[TXiW[wYTicpTYSWTw
YTicpTYSWTvwU[ wUT
WjRgeR]
YsW[iTUTw}ix[c[TpT_TwgU[wT [g~\cWT}g c[
XiUwvipWTUx[YWlUTfTgTsUW[lT\cWITicpTXiUxYipWTXipUW
ITicpT~UlTs[wTgUxYipWTipTi]M[YlTigITicpT
VUWTTgf[lOUWYipWTY`UxTZU\cipgxpWYiTYihwY]gcTY]TjiWL
iWUYhTXipUWkUTUhT~VUWTsUW[iOVWlWUSWUp[b`UTuinTi`VUWlTgcLUW
GRganRVgSvWgnURVgnR
UUsITicpTXiUxY[fTsUc[T[lTig\cWTUcU O
XipUWgpT^U[cUUTw YwUWsTYhTXipTUlTY~U]UlUlL
Y[fTYiTUfTgU[TggcYipWUW
WSuS}
UWpTVs[gUYcrTXipWYfTg[YipWTXipUWYsW[iUXgwU
YT vWUsT YipWTXipT UT[LYlTig
M~YscTYiUxTUnYipWTZgTYpc WgnURVgnR
}itvxWs}[WsW[igXggcYtgXiTgf[lTgw n
gc~jiOYtYW[Ylgi`nThc[Tgf[lTiTi[vYsc
isTYUc}sxTTgf[lTP~gi`T[lTw YipWYUliWU [Th
w YjiYUliLTisT}sxITg[iTYtT [r[ThT Tgf[lT
ZUwU[iTXi|pTZUc[T]YiUxTZU`UxTqxWP~XiUxT~>@`TYUc
ThbWpLTg[TTgf[lTiTi[vfU}gc[ZUYc[UTTTYrfT
UTj[fTTYUliThITicpTXiUwUUxgTi~TqxWYjiYUli sT
U}gTiTipWTgT~ITicpTXiUww \gcTgwYlwXipWUwU`i[lT
Ws[TYipWTXipTTh YrfZUwU[iTYc[U~TLYZUc[~
gW~ULYjiYUliLTYg[TZU[Twg[xWg`~YUwXipW
\gcTw uU`i[lYWUYhYipWipfj[f[YjiTYUliThU[g[
Yg[TgWT~XiUxTw
~j[f[YjiSUliOYSUjTZUUT c[Uf[[TYThTf
YipWTXipTvsW[i[[TUTqxWainTXgUx[lYWUYipWip
Uc[[TXgiTYTLvWUsXinUWi{XinUWY`[YipWTXipTiUW[wTT~
giUWU]UsUW[iTsW[i[gx[TXggnZUxWZTk~YipWTXipTi]M[[UUT
~it[T}[fUW}[f[gTi~TL
UwiWx[[TTZUlTYw`MWiUxTvWUsT}ix[ tUSqR
`l[ZTk~ >@UjTUTw XiWxTXjTU[pfnUsx[YWTYSWT
>@YwU`~U]TwU[`TvTTv[`TYSWToSUpfgpWkxgx[TggnVi
UTgWxTIU[Tkx[[TUU~XgSUlT`iUfTn[TbYpcvWUsU~
>@YxWs}itY~U]YwU[`TYiUrccUW~
[TUUw Uih[TYhTYipWTXipTiUW[wUWvWUsTvUx[TT
vYhj[g`OXiUnTUrc[[TUTh~Xin[TYUxTTn[
UTUjTYwU`~U]TwU[`TvTT bUWi`l[OkLwgM[T
ZUwU`TgYhTYipWTXipTY{Up~UicUUTig[TgivWUsTVx
>@vWUsUWsW[iTUsT~iWUxTx[lTYcT
}[fTxWUj[Ti{w InTj[[TYppfT WR
U[UliUU[Tj`U[UWl[w XiWxTU[YfiU[Yx[`YcirU[Tx
gcLZUwU`TUUW[[[TYSUjTUnT>@XgSUlTU~TiwLUUgSUwUiU~L
ZUwU`T[j[[TXii[Ti{XjU[TipUxTfYT[w iWx[TVUlL
ipT^U[OXgUwOOYinWTZUwU`Txl[LZUcTqxW~xWsTUUjUU
LYwU`TYwYt~UcYlYi[nT[iWfw iWx[[TUgTi~LUhL~Yj[fT
>@il[YxrUfThfYT>@U[
ggcjU`sx~U[UWrUT~[T[[TgRnYTi Til[T
YgUcLZTgiThfYj[fTYipWTipT UxT
M[T
YYiTi[lTY]Uk~ iTi[lUWgx[WUl[T[RnYTi U]Til[T
Ygg`[is[[TU[Xgg`YcieiU[TTsXgU`Y[WU]
Xggx[ViU`[i[li|[~v[`LeiU[LUUsYWUlTcTiT~
Xi|[Yj[fTYipWTipTP~U[UWiTi[lUWi|[[YpTYTP~
YinWTYwU`TkYWTZU~gTiTggxT[c[iTi[lUW
WgnURVgnRWJ
YnXi~Og[l[[Uxs[v[`TYNiw iWx[UYipWTXipTYLg[l[
YTixTZUx`[TUWTP~ZTk~ >@}MTiw~U]wU[`TsU[x`i
vUx[Yw[TisTXUcY[fTiUtUWYsW[iTYWlTYSiTiWx[T
[YiUnYcw iWx[ YgTlTv`[TjSUjTU~ U[n
Ui[ThO >@Ygi~YpZThZlYw`TYWYUw}TgLY[UcZUx[`T
UhL~Yj[fTipTIUWXgUwOUc}lP~UlTWgUniOgkUT
itY[YipWipUxWYxsYg[TYTixTYSWT^U[OXgUwOViU`[Tc[LT
>@Ycslt[lXgg`ZU~UrOLLi{
kUlcTYpi~YUlTZUwU`sx^U[TXgUwYWUYj[fYipWipg`gi`O
UcYw~Y]gcTjiTvYgTYipWTUjiwU[fjTiWwiTi[lUW
U|pZUxin[TTTqi[gifLUUcL >@rUsUxTcTUcTqxW~
Yc[ZlYipWTZTiUfTP~ThUWTj[TwiW`gTi~TXgg`YipWY{Ti~
Ygi~Zgx[Us~}[fYgiTggcTW[YTjOUcTV{L~UYgi~ L
U`iUfYr~iUfTgYW
WgnURVgnRXReea
k iUUlU~YinWTZUw`wU[`T~U]TsUW
ZU~U]TZTgUwi[fLWjiTw \cUWSU gi
YgUTZUTn[[LWYgSUxT YlTU[UZn[ZTiUrcT
OUcLWYjiip~U`TUlTYUsU[j[T
>@YxYgUip
YgUTZTggcTLi[[TY]gcTZUlTigTtx~UxlTW[YU]TYw`T
gf[lYxWsT}itTwisllWUlU~qxWTUf[[TXUWZl
g>@h~ggc^hUViLnjU`OwgwUl[IUnTisgTZU[T
Y`[ITlUpUfUxWUsUWlUW`iUfTnTwoUfnWTicpTdUTi]N
h i{YfTgTY~TTgf[lTLZTjiWT ZUc[TsLsSTcTO h~TT YWl
UTNlTtfiU[T[lTwITicpUWUpUfUxWUsXiUxTVl[[TpU[T
{ilYc`U^hUXgwis[[sUTqxW~ThU ZiWWTikL cis
~IUThlT^hThU Ui]M[qi[TYfUT}itTkUx`USU[T
>@gU[TZTgUxTY~U]UWYwUVUWlifLsU~fU}gUTqxW
YipWTXipTli]vWUsT nggcs~YgUTTxTwgU[wT Th
~ZTi|[L\gcgw{iUxT Yw[sU~g`[[TYiUxTsUTu[ O
XipTwbrTnWi]N[[TY~U]TZTggcTYLgNU YgUTZTggcT
TiU~Lv`n[gYiU~TqxWx`[gYfUT}itTdUTP~WUT~YipWT
LYWsTYSWTc[Uf [TZTgTIUnTisgT][UW ifL
Xipv`iUs~Y[TXIUrTZgxv`i ] UWnpUgx~YW{iT
wsLUUw}ix[TUwZi[Th~TTv`Yj[fTYipWT
kifLXipW >@tTfgTWU~ YipWTXipTggc[~jiTfgT
YwU`TXiThUtc`l[][\cwU`T[lTwXiUxTWx[hT igT
>@iTi[lTUr[YlY`Uc][[TYjiTUUtc[YinWTZUw`
GRganRVgSvWgnURVgnW}YdRQReUR
wUt~Ucv[`TUIUwYipWTXipTWx[hTigTYLwU[TThO
YipWTXipT[Y{Up~YwU[`TcTTY~U]TWx[hTigTYMWUW [
Y[fTSTgWTw}ix[ Y`UcTUZgWITicpTXiUwwUT[Ws[UgwL
UxTiUsT][ZTiUfY]]~Uriw [TITicpTXiUxYipWTXipYcU[T
UYTicpTZUx`[TvipWTUx[
UUj UU T TiUfT
is[T U]TiUfT
iU[WT \U]TiUfT
gUTTwit[[TYiUxTiU~TZTiWx[TZ[TO[cY[f ZTiUf
XiUx
wUUjLUUYTYipWTipiTsTg[x WRgnR
gTgw\gc[YnTY[fULLYWUlZTi[~~WZViU`[L^hUW[
YILYl~
inWTjU`U~UjgU[IUcTXi~wg[x[ SShWRgnR J
iUW[wUW\Ti[TXi~vUwIUcTXi~sW[i[YinWTZTiWfYUwYTjfYWU]WUw
hUwTg jTiWwYwU`Tg`ZUcsWiU~lLWUlTWpTYp
UPWkUlcTIUcsxUeiU[T~Uih`gTg[UWYwU`TixnjUg`T
GRganRVgSu|WgnURVgnRge
UUlTwvpTUx[YTicpTZgTg[TvUx[Tgw
XipTP~U[UWITicpTY~U]t ~ wn[ pTUlT
gU`OhTmUx[TfUhL~YcrTYTicpTYSWYipWT
Y]gc[lYipWsULLZTk~YtYipWZgZThYipWZTgi
lT[lTw n gTi~TuTThgTi~TUW[Z^U[c[g
c[[ [cZUgf[`UcYlUlT[nITicpTv mUx[
XgiUsZUSWOYg[TsU
YTicpTsUT~WUx[lTcg`T`[LV` TUlT
YipWT fTgTg[hTigTx[ULXgg`T
INYS[r[[YpUfTU[xWsUXgg`YTicpZUx[`~gg`Uls[Xi~
sW[i[YgT[Ux[`~i[Uw ifMWLXipW}[f[Xgg`XUcUW[lUlT
v[`Tv[ YUOUO igWggchTUllTVU`UWZUWxpTL
YWlTYhTipUWLgsp[iUcpTix[U`~hW[g`LLtcgg`T
T~ThITicpTOUlTU[TULUcTqxW~SUc}[g[TITicpTw
YUcisw ITicpU[TXi~W[gTi~TYS[gwUlUxipWTfgT}t[
YigYjisULiUrc[lTiTVs[gITicpYWlTYipWTZUwUWsTi|[
wjiUgg`TUTvlT}[TwXgwUlgTi~TINXiTh~Yj[f
gN[LV`UwYipWTXipT YgUT[ip~iUxTnTLiUW[wUWqxWT
LTUisw [TgTi~YwU`TXiThT~Xg`TUxTwg~Uig
LUPW~]gY~ixTIUnTrUxrgg`TUT~YipWTipTgiT
xwU[UTv}[
UTqxWgx[LY{Up~wU~TigYhTYipWTXipTVx[L T
UfUY[fULYYipWsULTgf[lTP~ U]TWlx~ITicpUWYsW[iT
kx[vTTvYriUx[YjiZgLTUYcT}itTwTi[
YwUpTisTwg[x[[TY`U`jTUWU~Tgf[lTZUlwXinUWi{XipW
YUsT[lT~}TilTwXinUWi{XipWv`ngYWlUYfTgYSWi~[
XSnYRWndR
WndR
wU[vrfSUjT n YipWTZgT~YpcYhTYipWTXipT
hTiTxTWiUxTnYipWTXipTW[cj[USU[T
Y~UrOvWUsTYTWsW[i[Y~U]YZThYiUxTsUTx`Ulx
YipWTU[
YgUTZTggcTULZTggcT[w`WYhT YipWTipSUjTTi]M[
vUx[[[TY~U]TZTggcTifTIUnTisgT YfUT}itT
[UgcOigU{OgTi~YlTZU`U[cYxWsYWU`[lTiUW[wUWSUjTT
nTUWl[[TYhTYipWT YUliTw i]Nw`T
ZTk~sW[i[~itUcTvTT~~[XiUxYipWToSUpfT
UW[YUOwVlUWi]NgUgcLUOgTi~YlTY~U]ToSUpfUW
UwTiwv`[YipWTXipTY{UpgwpTULYcU[TY[fTSTgWT
iU[WTis[TT ZTiUfY]]~UU`O UppfITicpTXiUx
YwTgTYiT[UsU
YUU[TXilTv`n[T Ywwg[LTXiUxYhTYipWTXipT
Y]gc[lTYTicpT ZUx`[T~
XSnYR
U}g[lTZUwU`Y~U]TsUUWITicpTXiUxYipWTXipTsW[i[LV`
ggc[[cZUwU`T[Y~U]Xg`TYlTigTfhXg`TYTicpTZUx`[
XiU|ifLsUL LvUwU[gYwU`T[YipWTsUT
YhTYipWTipTigWU[TV`YTicpsU~Y[ZTip[LgTgwOgw
sUT[~gg`Uls[wTgUx
YSWYcrTXip[gUxWTvlTTVxn[T\cWTO^U[c[ITicpTXiUwY~U]
YTi[TYhTYipWTipUWgsp[ YTicpT
t^RgR
7KH9LVXDO$SSHDUDQFHRIWKH$UFKLWHFWXUHRI'HVHUW$UHDVEHWZHHQ5HSOLFDWLRQ'HYHORSPHQWDQG&UHDWLYLW\
'U(]]DW$0RUJKDQ\
'HSWRI$UFKLWHFWXUH)DFXOW\RI(QJLQHHULQJ$VVLXW8QLYHUVLW\$VVLXW(J\SW
$EVWUDFW 7KLV SDSHU GLVFXVVHV WKH DUFKLWHFWXUH RI GHVHUW DUHDV IURP D YLVXDO
DSSHDUDQFHDSSURDFK7KHUHVHDUFKLQWKLVSDSHULVDLPLQJDWDQDO\]LQJERWKFRQFHSWV
RIYLVXDODSSHDUDQFHDQGWKHHIIHFWRISUHFRQFHLYHGSHUFHSWLRQRILQGLYLGXDOVDERXWWKH
YLVXDO DSSHDUDQFH RI GHVHUW DUHDV RQ DFFHSWLQJ UHORFDWLRQ WR GHYHORSHG GHVHUW DUHDV
7KH YLVXDO DSSHDUDQFH DV DQ DFFXPXODWLRQ RI YLVXDO FOXHV RI WKH FRPSRQHQWV RI
SK\VLFDODUFKLWHFWXUHLWVUHODWHGVW\OHDQGFKDUDFWHULVLQYHVWLJDWHG
7KH DOWHUQDWLYHV RI XWLOL]LQJ YLVXDO DSSHDUDQFH LQ DUFKLWHFWXUH UDQJH EHWZHHQ
UHSOLFDWLRQGHYHORSPHQWDQGFUHDWLYLW\7KHUROHRIYLVXDODSSHDUDQFHLQGHYHORSLQJ
GHVHUWDUHDVLVDGGUHVVHG7KLVSDSHUHPSKDVL]HVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIYLVXDODSSHDUDQFHV
SHUFHSWLRQRQHQFRXUDJLQJWKHUHORFDWLRQRILQGLYLGXDOVWRWKHGHYHORSHGGHVHUWDUHDV
ZKHQYLVXDODSSHDUDQFH KDVEHHQJLYHQDFRQVLGHUDEOHDWWHQWLRQLQ WKHGHVLJQLQJDQG
SODQQLQJSURFHVVHV