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Introduction
After this chapter you will be able to
Define a catalyst and its properties
Describe steps in a catalytic reaction
Apply concept of rate limiting step to derive a
rate law
Size isothermal reactors for reactions with
Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics
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Catalyst types
Homogeneous catalyst
Propylene + CO + H2 Isobutylaldehyde
(Cobalt catalyst)
Heterogeneous catalyst
Dehydrogenation of cyclohexane to Benzene
using Platinum on alumina catalyst
Gas liquid (mass transfer limited)
Gas liquid solid
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U. S. Football field
10 gms. of
catalyst
possess
more
surface area
than this
football field
Catalyst Terminology
Porous catalyst
Molecular sieves
Monolith catalyst
Supported /
Unsupported catalyst
Promoters
Deactivation
Active Sites
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p-xylene
m-xylene
Bulk Fluid
CAb
7 . Diffusion of products
from pore mouth to
bulk
1. External Diffusion
Rate = kC(CAb CAS)
External Surface
of Catalyst Pellet
CAs
6 . Diffusion of products
from interior to pore
mouth
2. Defined by an
Effectiveness Factor
Internal Surface
of Catalyst Pellet
3. Surface Adsorption
A + S <-> A.S
Catalyst
Surface
A B
4. Surface Reaction
5. Surface Desorption
B. S <-> B + S
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Internal Diffusion
Rate = kr Cas
Large particles. More time to
diffuse into pellet
Reactant consumes at surface
and hence catalyst wastage
As pellet size decreases kr
increases
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Adsorption
At equilibrium
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Dissociative Adsorption
At equilibrium
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Surface Reaction
Single
Site
Dual
Site
LangmiurHinshelwood
Eley-Rideal
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15
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SR
D
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Understanding it better!!!
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Understanding it better!!!
For steady state operation we have
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Understanding it better!!!
NOTE: Strictly speaking, We really cannot compare the
magnitudes of kA, kS, and kD directly, because kA has different
units than kS and kD. Consequently, we must compare the product
(kAPC) with kS and kD to determine which reaction step may be
limiting. If the surface reaction is limiting, we say kAPC and kD are
very large with respect to kS
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Understanding it better!!!
A site balance yields
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Objective Assessment
Define a catalyst
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