CLASSIFYING MATTER

J. Fidalgo

PURE SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES

PURE SUBSTANCES
A

pure substance, usually referred to

simply as a substance, is matter that
has distinct properties and a
composition that doesn't vary from
sample to sample.

All

pure substances are

elements
compounds

ELEMENTS
An element is a substance that cannot be
separated into simpler substances by
chemical methods.
Currently,
about 118 elements have been
discovered some are found in nature and some
are man-made.

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MOLECULES

A molecule is a particle formed when two or

more atoms join together chemically.

COMPOUND
A compound is the substance formed by the
chemical union of two or more elements in a
definite ratio, which is fixed by the nature and we
cannot alter this.
Compounds can be separated into elements using
chemical methods but not physical methods.

iron + sulphur

iron sulphide

ATOMS, ELEMENTS, MOLECULES

AND COMPOUNDS

MIXTURES

A mixture is a physical combination of two or

more substances where the substances retain
their own chemical identity and hence its own
properties

MIXTURES

In a mixture, the substances that

make up the mixture:
are not in a fixed ratio: the most
important aspect of the mixture is
that it has no definite or constant
composition.
keep their physical properties
can be separated by mechanical
means: to separate something by
'mechanical means', means that
there is no chemical process
involved.

TYPES OF MIXTURES
Homogenous mixture: is a mixture
that has the same properties
throughout and whose individual
components cannot be visually
distinguished.
Heterogeneous mixture: consists of
visibly different substances or
phases.
In
a
heterogeneous
mixture, the components are not
spread out, or distributed, evenly
throughout the mixture.

SOLUTIONS

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or

more substances in a single phase, in which one
or more components dissolves in another.

The solvent is the major component of a solution, the part

that does the dissolving (in this case, the water).
The solute is the minor component of the solution, the part
that gets dissolved (in this case the sugar). Together, a solute
and a solvent make up a solution.

SOLUTIONS OF LIQUIDS

Two or more liquids that mix easily and stay

mixed are miscible. For example, if we add a
small amount of ethanol to water, then the
ethanol is the solute and the water is the solvent.
If we add a smaller amount of water to a larger
amount of ethanol, then the water could be the
solute

OTHER KINDS OF SOLUTIONS

Gases can dissolve in liquids, and solids
can dissolve in solids. For example,
many carbonated drinks are solutions of
a gas (CO2), a liquid (H2O), and a solid
(sugar).

ALLOYS

An alloy is a homogeneous mixture that is made

up of two or more metals.

ALLOYS

Steel
Fe+C

Bronze
Cu+Sn

Brass
Zn+Cu

TYPES OF SOLUTIONS

SUSPENSIONS, COLLOIDS AND

EMULSIONS

A suspension is an heterogeneous mixture

where the solute particles are relatively large.
They settle out or can be filtered.

SUSPENSIONS, COLLOIDS AND

EMULSIONS

In a colloid, particles are relatively small and cannot be

filtered easily. A colloid has an intermediate particle size
between a solution and a suspension (the particles are
larger than molecules but less than 1 m in diameter).
Colloid particles may be seen in a beam of light such as
dust in air in a "shaft" of sunlight.

SUSPENSIONS, COLLOIDS AND

EMULSIONS
Emulsions are a kind of colloids composed of tiny
particles suspended in another immiscible material.
An emulsifying agent (emulsifier) is any substance
that keeps the parts of an emulsion mixed together.

SUSPENSIONS, COLLOIDS AND

EMULSIONS

A common method of classifying colloids is based on

the phase of the dispersed substance and what phase
it is dispersed in. The types of colloids include sol
(solid in liquid), emulsion (liquid in liquid),
foam (gas in liquid/solid), and aerosol
(liquid/solid in gas).

SOLUBILITY IN DAILY LIFE

SOLUBILITY

How dissolving happens?

Solubility is the maximum amount of
solute that will dissolve in a given
amount of a solvent at a specified
temperature.
There is a limit to how much solute
can be dissolved in a given amount of
solvent. If you add too much sugar in
iced tea, no matter how much you
stir, some not dissolved sugar stays
at the bottom of the glass.

UNIT: grams/mL

FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY

TEMPERATURE

Solids in liquids: For

solids dissolving in
liquids,
solubility
normally increases with
increasing temperature.

FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY

TEMPERATURE

Gases in liquids: For

gases
dissolving
in
liquids, such as oxygen
dissolving
in
lake
water, the solubility
goes down as the
temperature increases.

FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY

PRESSURE
Gases become more soluble as the
pressure above the solution increases.
Opening a bottle of soda decreases the
pressure inside the bottle. This decreases
the solubility of CO2 in the soda and
results in the formation of bubbles, or
fizz.

FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY

NATURE OF SOLUTE AND SOLVENT

FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY

AGITATION/SHAKING/STIRRING
Solutes dissolve faster when the
solution is agitated by stirring or
shaking. The solvent immediately
surrounding the solute can
quickly
become
saturated.
Agitation helps bring fresh solvent
into contact with the surface of
the solute so that more solute can
dissolve. When adding sugar to
coffee, stirring helps the sugar
dissolve faster

FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY

SURFACE AREA
Solutes dissolve faster when the
surface area of the solute is
increased by crushing it into
smaller pieces. The greater the
surface
area,
the
more
opportunities there are for the
solvent to attack the solute. A
sugar cube takes longer to
dissolve in a cup of tea than an
equal amount of granulated
sugar.

CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION
The concentration of a solution is a macroscopic
property that represents the amount of solute
dissolved in a unit amount of solvent or of solution.
UNSATURATED: It is when more solute can be dissolved.
DILUTED: You can say that a solution is dilute, when there is
very little solute per given amount of solvent.
CONCENTRATED: A concentrated solution contains a large
amount (but non-specific) of solute dissolved in a solvent

SATURATED: A saturated solution contains the maximum

amount of dissolved solute possible at a given temperature
SUPERSATURATED:
Sometimes,
under
unusual
circumstances, the solvent may actually dissolve more
than its maximum amount and become supersaturated.
This supersaturated solution is unstable, and sooner or
later, the solute will precipitate

CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION

PERCENT COMPOSITION

PERCENT COMPOSITION BY MASS

PERCENT COMPOSITION BY VOLUME

GRAMS PER LITRE

PARTS PER MILLION