Hongxin Zhang

2007-06-21
State Key Lab of CAD&CG, ZJU

2030

z
z
z

z
z

z
z

z
z

z
z

Lp[a,b]
z

[a,b]pL

x(t ) L [a, b], x(t ) dt (p 1)

p

z Lebesgue
z Lebesgue

RiemannLebesgue
z

Riemann
z
z

f (x) [a, b]
[a, b]a=x0<x1<xn-1<xn=b,
i [xi-1,xi] (i=1,2,,n)
n

S = f (i )xi
i =1

Riemann

( R)

f ( x)dx = lim

x 0

f ( )x
i =1

RiemannLebesgue
z

Riemann

Dirichlet

1, x
D( x) =
0, x
z

RiemannLebesgue
z

Legesgue
xEi
= { x | yi-1<f (x)< yi } yi m(Ei)yi-1
m(Ei)

Dirichlet

1, x
D( x) =
0, x

RiemannLebesgue
z

Legesgue
z

ab{ x | af (x)< b}
y = f (x)


z
z
z

Banach
Hilbert

XXxy
(x, y)
1.
2.
3.

(x, y) 0 (x, y) =0x=y

(x, y) =(y, x)
x, y, z
(x, y) (x, z) + (z, y)

(x, y)x yX
(X, )XX
X

X
z

X
X

nxnaxnan

 Rn
z

n Euclid Rn n x =
(a1,a2,,an)ai.
x = (a1,a2,,an), y = (b1,b2,,bn),

2
( x, y ) = (ai bi )
i

Rn

1/ 2

 Lp[a,b]
z

Lp[a,b][a,b]pL

x, yLp[a,b]
1/ p

( x, y ) = x(t ) y (t ) dt
a

, p 1

Lp[a,b]p

( x ) = { y | ( x, y ) < , y X }
z

G X x G ( x) GxG

GGX
z

A,B( X, )
x AynAyn xBA

z
z

R0R
PC[a, b]

X X
X0X0X X

z
z

nEuclid
C[a, b]

{xn}(X, )>0N>0n,
m>N(xn, xm)< . {xn}X(Cauchy)

(X, )(X,
)(X, )

C[a,b] Lp[a,b]

(X, )T X X
a (0<a<1)x,y
X(Tx, Ty)<a(x, y)T

X T
x*,Tx*=x*. Banach

Fredholm
b

x( s ) = f ( s ) + K ( s, t ) x(t )dt
a

| |
z
z

f C[a, b] K(s, t) C[a, b; a, b]

f L2[a, b] K(s, t) L2 [a, b; a, b]

VK

z x+y = y+x
x,y,z V
z (x+y)+z = x+(y+z)
a,b K
z x+0=x
z x+(-x)=0
z 1x=x
z a(bx)= (ab)x
z (a+b)x=ax+bx
z a(x+y)=ax+ay
VK

XX
x||x||
z
z
z

||x||0 ||x||=0xx=0
||ax||=|a|||x|| a
||x+y||||x|| + ||y||

X ||x||x

z (x, y)=||x y||

z
z

S = {( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ,...) | xi R}

1 xi yi
( x, y ) = i
i =1 2 1 + xi + yi

x = (1,1,...,1,...), = (0, 0,..., 0,...)

1 2
1
( x, ) = i
=
2
i =1 2 1 + 1

1 2
2
(2 x, ) = i
=
3
i =1 2 1 + 2

2 ( x, ) (2 x, )

(Banach)
z

(X, ||.||)(X, ||.||)

Banach

n EuclidRnBanach

Lp[a,b] (p1)Banach
x = x(t ) dt
a

1/ p

, p 1

(Banach)
z

Ck[a,b]Banach
z Ck[a,b][a,b]k
. Ck[a,b]
k

x = max x ( j ) (t ) , x (0) (t ) = x(t ) C[a, b]

j =0

X n
e1,e2,,en,xX

x = c1e1 + c2 e2 ... + cn en
z

{e1,e2,,en}X{c1,c2,,cn}x
n

Euclid
z Euclid
z
z

T X D
X1 T . D T
D(T) {y | y=Tx, xD}T
T(D) .

T
z T(x+y)=Tx+Ty
z T(ax)=aT(x)
T

z
z

MxD(T)||Tx|| M||x||
T

TT

xD(T)||Tx|| M||x||M
||T||

xL[a,b]
t

(Tx)(t ) = x( s )ds
a

TL[a,b]
T =ba

z
z
z

Tx = Tx(t ) dt =

(
(
b

x( s )ds dt

)
x( s ) ds )dt = dt

x ( s ) ds dt

x( s ) ds = (b a ) x

X X1 B(X, X1)

(T1+T2)x=T1x+T2x (T1,T2 B(X, X1) x X)

(aT)x=a(Tx)
(T B(X, X1) a)

B(X, X1)

X1BanachB(X, X1)Banach

X1RB(X, X1)
X*

X*X
f X*
f = sup f ( x)
x =1

R
Banach

TnT B(X, X1) n=1,2,

z ||Tn-T||0,TnT (n)TnT
z

x||Tnx-Tx||0TnT

fnf X* n=1,2,
z || fn f ||0fnf (n)
z

x|| fnx fx ||0 fn *f (n)

f|| f(xn) f(x) ||0 xn x (n)

Lp[a,b] (p>1)
z

xLp[a,b]yLq[a,b]1/p+1/q=1
Lp[a,b]
b

f ( x) = x(t ) y (t )dt
a

(Lp[a,b])*= Lq[a,b]

p=q=2 (Lp[a,b])*= Lq[a,b]L2[a,b]


z
z

TBanach X
Banach Y T

FourierLaplace

TBanachXBanachY
TT

GT = {( x, Tx) | x D(T )} X Y
z

XYT

Lagrange

Fourier

z
z

Ax x = y
Fourier

X K
X x,y,
K(x, y)
z
z
z
z

(ax, y) = a(x, y)
(x+y, z) = (x, z) + (x, z)
( x, y ) = ( y , x )
(x, x) 0(x, x)=0x=0

X(x, y)x, y

Hilbert
x =

( x, x )

(Hilbert)
z

HilbertBanach

Hilbert
z

L2[a,b]x, y(x, y)
b

( x, y ) = x(t ) y (t )dt , x(t ), y (t ) L2 [a, b]

a

L2[a,b]Hilbert

Lp[a,b] (p2)

Hilbert
z

x+ y + x y
2

=2 x +2 y
2

1
2
2
2
2
( x, y ) = ( x + y x y + i x + iy i x y )
4

Hilbert
z

(x, y) = 0xy

A = { x | x A, x X } X

x y x+ y

MX
xX

= x + y
2

x = x0 + z, x0 M , z M

X{ek}

(ei , e j ) = 0, i j
z

{ek}.

0 i j
(ei , e j ) = ij =
1 i = j
z

{ek}

Fourier

L2[-, ]
1

cos x,

sin x,

cos 2 x,

sin 2 x....

Gram-Schmidt

Gram-Schmidt

Hilbert